МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ОПЫТ ДИВЕРСИФИКАЦИИ ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА В ИНТЕРЕСАХ ТОПЛИВНО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

Introduction. The concept of “mechanism” is widely used in modern economic research. The mechanism of staffing is a set of forms and methods of forming the necessary quantitative and qualitative composition of the organization’s personnel. The purpose of the article is to identify the mechanism of staffing used in the period 1946–1950 at the enterprises of heavy and defense industry, to disclose the industry specifics of its implementation. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the modernization historical paradigm. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism and objectivity. Work with historical sources was carried out through general scientific and historical methods. Results and Discussion. The mechanisms of solving personnel problems used at defense and heavy industry enterprises aimed at replenishing the workforce (transfer of employees, training of specialists in educational institutions, voluntary hiring, mobilization, use of labor of a special agent (prisoners, special settlers, prisoners of war)), securing personnel at enterprises (administrative and legal regulation and control of labor discipline, financial incentives for employees). Conclusion. The industry specifics consisted in a higher intensity of application of positive (benefits, financial incentives for employees) and negative (administrative coercion, control of labor discipline) forms of staffing at enterprises of priority industry objects. The use of mobilization tools made it possible to overcome the personnel shortage, accumulate labor resources for the development of priority industries.

Innovative activities in Ukraine's defense industry contribute to the creation of the latest weapons, increase production efficiency and reduce costs, and provide a technological advantage over the enemy, which is critical in the context of russia's large-scale armed aggression. The purpose of the study is to analyze global trends in stimulating innovation in the defense industry and to highlight innovative defense trends in Ukraine. The object of the study is global trends and domestic trends in the development of innovations at defense industry enterprises. Methods used in the study. The general methodology is based on a dialectical approach to analyze the unity of challenges and opportunities for innovation at defense enterprises, a comparative analysis of international experience in financing and implementing innovations. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the pace and quality of innovation in the activities of defense industry enterprises depends not only on the volume of financial investments, but also on a number of objective and subjective factors. Summary of the main material. It is noted that modern innovations in the defense industry are focused on creating asymmetric advantages through the introduction of new technologies. Based on the analysis, the author identifies the key areas of technological development of defense industry enterprises: integration of artificial intelligence into combat operations, logistics and threat detection systems; development of more advanced military equipment; military robotics and autonomous systems; Internet of Military Things; war in cyberspace; immersive technologies; additive manufacturing; big data and analytics; 5G infrastructure; blockchain. It is proved that the development of the defense industry of Ukraine is significantly ahead of global trends. It is shown that the dynamics of innovation depends on strategic partnerships, investments in R&D, and an effective regulatory framework. The author has developed a number of promising areas of innovative development of the domestic defense industry: technologies for the production of unmanned aerial vehicles; artificial intelligence and cyber warfare; and maritime unmanned systems. Based on the results of the analysis, the following methods of stimulating innovation at Ukrainian defense industry enterprises are proposed: development of public-private partnerships; financing through grants and competitions; tax incentives; acceleration of technology transfer; international cooperation. The originality and practical significance are due to the well-grounded analytical tools for analyzing the innovation activity of defense industry enterprises, which allowed to formulate methodological approaches to stimulating the innovative development of defense industry enterprises. Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research. It has been substantiated that the innovation activity of the enterprises of the defense industry of Ukraine in 2022-2025 demonstrates significant progress in the development of the industry. The key success factors were: active state support and regulatory changes; a significant increase in investment in the industry; successful international cooperation; development of the private sector and the startup ecosystem. A promising area for further research may be the study of the integration processes of civil-military technologies and the consequences of scaling up startups in the production of innovative military products.

Introduction. The regulation of economic and environmental impacts of the entire military-industrial complex is a cross-sectoral and international problem. At the same time, research in this area is rather fragmented, which reduces the effectiveness of systematic reviews of the security and defence sector in the context of the green economy. The relevance of the issue of greening the defence industry is significantly enhanced by the need to regulate and operate domestic defence industries in the context of the country's military operations.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to substantiate the economic mechanism for regulating the greening of enterprises of the defence industry of Ukraine.
 Results. The economic and environmental security requirements for defence industry enterprises are studied, as the activity of polluting sources of enterprises, including defence enterprises in Ukraine, has generally decreased, in 2021, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources decreased by 9.0% compared to 2020, to almost 2.2 million tonnes, ammunition was disposed of (235.29 thousand tonnes of ammunition were disposed of from 2014 to 2020) and liquid rocket fuel (16.7 thousand tonnes of melange). In 2021, enterprises, organisations and institutions spent UAH 41.3 billion on environmental protection, compared to UAH 43.7 billion in 2020. Of the total environmental costs in 2021, 68% were current expenses and 32% were capital investments. The strategic directions of greening the defence industry enterprises have been identified, including the introduction of resource-saving technologies, environmental monitoring of environmental impact and reduction of the negative impact of the defence industry units.
 Conclusion. The realisation of the greening potential will help protect the country's natural resource potential under the influence of the defence industry. A system of measures should be developed to ensure the protection and restoration of natural systems at a certain cost. Given the importance of the defence industry for the country in the context of current external threats and armed conflicts in certain parts of the territory, it is necessary to develop a strategic vision of environmental security with the involvement of all relevant organisations and taking into account the degree of responsibility and motivation for eco-oriented management.

THE DEFENCE INDUSTRY WAS ONE OF THE PILLARS of the command economy system. It was the centre and quintessential representation of a classic command economy, with its rigidity, centralised control, strong vertical hierarchy and meticulously elaborated, quantitative, obligatory plans that articulated political and military-technical needs rather than efficiency considerations. Being a specific, closed sector of the economy, the defence industry managed to preserve these basic characteristics practically until the end of the 1980s. Not only in the former Czechoslovakia, but even in reformminded Hungary, defence-related production remained an almost untouched residuum of the classical command economy. Defence industrial production peaked in the late 1980s in East Central Europe. Soon afterwards, however, the sector was hit by an unprecedentedly deep crisis. The first major blow was the sudden end of the Warsaw Treaty Organisation (WTO). The large-scale and lucrative military markets and intense military-economic cooperation networks of the region collapsed. Defence industry enterprises quickly became insolvent. Their financial difficulties were aggravated by the burdens of unsold stocks, cancelled production lines and enormous reserves. The collapse of the WTO military markets took place simultaneously with the collapse of the civilian markets organised within the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) system. Defence industry enterprises in East Central Europe were dual-purpose: in addition to their military-related output, they exported large quantities of civilian goods to the Eastern European markets. The disappearance of the WTO and CMEA meant the collapse of an extended supply system as well. Companies could not rely anymore on large and cheap raw material and energy supplies from the Soviet Union, and lost their stable network of intra-regional subcontractors as well. This was another factor that pushed production costs upwards and caused major practical problems in reorganising the firms' activities. Another unexpected blow was the loss of the traditional Third World markets, principally in the Arab world. This market became an increasingly important source of hard currency for defence industry enterprises from the mid-1970s. The Gulf War and the subsequent US embargo on Iraq, Libya and Syria froze these business contacts.

Проведён анализ выполнения государственных программ, направленных на поддержку и развитие оборонно-промышленного комплекса Российской Федерации. Определены направления проектов по диверсификации предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса. Обобщён опыт производства продукции гражданского назначения, на основании которого сделаны выводы, характеризующие возможности диверсификации. Проведён системный анализ комплекса, на основании которого разработаны рекомендации для развития организаций отрасли. Сформированы направления приоритетов по повышению эффективности оборонно-промышленного комплекса. Introduction. The relevance of military-industrial complex (MIC) diversification is caused by a drop in consumer demand, which is a consequence of decrease in the state defense order. In this context, the Government of the Russian Federation sets the task of increasing the share of manufacture of high-tech civilian and dual-use products at the defense industry enterprises. However, defense industry organizations face difficulties in choosing the lines of manufacture development. The goal of the research is to study the economic activity of the military-industrial complex and determine strategic development orienting points Results. Practical aspects of diversification were considered on the basis of electronic and radio-electronic industry of defense industry enterprises. According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, 425 enterprises and organizations operate in electronic, radio and communications industry, and 371 of them participate in the implementation of the state defense order. The authors studied the successful experience of diversification of manufacturers of high-tech products (AO "Angstrem", Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Academician Pilyugin Center", OAO NPP "TEMP" named after F. Korotkov", AO NPO "Orion"). These are the difficulties that defense industry enterprises face with when diversifying: lack of skills and experience when promoting in highly competitive open markets; high risks when developing new markets with large investments; regular work to reduce the cost of manufacture of civilian products. The tasks set by the Government of the Russian Federation for the defense industry enterprises are carried out despite the difficulties described above. Conclusion. The SWOT analysis of the development of electronic industry in the military-industrial complex showed that the defense industry enterprises have established the manufacture of military products using the unique technological expertise, the commercialization of which in the civilian market is uncertain, since there is no experience of their application. Favorable conditions for defense industry enterprises to promote products in the civil sector were established. They are subsidies and support in Russian and foreign markets, directed action of federal programs and national projects.

Solving the task set by the state for defense industry enterprises to increase the share of high-tech civilian products to 50 % by 2030 requires accelerating the process of increasing innovative potential. To a large extent, the implementation of this plan is seen through the creation of network interaction between the defense industry and subjects of innovative activity that have the necessary potential. The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristics of the network, its identification characteristics, which make it possible to identify types of networks for the implementation of projects for the production of high-tech civilian products. Objectives of the study: to substantiate the relevance of using the network approach in organizing the integration interaction of various levels of government and defense industry enterprises; to explore the concept of a network, highlighting scientific approaches that form different ideas about the essence and structure of the network; to identify the main identification features of networks; to justify the need to carry out a typology of networks within the framework of the identified types of ongoing projects for the production of high-tech civilian products with the participation of the innovative potential of defense industry enterprises. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization. Research is based on the study of conceptual ideas about the functioning of networks, their systematization and generalization. The result of the study is an analysis of existing approaches to defining the content of the concept of a network; highlighting the main identification features; determination of the types of ongoing projects for the production of high-tech civilian products. The use of a network approach allows for strategic interaction and integration of the state, regions, and defense industry enterprises; building innovation capacity to accelerate market entry and expansion; attracting foreign partners as participants in network interaction. The revealed identification features are implemented to varying degrees when organizing network interaction within the framework of selected types of projects for the production of high-tech civilian products. In this regard, it was concluded that it is necessary to develop a typology of networks for the implementation of these types of projects.

Purpose: the main goal of the publication is to make a comprehensive study of the possible application of the cluster approach to improve the competitiveness and innovation activity of enterprises of the defense industry complex. Methods: the methodology of the research is based on the collection and analysis of initial data and information, the article uses a systematic approach to the study of socio-economic processes and phenomena. The research is based on modern theory of competition, innovation, as well as the modern paradigm of cluster development of the economy. In preparing the study, practical materials from Corporation “Rostec”. Results: the article gives the notion of cluster, the prospects for the use of the cluster approach to enhance competitiveness and innovation enterprises of the military-industrial complex. It is noted that the activation of interaction with the “civil sector” is particularly relevant in the context of the reduction of the state defense order, and the theory and practice of cluster management offers a number of forms of cluster interaction between the enterprises of the defense industry and the civil sector. It is emphasized that the development of cluster mechanisms can solve a number of problems related to the insufficient financial stability of defense industry enterprises in the context of a reduction in the state defense order, low innovation activity and the lack of developed models of interaction with small innovative enterprises. Ultimately, the use of cluster mechanisms in the development of defense enterprises is intended to enhance the competitiveness of the complex, both nationally and globally. It is stated that the existing clusters are not able to fully solve a number of specific tasks related to the diversification of integrated defense industry structures. Attention is drawn to the fact that existing clusters are not able to fully solve a number of specific tasks related to the diversification of integrated defense industry structures, such as the need to use information constituting state secrets, interaction with military representatives, various military state standards, special terminology. Recommendations are given on the activation of the potential of clusters with the participation of defense enterprises, for which it is proposed to initiate, in the established procedure, procedures for amending the legislation regulating industrial policy issues, to form additional organizational, legal and financial-economic preconditions for the cluster development of the military-industrial complex. Conclusions and Relevance: conclusion is drawn that the development of clusters based on the defense industry enterprises can be used, first of all, to diversify production and increase the output of civil high-tech products. To activate the cluster mechanism it is recommended to form additional organizational, legal and financial-economic prerequisites.

Background. The article provides an algorithm for determining the optimal management decision when carrying out a project to manufacture a sample of a militaryindustrial complex product at an enterprise of the military-industrial complex. Defense industry enterprises currently represent complex organizational systems whose task is to systematically respond to the challenges that are coming towards the Russian Federation in the international arena. Only a systematic approach can adapt efficiently and effectively and make changes with the necessary speed to projects that are already underway or that are just being planned for implementation. As the purpose of the study, the development of an algorithm for choosing the most appropriate control in a given period of time of the process of manufacturing a W sample at one of the enterprises of the defense industry of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The study used feedback principles to determine the effect of management decisions when influencing the system. The analysis of the main objectives of project management made it possible to assess the effectiveness of the relationship between the system and the decision-maker. Results. An algorithm is proposed and an approbation of the search and selection of optimal control when influencing the system is carried out in order to carry out a technologically complex project with limited resources and time. Conclusions. A methodological apparatus has been developed and tested, which allows solving the task of project management in a given time frame.

The common goals and tasks of state privatization programs have not taken into account the peculiarities of defense industry (DI) enterprises even though they comprise a considerable part of the country's scientific, industrial, and manpower potential. DI enterprises also produce a large relative share of high-tech and technically sophisticated civilian products and non-food consumer goods. In 1994 the defense complex accounted for 80 percent of the nation's total production of these products. The privatization of DI enterprises has therefore pursued the goal not only of preserving but also of further improving their scientific-technical and manpower potential. The principal tasks of privatization in this sphere include: —the minimization of the cost of producing and developing arms and military equipment with due regard to the demands of military doctrine and of ensuring Russia's defensive capability on this basis; —the creation of an optimal structure of production in the DI corresponding to market cond...

The global attractiveness of digital transformation technologies leads many nations to increase their investments in these technologies and to achieve a stronger economic position. While this process can be considered in the context of many sectors, it has emerged more clearly in recent years, especially in the defence industry. Not only in many developed countries but also in Turkey, especially with the developments in the last 15 years, the defence industry sector can find a place among the notable countries in the world. Therefore, the use of these technologies can be expressed as a dynamic structure whose potential increases daily thanks to the added value it creates and the ecosystem it has created. However, this process is not only the application field of the private sector but also creates value in the context of the theoretical framework and concepts revealed by scientific studies. This study, it is aimed to develop a scale to determine the ‘digital transformation effectiveness’ in defence industry enterprises. In this framework, the scale and questionnaire questions were sent to companies operating in the Turkish defence industry, and 65 companies responded. The data was subjected to validity and reliability analyses using SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 programs, followed by statistical testing through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The findings showed that the scale has sufficiently high internal consistency, has explanatory and confirmatory factor validity, and also has criterion validity based on sub-dimensions.

Previous studies on the relationship between environmental regulation (ER) and technological innovation efficiency of defence industry (TIE-DI) mainly focus on variability and complexity, while few empirical studies have incorporated environmental flexibility into models, and most of them are based on questionnaires. Therefore, this paper takes environmental regulation and environmental policy complexity (EPC) as the entry point, so as to discuss the feasibility of improving the technological innovation efficiency of China’s defence industry enterprises (CDI), which aims to empirically test the mechanism of ER and EPC on improving the efficiency of applied technological innovation of China’s defence industry enterprises. The research conclusion provides sufficient theoretical basis and empirical support for strengthening the technical innovation efficiency support, standardising the market order and the market leading, establishing the information disclosure mechanism and improving the internal control of industrial enterprises.

The defence industry has pioneered technological developments throughout Turkish history, as in all other nations. The Turkish states was in leading and decisive positions both in regional and international arena during the periods when their defence technology was superior. However, during the periods when their defence technology began to decline, they experienced difficulties caused by foreign dependency in this field. 15th and 16th centuries, defined as the Rising Period of the Ottoman Empire can be an example in this regard. In this period, the Ottoman Empire developed its military capabilities by itself to a large extent and became an empire that spread over three continents. The opposite was observed during the periods of stagnation and regression. The founding cadres, who emerged victorious from the War of Independence and founded the Republic of Türkiye, made great investments in the field of defense industry, as they did in every field, together with the Republican period. These investments led to the establishment of deep-rooted institutions that form the basis of the civil and defence industry in all areas of the country. After the Second World War, with the close military cooperation with the United States of America (USA), some defense industry institutions were closed and foreign dependency in the arms industry increased. While this situation brought a heavy burden to Türkiye’s economy, it also prevented it from taking steps towards its national interests in the international arena. The arms embargo imposed on Türkiye by the USA after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation once again revealed the importance of possessing domestic and national technology. Since the 1990s, some states, using Türkiye’s fight against terrorism as an excuse, have imposed restrictions on the sale of arms and ammunition to Türkiye from time to time. Established in the 1980s following the end of the embargoes, Turkish defence industry organisations first started to manufacture licensed parts and then national and original products/platforms after the 2000s. These products met the military and strategic needs of the Turkish Armed Forces, and they have also positively contributed to international relations through export to friendly and allied countries. This study explores the processes and developments in Turkish defence industry, which is the source and core of the national technology initiative, from the pre-Republican era to the present, with a focus on their effects on Türkiye’s international relations.

Актуальность темы обусловлена необходимостью проведения массовой диверсификации предприятий ОПК в условиях изменения структуры государственного оборонного заказа (ГОЗ).Стоит понимать, что консервативным предприятиям ОПК будет сложно подстроиться под новый рынок. В статье представлены несколько вариантов реализации программы диверсификации ОПК России. Данные варианты могут быть использованы при реализации программы диверсификации ОПК в России. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for mass diversification of defense industry enterprises in the context of changes in the structure of the state defense order (defense order). It should be understood that it will be difficult for conservative defense industry enterprises to adapt to the new market. The articlepresents several options for implementing the diversification program of the defense industry complex of Russia. These options can be used to implement the defense industry diversification program in Russia.

The paper describes the current state of the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the defense industry complex) in Russia and the tendencies of its change at the present stage. Possible ways of development of enterprises of the defense industry of the Russian Federation on the path of conversion of the defense order are discussed. Conversion in this case is considered as a particular type of business diversification. The advantages and disadvantages of such diversification are described for the enterprise itself, which implements such a strategy. As a new way of development of defense industry enterprises in the context of the conversion of defense orders, it is proposed to build their own entrepreneurial ecosystems. An entrepreneurial ecosystem is understood as “a dynamically and jointly developing community, consisting of a variety of actors creating and receiving new content in the process of both interaction and competition”. This concept is useful specifically for defense industry enterprises at the present stage, since it offers a variant of their “soft” conversion and is especially suitable for large and medium-sized defense enterprises. The advantages and disadvantages of two possible ways of converting a defense order and switching to civilian production for defense industry enterprises are substantiated: contract production at defense facilities, or own developments. The differences in the economic component of each of the approaches are investigated and a conclusion is drawn.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of defense, republican, local and cooperative industry, transport and communications of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War, aimed at the production of military products, weapons, various types of ammunition for the Red Army and Navy. The relevance of the study was determined by the need to identify the performance of the enterprises of the studied areas of industry in Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War, which contributed to the build-up of the combat potential of the Red Army and its comprehensive support. Materials and Methods. The source base of the work was made up by the works of Soviet, Kazakh and Russian authors, data of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, dedicated to the period of the Great Patriotic War. The author used the method of source study to solve the scientific problem. Results. The peculiarities of technological production of products by the enterprises of defense and local industry of the republic are given, the main factors of growth of their indicators are established. Discussion and Conclusions. It is concluded that the efficiency of defense enterprises, republican, local and cooperative industry, transport and communications of the Kazakh SSR, the work of workers of the rear of the republic in 1941–1945 became a significant contribution to the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War.