Вплив технологій вирощування пшениці озимої на процеси акумуляції і транслокації свинцю

Abstract

Among the substances that are constantly monitored in the components of the environment lead takes one of the key places. According to the health-related and ecotoxicological classifications it belongs to hazardous substances. The questions about the peculiarities of the influence of crop growing technologies on the behavior of lead in agroecosystem components are open. This problem is very important due to the increased requirements of the world community for the quality and safety of food products, control over the technologies of their producing. The goal of research is to determine the effect of winter wheat cultivation technologies on the processes of accumulation and translocation of lead from the soil to the plant to prevent possible negative effects on the state of the soil, the quality of natural waters and agricultural products. The research was carried out in the conditions of field stationary experiments in the Polissya, Forest-steppe and Steppe regions of Ukraine on the basis of the Rivne State Agricultural Research Station (Rivne SACRS), the Zaporizhia Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Oilseeds (Zaporizhia AS IOS NAAS), the Separated Division of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (SD NULES of Ukraine) "Agronomic Research Station". The influence of winter wheat growing technologies on lead transformation was investigated. Investigation of the processes of accumulation of potentially mobile forms of lead in the upper layers of different types of soils has revealed the following dependencies: - the lowest content of lead was characterized the soils of the zone of the Forest-steppe, the highest - the zone of the Steppe; - technologies of winter wheat cultivation in all zones influenced the processes of accumulation of lead in the upper layers of the soil; - significant increase of lead content was observed by impact of mineral fertilizers, which could cause to its leaching and following migration beyond the soil profile. Organic fertilizers did not stimulate this process. Conclusions . It has been established that the production technologies of winter wheat affect the content of potentially moving forms of lead in the upper soils layer of various natural and climatic zones of Ukraine. The most significant effect is made by mineral fertilizers, by their influence the content of lead in the layer of soils 0-20 cm increased by 7-24%, the accumulation of lead in the soils of the Polissya zone was 14.0-15.4%, the Forest-steppe zone - 23.8%. The ecological impact of winter wheat cultivation technologies on the effects of lead accumulation was assessed as moderately dangerous. Organic fertilizers in the Polissya zone due to the basic cultivation technology increased the content of lead in the soil by only 7.8%, in the zone of the Steppe - decreased by 6.2%. Negative effect of technologies by influence on lead accumulation was not observed. The technologies of winter wheat cultivation in the Polissya, Forest-Steppe and Steppe areas did not cause to activation of the processes of translocation of lead from the soil in the plant. The coefficients of biological absorption were less than 1 and range within 0.01-0.08, the lead content of winter wheat grain was 0.12 - 0.18 mg / kg, which is well below the maximum permissible concentration (0.30 mg / kg). The advanced direction for further research is the study of the processes of lead migration for the influence of crops cultivation technologies in different soil-climatic conditions of Ukraine. The results of such investigations will reveal the environmental risks related with contamination of natural waters with a toxicant.