Abstract
Introduction. The article considers the development of military educational structures of the Russian military settlement organization at various stages of their activity. In the 1810s and 1850s, training battalions, squadrons, batteries, and combat reserve units trained children of Cantonese military settlers to serve in the army as Junior and non-commissioned officers. Specialized educational institutions taught topographers, builders, doctors, veterinarians, agronomists and other training specialists to serve in the settlement districts. Methods and materials. The author explores models of developing military educational institutions on the basis of materials of complexes of legislative, statistical and reporting documents applying methods of quantitative analysis (trend models, grouping method), comparative analysis using source-oriented, problem-oriented, and system-structural approaches. Analysis. All this made it possible to trace the evolution of government policy aimed at training army personnel and noncommissioned officers based on changing historical realities (the army’s needs for trained personnel, the reform of the military settlement organization), and the results of its implementation, as well as to show the numerical corps of graduates of training units of military settlements and its growth in time and space. Results. The main stages of the development of military educational structures of settlements and periods of their quantitative growth are also defined, which resulted in the multiplication of the number of graduates for the army service. The formation and expansion of the entire educational system of settlements was carried out as the need for special-profile personnel arose in the settled regiments. In the 1820s – 1850s, new special educational institutions were integrated into it, and primary education developed along a transformed vector.
Highlights
The article considers the development of military educational structures of the Russian military settlement organization
combat reserve units trained children of Cantonese military settlers to serve in the army as Junior
other training specialists to serve in the settlement districts
Summary
Помимо учебных эскадронов и батарей в поселениях были учреждены школы: топографов, кондукторские, фельдшерские, коновальские (ветеринарные), сельскохозяйственные, берейторские, где обучали кантонистов правилам выездки лошадей. Большая часть кантонистов (79 %) готовилась к армейской службе в учебных эскадронах и батареях. Системная подготовка армейских резервов на базе специально сформированных образовательных структур – учебных эскадронов, батарей и батальонов (до 1826 г.) оказалась более эффективной, чем подготовка их в строевых резервных частях (1827–1836 гг.), о чем свидетельствует отказ от данной образовательной модели в 1836 г. Одновременно происходило увеличение числа учебных эскадронов и батарей для подготовки младшего армейского и унтерофицерского состава более чем в 2 раза и соответственно умножение численности обучаемого в них кантонистского корпуса и выпускников. При этом сохранялось двуединство или два уровня образовательной системы поселенных округов для подготовки армейских специалистов: начальные школы – учебные эскадроны (дивизионы) и батареи или специальные учебные заведения (кондукторские, топографические, фельдшерские, ветеринарные, берейторские и другие школы) и обучение мастерствам. Распределение выпускников учебных эскадронов и батарей военных поселений кавалерии в 1836–1857 гг. и количественный состав учащихся в 1856–1857 гг
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