Abstract
The 300th anniversary of the Peace of Nystad, which boosted a major geopolitical transformation of Europe, prompts a retrospective look at the jealous attitude of European powers toward Russian expansion and consolidation. The creation of the Russian Empire was an imperative of the time as a response to geopolitical and civilizational challenges. Since then, a nihilistic view of Muscovy enshrined in Western historical consciousness has been gradually transferred to Imperial Russia, the USSR and to contemporary Russia turning into a kind of phobia. Western media propagate the image of an alien, undercivilised and hostile Russian realm, originating from selected history books, regardless of differing perceptions of Russian history among Western scientific and intellectual communities. This image has incorporated negative stereotypes about Orthodoxy and Russia from various eras, from the Great East-West Schism and “Mongolian Slavery” to the Communist experiment and the new split over values and progress.
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