Abstract
The academic environment in Estonia went through a major transformation over the last three decades. The dissolution of the Soviet Union meant a structural change in the organization of the higher education and science system, and it required a rapid reorientation towards a western scientific community and to the needs of a drastically changed economy. Estonia seems to have an imbalance between a well-developed higher education and science system and a less developed innovation system. However, the case illustrates how a traditional view on Research and Development may be inadequate for a ‘new economy’ that is dominated by innovative start-ups and small enterprises. The future of the academic profession is another challenge. The ageing profile of the academic personnel shows the importance of financial measures as well as changes in career policy in order to ensure the attractiveness of the academic profession in the long run.
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