Динамика психосоциальных, психопатологических и нейропсихологических характеристик участников ликвидации последствий Чернобыльской аварии: итоги 30-летнего исследования

Abstract

Study Objective: To assess the possibilities of social adaptation in persistent psychopathological, including cognitive impairments. Study Design: Longitudinal study. Materials and Methods. A 30-year observation, treatment and rehabilitation of clean-up workers of accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, who underwent an in-wide clinical, psychopathological and neuropsychological examination at the Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, was carried out. 373 people were selected for the study. A dynamic psychopathological and neuropsychological assessment of their condition is given, as well as a description of their social status and adaptive capabilities. In the neuropsychological section of the study, the results of systematic cognitive training were evaluated. The neuropsychological test battery included methods for assessing memory, attention, and thinking. Study Results. The subjects had modally non-specific memory impairments, in particular due to insufficient fixation of mnestic traces, limited ability to analyze and rethink information in the process of memorization, a decrease in the overall level of activity, exhaustion of voluntary attention, general mental fatigue and stress in the process of mental activity, learning difficulties new skills. However, the quantitative characteristics of cognitive functions did not change from hospitalization to hospitalization, which means that there was no progressive cognitive decline in the cohort. Psychocorrectional measures consisted in conducting cognitive training that stimulates the development of cognitions and the disclosure of unused cognitive resources. The level of somatic and mental well-being of Chernobyl disaster consequences participants correlates with that of patients with organic, cerebrovascular diseases and differs statistically significantly from the indicators of healthy individuals, the same relationships were noted when assessing microsocial support and the level and nature of self-perception. The results of the assessment of social functioning showed a fairly stable social adaptation of former clean-up workers and positive personality attitudes. Conclusion. Systematic medical and rehabilitation care, the formation of therapeutic partnerships based on the preserved personal qualities of patients made it possible to significantly compensate for psychopathological disorders, slow down cognitive decline and ensure fairly stable social adaptation. Keywords: participants of the elimination of Chernobyl disaster consequences, longitudinal study, long-term medical and rehabilitation assistance, the possibility of correcting mental disorders, social adaptation.