Основной вопрос философии: диалектика субъекта и объекта познания в немецкой классической философии и марксизме

Abstract

The aim of the study is to examine the fundamental question of the relationship of consciousness (thinking) to being in its historical dynamics using German classical philosophy as an example, which represents the culmination of the development of classical Western European philosophy in the Modern era. The research hypothesis is that the fundamental question of philosophy objectively existed in Western European philosophy at all times regardless of the subjective opinions of various philosophers on this matter, taking on a specific form of expression corresponding to the logic of the historical development of cognition. By means of analysis, it was found that in German classical philosophy, the second side of the fundamental question of philosophy was predominantly discussed in connection with the conversion of ontological questions into gnoseological ones and then into ontognoseological ones. In polemics with representatives of German classical philosophy, Marxism took another step forward, offering its own solution to the problem by showing the necessity of moving beyond gnoseology into the realm of praxis. Subsequent development of the problem led to the creation of the general theory of activity based on methodology.