Результати селекції пшениці озимої на стійкість проти основних збудників хвороб в Миронівському Інституті пшениці

Abstract

A wheat is one of main grain-crops in the world. Its part in the pattern of production was at the level of 38-39% in the last years. The potential productivity of wheat winter is not used to a full degree in associated with the defeat of sowing by phytopathogens in the last years. The graincrops in the period of vegetation are struck many types of pathogens, however there are such which meet very often. The disease of wheat winter reduces a harvest and quality of grain considerably. The losses gross yield of grain are about 20% annually. The requirements for the new varieties become higher and scalene. The results of breeding of wheat winter certify convincingly at the last years, that not enough only high potential yield of varieties, to get the expected effect from growing on high agricultural, and it is necessary to give it another important property – stability of harvests, due to firmness to phytopathogens above all things. An important role belongs to creation to diseases variety resistant of wheat winter in the system of defense of plants. The crops resistant varieties weak hits by disease and its development, in most cases, does not exceed the threshold of harm fulness. That’s why is not a requirement in the use of fungicides. The multipleness of chemical treatments of sowing diminishes if varieties are resistant to the disease. It has an important value not only for the decline of the pesticidal burden on the environment but also for diminishing of danger contamination of harvest by harmful matters. The plant-breeding investigations with a wheat winter in the Mironivka institute of wheat were begun in 1915. The Ukrainka 0246 (1924) is first variety created in an institute. It was wide popularly variety of domestic breeding, it was sowing on an area over 7 million hectares. This variety characterized high resistance to cold, but folled and damaged by leaf rust and hard smut. There were created variety Mironivska 264 and Mironivska 808 in a post-war period (1951-1957). The variety Mironivska 264 weakly damaged by leaf rust and powdery mildew, differed high resistance to cold. The variety Mironivska 808 differs high plasticity, so as gave high harvests in sharply different after ground-climatic by terms areas. The main features of variety Mironivska 808 is high resistance to cold, to carry ability sharp changes of temperatures in a winter period, high productive interconnection, weak hits brown blight. The variety Mironivska uvileyna differs high resistance to cold, resistant to sinking and resistant to leaf rust damage. The variety Illichivka differs high resistance to cold and drought. In the field terms not damage by volatile and hard smut, a leaf rust was damaged weakly and only at the end of plants vegetation. The varieties Ukrainka, Mironivska 264, Miroivska 808, Mironivska uvileyna and Illichivka are investigated on artificial infectious backgrounds to this day. The variety Mironivska 61 differs middle resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust. The variety Mironivska 61 was a standard in plant-breeding work long time (up to 2003). The varieties Mironivska 808 and Mironivska 61 characterized certain endurance in disease damage, that provided this varieties a high yield and quality of the grown products. The varieties brought to the State register in 2012-2017, differing resistant to a leaf rust and powdery mildew. Conducted evaluation of new wheat winter varieties on resistant to six diseases on the artificial infectious backgrounds of their pathogens during 2016-2018. The lowest damage to wheat plants by leaf rust was found on the varieties Beregynia Myronivska (5.0%), Gospodynia Myronivska (6.7%), Trydivnytsia Myronivska (7.3%); powdery mildew - MIP Valensiia, MIP Vyshyvanka (8.7%), Beregynya Myronivska (9.3%); septoriosis - Gorlytsia Myronivska and Beregynya Myronivska (8.3%); root rot - MIP Kniazhna (13.7%), Trydivnytsia Myronivska (14.7%). Defeat of the fusarium at a level of 2% its noted on the variety Bereginya mironivska. Allocated varieties with resistance to two, three and four diseases: Gorlitsa Myronivska, Trydivnytsia Myronivska, MIP Kniazhna, MIP Vishivanka and Bereginya Myronivska. The new varieties are productivity with high indicators winter resistance and drought tolerance, resistant to sinking. Its characterized higher indicators resistant to disease compared with varieties created before.