ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОБРАЩЕНИЯ С РАДИОАКТИВНЫМИ ОТХОДАМИ ИЗ ОТРАБОТАВШЕГО ТОПЛИВА АЭС С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЯДЕРНОЙ ТРАНСМУТАЦИИ

Abstract

the main problems associated with research on transmutation, and whichshould be paid attention to by today's young researchers, are formulated. The processes of formation of hazardous nuclides during transmutation in reactor facilities are considered. The goals of transmutation and the choice of nuclides to be transmuted are discussed. The concept of radiotoxicity is explained as a measure of the radiological hazard of radio-active nuclides, based on the maximum permissible concentration of nuclides according to the IAEA standards. The problem of the formation of secondary radioactive nuclides in nuclear fuel during generation of neutrons for transmutation is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of transmutation in nuclear installations are con-sidered: inclusion of transmutable nuclides in nuclear fuel in fast reactors, transmutation in specialized thermal and fast transmutation reactor installations and ADS systems. The problem of the accumulation of highly radioactive actinides in a transmutation installa-tion during long-term transmutation and potential hazard of the transmutation instal-lation itself is discussed. The unacceptability of the use of serial nuclear reactors for the transmutation of long-lived fission products has been shown.