Семантична структура компаративем за об’єктом порівняння (на матеріалі збірки новел М. Дочинця „Хліб і шоколад”)

The article outlines three lexical-semantic fields of word-formation rows with the suffix -ment. The aim of the paper is to investigate three lexical-semantic fields which consist of the lexical-semantic field denoting improvement, confinement and feelings. To achieve this aim, the following tasks should be completed such as investigating motivation relations in derived words with the suffix -ment and analyzing their structure with the help of the applicative generative model. The methods of componential and comparative analysis and the relator language of the applicative generative model were applied for fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks. To build word-formation rows, the words are segmented according to their motivation relations. Etymological aspect is not taken into account. Every field consists of lexical-semantic groups. The lexical-semantic field denoting the action of improvement consists of fifty-eight words, which are classified into seven lexical-semantic groups. This field is represented by thirteen R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of feelings includes two lexicalsemantic groups which contain six R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of confinement includes twenty-one words represented by six R-structures. Paradigmatic relations in lexical-semantic groups were analyzed in order to illustrate interfiled connections. Synonymic rows and antonymic pairs in lexical-semantic groups and hyperonyms distinguished in lexical-semantic fields prove paradigmatic relations. Lexical-semantic fields consist of nouns because the suffix -ment generates, mainly, nomina actionis. The term word-formation row is described in the paper as this notion which is a complex unit of word-formation hasn’t been studied thoroughly yet. The word-formation row in every lexicalsemantic field is highlighted in the article. The more lexical-semantic groups comprise the lexical-semantic field, the more R-structures the word-formation row has in a lexical-semantic field. Besides, this fact proves that English words with the suffix -ment are polysemous and variable. The polysemy of these words is illustrated via interfiled connections, e.g., the word fulfillment with the meaning “a feeling of satisfaction” belongs to the lexical-semantic field of feelings, and with the meaning “the act of doing smth. that you have promised or intended to do” this word can be involved in the lexical-semantic group of achievement which belongs to the lexical-semantic field of improvement. The relator language of the applicative generative model is used to investigate R-structure of English words with the suffix -ment. This analysis helps to create word-formation rows. R=rows of artificial language and L=rows of natural language are described. The research results lead to the conclusion that three lexical-semantic fields can be characterized by polysemous character of English words with the suffix -ment which are represented by interfiled connections. The variety of R-structures comprising wordformation rows shows the variativity of the investigated words and proves the idea that words may be derived not only from verbs but also nouns and adjectives. Interfield connections in three lexicalsemantic fields demonstrate that all words with the suffix -ment can be grouped into lexical-semantic fields. It can be useful and significant for linguists to create different English dictionaries. So, the aim of the further study is to arrange all existing words with the suffix -ment into lexical-semantic fields and make an attempt to create the dictionary of R-words and L=words with the suffix -ment.

The article discusses the significance and function of nouns within the content structure of educational advertising texts, an under-explored area in advertising discourse. A myriad of socio-political factors that impact the evolution of education in a country (such as integration into the global educational framework, market economy influences, and changes in educational formats) have driven the commercialization of education. These factors have also fostered the development of advertising efforts by educational institutions and heightened the prominence of advertising texts for educational services.Advertising brochures, booklets of higher education institutions, flyers promoting faculties, departments, educational programs, and advertisements for professional-oriented schools and courses feature a categorization that includes a list or a systematized description. This necessitates the use of nouns in the nominative case, both common and proper nouns. In this context, nouns play a crucial role in ensuring the precision and comprehensiveness of the information, thereby serving as a convenient and informative resource for consumers.In the analysis, the lexical-grammatical class within the ‘education’ lexical-semantic field is segmented into various lexical-semantic groups and subgroups. The nouns of the main lexical-semantic groups convey meanings broadly categorized as names of educational institutions; professional orientations; individuals involved in the educational process; educational activities; quality and outcomes of education. The nouns of each subgroup are described, along with their primary functions as means of enhancing the informativeness of advertising and as markers of influence.It has been discovered that abstract nouns are productive, predominantly manifesting a positive image of the entity providing educational services. They reveal moral-ethical values and philosophical categories, which succinctly express the educational ethos of educational institutions.It is noted that a large number of nominalized verbs are used, which emphasize the action aspect – educational activities at various educational levels. In the lexical-semantic group describing the educational process, nouns from thematic groups of educational/pedagogical terminology predominate. The primacy of nouns in educational advertising discourse is confirmed, highlighting their pivotal role in shaping the advertising message, both in providing a rational component and in creating an emotional backdrop. In advertising texts, morphological units from various lexical-grammatical classes fulfill specific roles that align with the overarching advertising concept, necessitating their study and analysis in academic research.

The article is dedicated to the issue of a lexical-semantic field within an author’s literary text. A lexical-semantic field is viewed as a paradigmatic group of lexical units that are united in accordance with their semantic affinity. A lexical-semantic field is explained to possess a hierarchical structure, which allows to ensure a developed semantic picture of a certain conceptual field. Based on the novels of John Maxwell Coetzee, the structure of a lexical-semantic field is outlined. It encompasses semantic concretization of specific areas of an individual author’s linguistic world picture. The first stratum of a lexical semantic field is defined as a lexical semantic microfield that reflects division of a broader conceptual area into narrower related ones. A lexical semantic microfield is, in turn, divided into semantic subclasses, i.e. word groups based on similar semantic and morphologic characteristics. Introduction of semantic subclasses into the structure of a lexical semantic field is encouraged by the need to group lexical units according to part-of-speech criterion and, simultaneously, demonstrate semantic plentifulness of meaning in the individual author’s linguistic world picture. The lower hierarchical stratum is occupied by a lexical semantic group which embodies intralingual relations among lexical meanings. Inclusion of lexical units into a lexical semantic field is possible under the condition of dominant seme component that marks semantic affinity of a word to the relevant outer linguistic reality. Inventorization of suitable lexical units takes place via dictionary definition analysis, since reference to lexicographic definitions allows to create a chain of definitions and reveal pertinent semes in word meanings. One of the lexical semantic fields construed is based on novels by John Maxwell Coetzee is „HUMAN”, reflecting the conceptual field of a human. The abovementioned lexical semantic field is divided into four lexical semantic subfields that together sketch a human through the lens of emotions and feelings, built, mind and thinking, and, eventually, language. The present article focuses on lexical semantic microfield „Human Body”. The paradigm of lexical semantic field structure is represented, semantic range of meaning within the microfield is described, and grouping of lexical units into semantic subclasses and lexical semantic groups based on the analysis of dictionary definitions is performed.

In the paper we analyze the lexical-semantic group «parts of a day» and the structure of a similar associative field of temporality based on the material of I. Rozdobudko's story «Arsen». The importance of studying the language of the works of modern Ukrainian writers is to track the peculiarities of the development of the modern Ukrainian language, its forms and means of expression, especially considering that artistic texts for children and teenagers, like the analyzed novel, are the most vivid representatives of modern perception and reading of the language as a living system. The difference between the concepts of lexical-semantic group (LSG) and thematic group (TG) was clarified, which made it possible to more specifically analyze the semantics of the analyzed examples. The lexical-semantic group «Parts of the day» is conditionally divided into microfields «night», «morning», «day», «evening». Each of the analyzed microfields is expressed within the lexical-semantic and associative fields, which caused the need to distinguish the concepts of «lexical-semantic field» and «associative field». The research was conducted by collecting and analyzing linguistic material, as well as analyzing available scientific sources. The semantics of temporal nominations (time names) to denote parts of the day in the story «Arsen» is unambiguous and does not compare with the semantics of the life cycle, as in folk-poetic texts. That is, we are observing a new way of highlighting time semantics, the figurative expression of which only emphasizes the main meaning, without providing semantic connotations. In the semantic structure of the lexical-semantic field «time», we distinguish thematic groups of the vocabulary, which include words from different parts of the language to denote a common concept, and lexical-semantic groups that combine full-meaning words of the same part of the language. According to the structure of the lexical-semantic group «parts of the day», which is based on the day/day in the meaning of the day, we distinguish the following microfields: «night», «morning», «day», «evening» as its components. Each of the analyzed microfields is characterized by figurative semantics, aesthetics, and sensuality characteristic of artistic language, but devoid of sentimentalism, which is characteristic of modern artistic prose. The associative field is expressed by two signs: color and light, which prevails, and taste (related to the names of meals). The results of the study testify to the clear construction of the lexical-semantic system of the language, its division into groups and microfields according to the semantic principle, which makes it possible to trace intergroup and even interfield connections, since no language unit can exist separately from others. It was found that the intensity of light and color is the main semantic criterion by which the associative field «time» should be classified using the example of parts of the day. We see the prospects for further scientific research in the study of the concepts of the lexical-semantic and associative fields based on the material of the works of modern writers in order to fix and preserve the psycholinguistic aspect of language in the modern historical era.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the lexico-semantic field ‘neuroscience’ on the basis of the popular science books “Livewired” and ‘Incognito’ by D. Eagleman. The concepts of ‘lexico-semantic group’, ‘thematic group’ and ‘lexico-semantic field’ are distinguished. The study of the concept of lexico-semantic field dates back to the last century with the works of German scholars G. Ipsen, J. Trier, and W. Porzig. A lexical-semantic field (LSF) includes components that are semantically united. A thematic group is a narrower concept and is part of a lexical-semantic field. A lexico-semantic group can be a part of both a thematic group and a lexico-semantic field; the components in such a group are united by a common category or structure. LSPs based on medical vocabulary have been studied before, but such studies have not focused on neurology or neuroscience. Therefore, the lexical units of the lexical-semantic field were selected from the research material by the method of general sampling and divided into 7 lexical-semantic groups: ‘disorders of the nervous system’, ‘specialists in the field of neuroscience’, ‘procedures and operations’, ‘chemicals of the nervous system’, ‘components of the nervous system’, ‘scientific disciplines related to neuroscience’ and ‘processes of the nervous system’. The fullness of these groups was determined and compared, the largest of which was ‘components of the nervous system’, and the smallest - ‘neuroscience specialists’ and ‘procedures and operations’. The number of different lexical units (LUs) in these groups was determined and compared. The most widely represented group turned out to be “components of the nervous system,” while the least represented was “scientific disciplines related to neuroscience.” The frequency of use of lexical units within the studied lexical-semantic field was also calculated, and it was found that the ratio of usage frequency in the identified lexical-semantic groups corresponds to the number of different LUs in them.

The book of Jokes on Corruption, a collection of short stories, is a book by Agus Noor, which was published in 2017. There are many other short stories that also have the same theme as the main short stories or short stories that have become icons and even become titles in short story collections. In research discussing the cover of a collection of joke short stories for corruptors, book covers are always iconic and also give the first impression on book readers. The icons created by the illustrator are also not arbitrary and have a meaning that makes a book perfect. Like the illustration of a doll that depicts corruptors who are caught, it turns out to be just a doll or the victim of a group of other corruptors. The method used in this research is to use a qualitative descriptive method with Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic analysis approach, so signs in images can be classified with semiotics such as icons, indexes, and symbols, but in this study the focus is more on icons. The results of the research produce meanings that will be understood by many people who read them.

The purpose of this study is to find out what forms of social classes occur from the collection of short stories through behavior, attitudes of characters in the collection of short stories "Back to the Base of the Road" by Yusrizal K.W. And find out the factors causing social conflict in the collection of short stories "Back to the Base of the Road" by Yusrizal K.W. Using Karl Marx's theory of social conflict. This research uses a qualitative approach description method. The data from the study is data in the form of words, phrases, expressions, and sentences contained in the collection of short stories "Kembali ke Pangkal Jalan" by Yusrizal K.W. published in October 2004 by Kompas, Jakarta, which are 14 titles of short stories selected by Yusrizal KW written from the 2000s to 2004, and only 9 titles want to be analyzed because of social themes. The results of this study are the factors causing social conflict in the collection of short stories "Kembali Pangkal Jalan" by Yusrizal K.W. Social conflict in the collection of short stories "Kembali Pangkal Jalan Karya Yusrizal K.W" bourgeoisie or ruling class and proletariat or class that has no power. The ruling upper class is the people who own the means of production such as merchant societies, subdistrict mothers, rich people, leaders, while the lower class (proletariat) who have the power and do not have the means of production like thug gangs. lay people, poor families.

This research is motivated by the existence of moral values ​​contained in the collection of short stories of Men in the City of Gawai and the phenomenon of adolescent moral decline in Indonesia. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the moral values ​​in a collection of short stories for men in the city of Gawai. (2) Produce teaching materials for learning literature in junior high schools that are developed from moral values ​​in the collection of short stories for Men in the City of Gawai. This research design uses descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this research is the moral value of a collection of short stories entitled Men in the City of Gawai by Kholis Kurnia wati et al. The data used are excerpts of sentences and paragraphs containing moral values ​​in a collection of short stories, while the source of data is obtained from a collection of short stories by Kholis Kurnia Wati et al entitled Men in the City of Gawai. Methods and techniques of data collection in this study is the method of reading with a note-taking technique. The method and analysis technique used is descriptive analysis method. The results of this research collection of short stories of Men in Gawai City contain the moral value of human relations with God, human relations with themselves, human relations with fellow humans. The moral value of a collection of short stories for Men in the City of Gawai can be formulated as teaching materials in the form of handouts of review texts for class VIII in junior high school at KD 3.11 and KD 4.11.

The purpose of this study was to describe (1) the characters, characterizations, and background, (2) a form of Islamic morals in the Lembah Kehidupan (Collection of Short Stories) by M. By Husseyn Umar. The research is a qualitative research. The research data is qualitative data in the form of dialogue phrases, sentences, paragraphs or units in Lembah Kehidupan (Collection of Short Stories) by M. Husseyn Umar. The primary data source is the Lembah Kehidupan (Collection of Short Stories) by M. Husseyn Umar issued by PT. Fikahati Aneska cooperation with BANI Arbitration Centre in 2013. The research instrument is the researchers themselves are equipped with a set of theories about the characters, characterizations, background, theoretical form of Islamic moral and pragmatic theory of literature. Data collection methods using a reading method, record, and library. Analysis data was conducted using the qualitative descriptive technique. The results of the study are as follows. (1) Figures, characterizations, and background in the Lembah Kehidupan (Collection of Short Stories) consists of, the main character is Hamid, he is a hard-working (short story "Antara Manusia dan Hukum"), Sudaraman is discipline (short story "Pelantikan"), Harun is a religious (short story “Perkawinan”), Kaharudin is a candor (short story "Menjual Bantuan"), Mr. Sharif is a hard-working (short story "Lembah Kehidupan”). The background used in the Lembah Kehidupan (Collection of Short Stories) that is setting of the place, time, and social background. (2) a form of Islamic morality contained in the Lembah Kehidupan (Collection of Short Stories) by M. Husseyn Umar includes a) a form of Islamic morality based on human relationship with yourself is hard work, courageous, patient, b) a form of Islamic morality based on human relationships through others that responsibility, honest, firm establishment, shame, trust, love and attention to her husband, between friends, respect, superiors and subordinates, parents advices to children, the love of parents to children, the love child of parents , the love between friends, the responsibility of parents advices to children, the responsibility between friends, c) moral form of Islam based on human relationship with God is grateful, pray to God, pray, and faith.

The purpose of this study is to describe the values of Minangkabau culture in a collection of short stories 'Carito Etek Siar-Indak Tau Diatah Takunyah' Amir Adriyeti work. Study of the theory in this study, namely: (1) the nature of literature, (2) the nature and elements of the short story, (3) literary analysis approach, (4) the nature and cultural values. This research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The data in this study are the values of Minangkabau culture in a collection of short stories 'Carito Etek Siar- Indak tau Diatah Takunyah' Amir Adriyeti work. Data source is a collection of short stories 'Carito Etek Siar-Indak Tau Diatah Takunyah' Amir Adriyeti work. The sections relating to research data were analyzed by means of reading, understand, appreciate, identify, and noting how cultural values contained in a collection of short stories. Data was collected by means of read carefully the short story collection 'Carito Etek Siar-Indak Tau Diatah Takunyah' Amir Adriyeti work, in order to get an overall understanding of the content of the story, marking the structure section contains the description of the values of Minangkabau culture in it , identifying cultural values contained in a collection of short stories 'Carito Etek Siar- Indak Tau Diatah Takunyah' Amir Adriyeti work. Data analysis techniques, an inventory of data, translating data into Indonesian, classifies data based on the problems presented in this study, the data that have been classified and analyzed based on the theory that has been described, after the data were analyzed, do inference. After analysis, it was found Minangkabau cultural values contained in a collection of short stories 'Carito Etek Siar-Indak Tau Diatah Takunyah' Amir Adriyeti work. Minangkabau cultural values consists of values of 6 pieces of religious systems, the values of kinship in Minangkabau society 4 pieces, and the values of livelihood system 5 pieces.

Eudora Welty and the Short-Story Cycle:A Report on My Research at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Ikuko Takeda As the recipient of the 2015 Eudora Welty Research Fellowship, I stayed in Jackson and researched at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History from May 18 to 30, 2015. In this report, I would like to demonstrate how the primary resources at MDAH helped me to elaborate my plans for my project. My dissertation focuses on the short-story cycle as a genre in terms of the historical and cultural context of the American South. A short-story cycle, sometimes referred to as a story sequence or a composite novel, is a collection of short stories in which each story is independent, but simultaneously interrelated to one another. Southern writers have produced many masterpieces of the short-story cycle, including Cane by Jean Toomer, Georgia Boy by Erskine Caldwell, Go Down, Moses by William Faulkner, and, of course, The Golden Apples by Eudora Welty, and—if we find the book not merely a collection of stories but a work that should be read as a whole—Welty’s The Wide Net and Other Stories. The reasons each writer has used the form differ, yet we might say the form has been an apt medium with which to represent a complicated, hybrid, southern society. In my dissertation, I will examine the ways in which the short-story cycle has provided a unique generic framework for representing and investigating the complex interplay of contending forces that constitute what we think of as “the South.” The MDAH holdings that helped me to get a fuller sense of Welty’s notion of connected short stories include: Series 1: Uncollected Stories; Series 5: The Golden Apples and Related Works; and Series 29: Correspondence. Series 1: Uncollected Stories includes “The Children” and “Beautiful Ohio,” which become respectively “At The Landing” and “The Winds” in The Wide Net. Studying the ways in which Welty changed the subjects and techniques through these works allowed me to understand how she made the stories in the volume connect to one another. “The Flower and the Rock,” which is included in Series 5: The Golden Apples and Related Works and later published as “Music from Spain,” is very important for my project. Welty wrote “The Flower and the Rock” before she realized its [End Page 159] connection with the other stories that would become The Golden Apples. Comparing these two stories, I tried to articulate what Welty accomplished by adopting the form. Finally, Welty’s letters to her editors and friends collected in Series 29: Correspondence gave me an insight into Welty’s interpretation of the short story, novel, and short-story cycle. Series 1: Uncollected Stories—“The Children” and “Beautiful Ohio” Although The Wide Net and Other Stories is, as its title shows, a collection of short stories, a few scholars have considered the book to be a short-story cycle. Susan V. Donaldson notes, for instance, Welty “suggests in The Wide Net’s sequence of stories the possibility of a new aesthetic of short fiction, one for which questioning, openness, and transformation constitute both subject and technique” (99). As Welty and Russell discussed a “Natchez Trace collection,” they questioned where and how to collect or publish The Robber Bridegroom (Kreyling 62). Since there are many differences between the settings, plots, and characters in “The Children,” an unpublished typescript held by MDAH, and “At The Landing,” it is difficult to tell how Welty changed the former into the latter in order to collect the story in The Wide Net. As Mary Hughes Brookhart and Suzanne Marrs note, however, one of the biggest differences between the two stories is that in “‘At The Landing’ Welty’s use of setting provides an infinitely more complex vision” (89). In “The Children,” the garden, the setting for the story, seems to have no relation to the heroine Nora’s love for Thomas and his disinterest in her. On the other hand, in “At The Landing,” Welty chooses the setting of the story as The Landing, a landing in name only, now that the water...

Background. The article addresses the conceptual issues of enhancing the linguistic competence of Philology majors in a foreign language classroom. The cognitive approach is applied to boost understanding of the concepts such as “lexical-semantic field”, “categorization”, “conceptualization”, “conceptual category” and “semantic category”. The article also focuses on developing the skills of identifying semantic relationships within a lexical-semantic field, namely polysemy, antonyms, and synonyms as well as metaphoric transference. Purpose. With the issue being underresearched, the purpose of the article is to discuss the ways to enhance students’ awareness of semantic relationships within a lexical-semantic field. Achieving the goal involved pursuing the following tasks: to clarify the hierarchical relationships between the processes of cognition of categories and concepts; use a generalized definition of “lexical-semantic field” and to present its structure; determine the main relationships between the components of a lexical and semantic field to make use of in the process of learning a foreign language. Results and discussion. It is proposed to organize the process of mastering the key categories of linguistics by applying the following techniques: analysis of a lexical-semantic field, detailing a lexical-semantic group of words, defining a common semantic component within a group. To successfully master the second language, students need to distinguish between semantic and conceptual categories, as well as to inference their meaning in a certain sign form. It is envisaged that by examining the semantic relationships within a lexical-semantic field students learn to effectively analyze the metaphorical transfer of meaning, which is an indispensable skill of language competence.

This research focuses on the influence of feminism in the stories contained in the book collection of short stories by Ihan Sunrise. This study aims to describe the forms of discrimination against Acehnese women and gender equality in Ihan Sunrise’s works throught a collection of short stories by Rihon. The research method used is a qualititative descriptive method with a literature study approach. Based on data analysis, the results of this study show that the works in the collection of Rihon short stories contain elements of feminism. Discrimination of women in Aceh that occurred for years in social strata. The different treatment of women from men in community life has given birth of the Acehnese women’s feminist movement.

This research aimed at describing and explaining about (1) the style of language used in the Short Story of Di Tubuh Tara, Dalam Rahim Pohon; (2) the value of character education contained in Di Tubuh Tara, Dalam Rahim Pohon; (3) the relevance of the Short Story in Di Tubuh Tara, Dalam Rahim Pohon as a literary learning material. The results of this study indicate that, (1) language style there are 35 data, namely simile; metaphor; personification; allegory; hyperbole; satire; irony; pleonase; periphrasis. (2) The value of character education there are 20 data, that is social care; honest; religious; responsible; curiosity; like to read; environmental care; love the homeland; appreciate achievement; hard work; independent; spirit of nationality; creative; love peace. (3) A collection of short stories In Tara's Body In The Womb Tree is one of a collection of short stories that can be made as teaching material at school. Because in addition to the collection of short stories that have a beautiful but easy to understand language style, the collection of short stories also have a different theme from one work to another, and in accordance with the subjects of Indonesian language, literary learning, especially the appreciation of short stories in high school.

In modern linguistics, the terms as lexical-semantic group, lexical-semantic field, synonym series are getting tremendous popularity. This article provides deep interpretations to these terms.