Zoom Function Research Articles

Terahertz quasi-optics imaging systems with easy zoom based on beam-shaping devices and a freeform lens.

Terahertz (THz) waves show outstanding application value in the nondestructive detection of hidden targets that are impenetrable to visible light. However, the uncertain location of hidden targets puts a higher demand on the zoom function of the THz quasi-optical systems, especially when the object is immovable. This paper proposes a continuous zoom system working in the THz band consisting of a negative axicon disk, a segmented axicon, and a freeform lens. The negative axicon disk and segmented axicon shape THz waves into annular beams with adjustable diameters, which are respectively focused at different positions by the zone-designed freeform lens. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that the zoom range of the system can reach 82 mm while maintaining an imaging resolution of 6 mm. Notably, continuous zooming is achieved by merely rotating the negative axicon disk, instead of the lens moving. Moreover, all devices in the system can be fabricated by 3D printing or machining. This approach offers the advantages of simple adjustment and low cost, providing, to our knowledge, a novel perspective for the design and application of THz quasi-optical imaging systems.

A single-layer compton camera for nuclear decommissioning: An improved back-projection algorithm

The decommissioning of nuclear facilities, a critical and hazardous process due to radiation exposure, necessitates the advancement of radiological measurement techniques concerning safety and efficiency. This study presents an optimized back-projection method, integrating a novel single-layer Compton camera and 3D camera setup with the Timepix3 readout chip to improve the precision and efficiency of gamma-ray source localization in decommissioning scenarios. Implementing ‘twin addition’ and ‘twin multiplication’ techniques addressed data ambiguities that arise from event selection in the Compton camera, enhancing the reliability of localization. Introducing a zoom function significantly improved computational efficiency, achieving 163 times faster computation times without sacrificing accuracy. Our method demonstrated enhanced precision with a median angular error of 1.41°, outperforming traditional methods and showing competitive advantages over state-of-the-art technologies, including the Caliste-HD detector. The feasibility of integrating this methodology onto mobile robotic platforms suggests a promising avenue to minimize human radiation exposure and optimize decommissioning tasks, ensuring safer and more effective nuclear facility decommissioning.

Illumination system contributing zooming function to lensless digital holographic microscope by using lightguide incorporated with volume holographic optical elements

Illumination systems play a crucial role in determining the image quality of lens- less images. In this paper, we propose an illumination system that uses a light guide with a volume holographic optical element (VHOE) and apply it to a lensless digital holographic microscope (DHM). The light guide has an in-coupler that is maturely developed for AR/MR applications. A VHOE serves as an in-coupler and directs the laser light into the guiding mode. Unlike the conventional light guide in the AR/MR application, the out-coupler is changed to a functional VHOE to diffract a divergent spherical wave. Through clever arrangement, the interference fringe caught by the CMOS image sensor can be used to retrieve the tested image. By controlling the focusing point of the diffracted spherical wave, the field of view (FOV) and the resolution can be adjusted. We have demonstrated the use of different VHOEs to perform different FOV and image resolutions. Thus, a zoomable-compact lensless DHM with holographic light guide technology is achievable.

Continuous optical zoom telescopic system based on liquid lenses

Telescopes play an essential important role in the fields of astronomical observation, emergency rescue, etc. The traditional telescopes achieve zoom function through the mechanical movement of the solid lenses, usually requiring refocusing after magnification adjustment. Therefore, the traditional telescopes lack adaptability, port-ability and real-time capability. In this paper, a continuous optical zoom telescopic system based on liquid lenses is proposed. The main components of the system consist of an objective lens, an eyepiece, and a zoom group composed of six pieces of liquid lenses. By adjusting the external voltages on the liquid lenses, the zoom telescopic system can achieve continuous optical zoom from ∼1.0× to ∼4.0× operating with an angular resolution from 28.648" to 19.098", and the magnification switching time is ∼50ms. The optical structure of the zoom telescopic system with excellent performance is given, and its feasibility is demonstrated by simulations and experiments. The proposed system with fast response, portability and high adaptability is expected to be applied to astronomical observation, emergency rescue and so on.

A Fully Metaoptical Zoom Lens with a Wide Range.

Metalenses are typically designed for a fixed focal length, restricting their functionality to static scenarios. Various methods have been introduced to achieve the zoom function in metalenses. These methods, however, have a very limited zoom range, or they require additional lenses to achieve direct imaging. Here, we demonstrate a zoom metalens based on axial movement that performs both the imaging and the zoom function. The key innovation is the use of a polynomial phase profile that mimics an aspheric lens, which allows an extended depth of focus, enabling a large zoom range. Experimental results show that this focal length variation, combined with the extended depth of focus, translates into an impressive zoom range of 11.9× while maintaining good imaging quality. We see applications for such a zoom metalens in surveillance cameras of drones or microrobots to reduce their weight and volume, thus enabling more flexible application scenarios.

A Deep Learning Approach to Merge Rule-Based and Human-Operated Camera Control for Teleoperated Robotic Systems

Controlling a laparoscopic camera during robotic surgery represents a multifaceted challenge, demanding considerable physical and cognitive exertion from operators. While manual control presents the advantage of enabling optimal viewing angles, it is offset by its taxing nature. In contrast, current autonomous camera systems offer predictability in tool tracking but are often rigid, lacking the adaptability of human operators. This research investigates the potential of two distinct network architectures: a dense neural network (DNN) and a recurrent network (RNN), both trained using a diverse dataset comprising autonomous and human-driven camera movements. A comparative assessment of network-controlled, autonomous, and human-operated camera systems is conducted to gauge network efficacies. While the dense neural network exhibits proficiency in basic tool tracking, it grapples with inherent architectural limitations that hinder its ability to master the camera’s zoom functionality. In stark contrast, the recurrent network excels, demonstrating a capacity to sufficiently replicate the behaviors exhibited by a mixture of both autonomous and human-operated methods. In total, 96.8% of the dense network predictions had up to a one-centimeter error when compared to the test datasets, while the recurrent network achieved a 100% sub-millimeter testing error. This paper trains and evaluates neural networks on autonomous and human behavior data for camera control.

Video-Assisted Telescope Operating Monitor 3D System in Microsurgical Varicocelectomy: A Preliminary Report.

Video-assisted telescope operating monitor (VITOM®) with 3D Visualization technology was developed and has been used with favorable results by several surgical specialties. Our study aims to be a preliminary report for initial experience using the VITOM® 3D system for microsurgical varicocelectomy on varicocele patients. We performed 35 microsurgical varicocelectomy procedures using the VITOM® 3D system on varying types and grades of varicoceles. The surgeon had the option of using either a 2.5 or 3.5 magnifying loupe in addition to the exoscope for each operation evaluated. The exoscope is a standalone camera head with an integrated 3D telescope and remote control with zoom and focus functions. It is connected to the 3D monitor via a mechanical holding arm. During the procedure, surgeons, assistants, and observers were able to view the 3D high-definition stream displayed on a 26-inch 3D monitor at a convenient viewing angle and distance. The varicocele ligation was performed using a Carl Zeiss Meditec AG microscope. There were 35 patients with varicocele aged 31.51years old on average, which were included in this report. Most patients had grade 3 bilateral varicocele (n = 13, 37.1%). All procedures were performed without any intraoperative complications. After the procedures, only a few patients suffered from postoperative complications. Three patients suffered scrotal edema (8.6%), while another had hydrocele (2.9%). The postoperative pain results were also very minimal from .89 1day after the operation to .26 3days after the operation. The VITOM® 3D system showed promise in microsurgical varicocelectomy.

Development of Karawo Motif Design System Based on Philosophical Values of Gorontalo Regional Culture

Karawo is a traditional embroidered cloth for the people of the Gorontalo region. Currently karawo has been widely used by the surrounding community and the outside community in the form of souvenirs or other things. On the one hand, the Gorontalo Region is an area that has many cultures and customs. We need to protect and preserve this culture so that this culture does not quickly become extinct. The lack of karawo motif designs that have a Gorontalo regional cultural philosophy causes karawo craftsmen to lack ideas to design karawo motifs in various design variations. This can be overcome by creating a system that can make several variations of the karawo motif design with the help of computer algorithms. The development of this karawo motif design uses several object or image transformation functions, namely rotation, translation, mirror, flip and zoom functions. To enrich the object so that it looks varied, arithmetic operations and boolean operations are also used to value the color component of each point in the image. The usability measurement results show that the eligibility value of usefulness is 85.71%, ease of use is 100%, ease of learning is 85.71% and satisfaction is 92.86%. The average of all dimensions is 91.07% or it is included in the very satisfied category.

Dynamic polarization-regulated metasurface with variable focal length

Polarization and focal length are both critical optical parameters with many applications in many fields, such as optical communications and imaging. The development of metasurfaces provides a new realization of optical systems. In this paper, based on metasurfaces’ powerful electromagnetic modulation capability, we integrate polarization conversion with continuous zoom function and propose a dynamic polarization-regulated metasurface with variable focal length. It realizes the reversible conversion of polarization state, which can convert linearly polarized light into elliptically polarized light and circularly polarized light and convert circularly polarized light to linearly polarized light. At the same time, it achieves a 4.4× zoom range, with a constant focal length variation from 70 µm to 309 µm. The metasurface has the advantages of small size, easy integration, and reconfigurability, providing a new design idea for complex functional optical systems.

Multifocal multilevel diffractive lens by wavelength multiplexing.

Flat lenses with focal length tunability can enable the development of highly integrated imaging systems. This work explores machine learning to inverse design a multifocal multilevel diffractive lens (MMDL) by wavelength multiplexing. The MMDL output is multiplexed in three color channels, red (650nm), green (550nm), and blue (450nm), to achieve varied focal lengths of 4mm, 20mm, and 40mm at these three color channels, respectively. The focal lengths of the MMDL scale significantly with the wavelength in contrast to conventional diffractive lenses. The MMDL consists of concentric rings with equal widths and varied heights. The machine learning method is utilized to optimize the height of each concentric ring to obtain the desired phase distribution so as to achieve varied focal lengths multiplexed by wavelengths. The designed MMDL is fabricated through a direct-write laser lithography system with gray-scale exposure. The demonstrated singlet lens is miniature and polarization insensitive, and thus can potentially be applied in integrated optical imaging systems to achieve zooming functions.

How to use Zoom to collect data in mathematics educational research: A case study in assessing students’ online mathematics learning

During the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers faced challenges conducting data collection. However, emerging communication technologies, such as web-conferencing platforms, provided an alternative mode of data collection. Among these platforms, Zoom stands out for its functional affordances and unique features that support data collection methods, including screen-capturing, digital photography, drawing, polling, and artifact-based interviews, which attempt to reveal a child's viewpoint and ability. In this article, we explore the feasibility of using Zoom to conduct educational research by investigating the mathematical learning experience among 26 primary 1 and 2 students in Hong Kong on two topics—understanding time and addition and subtraction. Five mathematics teachers were recruited to participate in 2-month online workshops with assessments among three groups of students to understand the suitability for data collection. Based on teachers’ observations and students’ responses, our findings suggest that Zoom is a viable and effective tool for qualitative data collection. It offers a cost-effective method for researchers and educators to examine students’ mathematical performance in an online environment. We also investigate students’ perceptions of online assessment strategies, perceived usefulness of various Zoom functions, and explore the benefits and challenges teachers and students perceived throughout mathematical education using Zoom. However, several technical difficulties were encountered, such as the digital literacy gap and privacy concerns. Therefore, improving students’ digital literacy for remote learning and triangulation is important for online mathematical data collection and assessments.

Implementing Smartphone Tutorials for Patients With Severe Glaucoma.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to determine if instructional videos detailing the use of smartphone accessibility features may be used to improve quality of life and comfort with phone usage among patients with severe glaucoma. Design The design of the present study is an interventional case series. Methods The patients with vision loss due to severe glaucoma were recruited from one institution. Two surveys were completed to provide baseline data: one detailed their current use of smartphone accessibility features, and the other provided survey was the EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level(EQ-5D-5L) (EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands), which is used to assess the quality of life. Then, the patients were shown a brief video with instructions on configuring the use of voice-over, magnification, and zoom functions, along with other features. To conclude, the patients completed the same surveys either at follow-up visits or by phone calls. Results Fifteen patients were recruited to participate in the study. At baseline, the participants used a median of one accessibility feature, with the most common feature being "text sizing/bolding." At follow-up, the participants averaged the gain of use of one accessibility feature and reported a decrease in text messaging visual limitation, although these findings did not reach statistical significance. Overall, the quality of life, as measured by the EQ-5D-5L, demonstrated a non-statistically significant increase of six points. Conclusions Despite the lack of statistical significance, our results indicate that providing instructional videos may benefit the patients' ability to navigate on their smartphones. Incorporating links or Quick Response (QR) codes to these instructional videos provides an opportunity to improve the quality of life at no additional risk to the patient. Further studies are needed with an increased population to investigate for any significance of our findings.

Introducing patient-centric electronic medicine leaflets in the European Union

Despite numerous advances in their content and structure over recent years, paper information leaflets for medicines are often hard to read for people with visual impairments, contain a lot of technical information, and people suffering from chronic conditions may find it challenging to identify all side-effects or dangers of taking a drug in their situation. Likewise, for people already taking different drugs, identifying contraindications may be time-intensive and easily overlooked, posing a risk for affected patients. Electronic product information (ePI), or eLeaflets, provide an opportunity for improvements in how patients interact with the information provided. We summarise opportunities of ePI and experiences from a co-creation process of such an app together with patients as part of the Pharmaledger project and put it into context of the current policy environment in the EU in light of EMA’s key principles for the adoption of ePI in medicine. While more patient-friendly information remains a significant ask, ePI has the potential to make leaflets easier and quicker to read through search and zoom functions, provide a safe digital medicine cabinet employing blockchain technology, enables patients to identify falsified product boxes, receive real-time updates when a product expires or is being recalled by the manufacturer, and potentially even include a reminder function to increase adherence. We present a potential research agenda across disciplines for interested researchers. While many welcome the benefits of ePI, we urge policymakers to keep in mind that some groups, specifically people with low technical literacy, should not be left without alternatives. We recommend early initiatives to ensure a widespread understanding of how ePI works across populations while also taking this opportunity to use new insights to improve leaflets on paper.

Broadband polarization-independent achromatic varifocal metalens in the terahertz region

Lenses with tunable focal lengths are quite critical to various optical sensors, imaging, and detection systems. A traditional varifocal system is usually composed of multiple conventional refractors and needs to mechanically adjust the axial distance among them, inevitably leading to complex operation and bulky volume. Recently, metasurfaces have provided an alternative for flexibly shaping the electromagnetic field. However, simultaneously realizing continuous zoom and achromatic function remains a challenge. This paper proposes an achromatic continuous varifocal metalens consisting of two coaxial metasurfaces working in the terahertz range. The underlying mechanism depending on the superimposed phase distribution of these two metasurfaces is similar to a spherical lens, and the focal length can be continuously varied by changing the mutual rotation angle. The tuning range of focal length is continuous from 3.08 mm to 11.52 mm, corresponding to the numerical aperture from 0.58 to 0.19. Meanwhile, careful dispersion engineering based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm has also achieved achromatic bandwidth ranging from 0.9 THz to 1.2 THz. The maximum deviation of the focus length is below 8%, and the coefficient variations of the focal lengths among the entire bandwidth are under the allowed scope (5%) of the international standard of chromatic aberration, while a focusing efficiency of 32% can be obtained simultaneously. This scheme will provide promising opportunities and possibilities for future display technology and integrated optical imaging systems.

Surgical Assistant-friendly Breast Reconstruction Using a Head-mounted Wireless Camera with an Integrated LED Light as an Educational Tool

In breast reconstruction by a latissimus dorsi (LD) flap, a skin paddle is designed transversely so that the scar overlaps the bra line. Therefore, especially when dissecting the caudal end of the latissimus dorsi muscle, the assistants must always pull hooks blindly because they do it from the patient’s caudal side (Fig. 1). A similar situation occurs when a tissue expander or a silicone breast implant is inserted under the pectoralis major muscle through a lateral thoracic incision because it is done from the contralateral side. These situations make it difficult for the surgeon to simultaneously share the surgical field with the assistants. As a result, the assistants just pull hooks to expand the surgical field without being motivated to understand the details of the surgery. To resolve this, breast reconstruction was performed for six Japanese women, with the surgeon wearing a head-mounted wireless camera with an integrated LED light, FM-105 (Faspro Systems Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan) (Fig. 1); two were reconstructed by LD, three by tissue expander, and one by silicone breast implant. The camera cost approximately $3650, and there were no other costs because we already had a laptop computer and an HDMI cable. The surgical field was projected to external large screen monitors in the operating room, as previously reported.1 The camera actually weighed about 315 g, and it could be used without any physical discomfort for 2 hours, which is enough time to complete elevating the LD or inserting the implant. In addition, the focus was automatically adjusted, and the brightness of the LED light could be manually adjusted in three steps, according to the darkness of the surgical field. Although the camera does not have a zoom function, the image is easily visible by projecting it onto a large screen. The surgical view could be shared simultaneously with the assistants and observers via the monitor in all cases, and the image is shown. (See Video [online], which displays a scene of dissecting the caudal side of the LD muscle and the results of a questionnaire survey following a scene of dissecting the caudal side of the LD muscle.) A questionnaire survey using a five-point scale (1 = unacceptable; 5 = excellent) was conducted among six assistants who participated in the surgery to assess the quality of the actual image and the educational usefulness of the head-mounted camera. All of them answered that it was a useful educational tool for breast reconstruction.Fig. 1.: The LD flap is elevated while the surgeon wears a head-mounted wireless camera with an integrated LED light, FM-105. The surgical assistant can assist from the caudal side while watching the surgical field via the screen in real time during the operation. {"href":"Single Video Player","role":"media-player-id","content-type":"play-in-place","position":"float","orientation":"portrait","label":"Video 1","caption":"displays a scene of dissecting the caudal side of the LD muscle and the results of a questionnaire survey following a scene of dissecting the caudal side of the LD muscle.","object-id":[{"pub-id-type":"doi","id":""},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-stream-id","id":"1_lkskropp"},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-source","id":"Kaltura"}]} Recently, how to teach surgical techniques to junior doctors is becoming a focus of attention in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The use of AR technology2,3 and model surgery4 has resulted in remarkable progress, and these technologies have contributed greatly to providing images of the details of the operation for young surgeons before surgery. During the operation, by teaching techniques while sharing the operative field that the surgical assistant cannot see directly, they can be involved in surgery as not only workers, but also as trainees or learners. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.

Measurement of colorectal polyp size: End of a long-running story?

Although colonoscopy is effective at detecting and removing polyps, which can prevent colorectal cancer (CCR), there is room for improvement. Accurate characterization is necessary to predict histology and to select the most appropriate treatment method; these range from cold-snare polypectomy to surgery through mucosal resection techniques or submucosal dissection. Improvements in CCD captors, optical and numerical zoom functions of colonoscopes, together with virtual chromoendoscopy, can enhance analysis of morphology, pit pattern, and vascular pattern. However, polyp size measurement is problematic, despite it being the basis of all recommendations on polyp resection and monitoring [1] [2] [3].

Design and theoretical analysis of the image-side telecentric zoom system using focus tunable lenses based on Gaussian brackets and lens modules

For now, telecentric system and zoom system have been extensively implemented in machine vision, industrial inspection, etc. However, studies on optical systems with both telecentric and zoom functions are still rare. To improve this situation, we present the design method of the telecentric zoom system with four focus tunable lenses (FTL) and a moving aperture stop (STOP) by applying Gaussian brackets and lens modules. We first improve the Gaussian brackets to achieve the initial parameter solution of the telecentric zoom FTL system, then we introduce a selection method to find the initial structural parameters with sufficient potential for optical design. After that, we use the lens module method to design the initial structure of the optical system, we also expand the combination method of the lens modules which contains an FTL. Finally, the initial structures of a 4X image-side telecentric zoom FTL system are constructed as an example and then optimized using CODEV. As a result, we get an image-side telecentric zoom FTL system with an F/# of 4, a zoom range of 20 mm to 80 mm, an image plane size of 8 mm, and a total length of 218 mm, which performs well in telecentricity control, distortion control, and aberration correction.

Zoom liquid lens with switchable aperture

A zoom liquid lens with switchable aperture is demonstrated in this paper, which consists of a lens chamber, a circular truncated cone, a limit ring and two immiscible liquids. Different from conventional zoom liquid lenses, the curvature of the liquid-liquid (L-L) interface, the position of the L-L interface and the aperture size of the proposed liquid lens can be tuned by only one actuator. Then, two problems can be solved: a larger range of optical power is realized by the switchable size of the aperture, and the zoom function can be achieved by switchable position of the aperture. Thus, the proposed zoom lens has characteristics of large optical power tunable range and excellent zoom ability with only one actuator. However, due to a single actuator, the curvature, position and aperture of the proposed lens cannot be controlled arbitrarily and individually. With a large aperture of 10 mm and a small aperture of 5 mm, the range of optical power is -43 m−1 ∼ +43 m−1, the zoom ratio reaches ∼2 × and the angular resolution is 27"7. It is promising to promote the development of a new generation of miniaturized optofluidic imaging systems.

ECHO ROUND: THREE DIMENSIONAL TRIMMING, THE FREE ANGLE ALTERNATIVE FOR MITRAL AND AORTIC VALVE VITIUM ASSESSMENT.

Three-dimensional (3D) Technology provides real time dynamic assessment and allows for multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) for the different cardiac structures. However, it is much more demanding regarding the Echo device specification, and operator experience in both loop acquisition, enhancement and of course interpretation. Trimming function is one of the post-acquisition software tools, which can be used in step-by-step assessment of the Mitral valve (MV) and aortic valve (AV) vitrium. It didn't overcome the required experience required for the interpretation of 3D images. But when systematically done, it makes it more objective and allows for assessment of the coaptation line along the valve leaflets, even in cases where it is impossible to assess in 2D as between non-coronary and left coronary AV cusps. The loops in this poster were acquired with the Philips Affinity 70 and the X7-2T transoesophageal matrix array transducer. The basic requirement of the 3D loop acquisition is guided by the published recommendation as it is and when possible multibeat acquisition is used.1. In MV Our examination started in Midesophageal Intercommisural View with 3D Zoom function. We rotated the acquired loop to obtain the surgical view of the MV with the Aorta at 12 O'clock (Figure 1, Step 1). At this point we rotated the aorta to be positioned at 9 O'clock. (Figure 1 Step 2). Then, using the track ball, we rotated the 3D picture 90 degrees in the vertical axis to be facing the lateral annulus of the MV (Figure 1, Step 3) . Starting from this view, using the face Trimming function (figure 1 Step 4) we have adjusted the trimming level going deeper all through the MV from lateral to medial, examining the coaptation line all through all parts of the leaflets. What also helped to delineate the leaflets was to add more gain (in controversy to what is normally done to improve the 3D Image). For orientation, we recommend rotating the 3D loop back to surgical view to localize the trimming level. Color Flow Examination normally requires a multibeat acquisition to get a reasonable frame rate. We also trimmed from lateral to medial till we could see the Regurgitation Jet. (Figure 3) For AV we started with the Midesophageral AV short axis view and using loop was acquired using the 3D zoom function (Figure 4). Using the same technique we have adjusted the trimming line to go through the coaptation line needed to be examined between Non coronary cusp (NCC) – Right coronary cusp (RCC), RCC- Left coronary cusp (LCC) and NCC-LCC . (figure 5) .In each level we used the track ball to rotate the 3D image to get an inface view where we could see the coaptation. We could also measure coaptation height, coaptation length and identify single leaflet pathology. <b>Conclusion:</b> In contrast to 2D images the Trimming function allows a free angle generation of 2D images for angles difficult or sometimes impossible to be obtained with normal 2D cutting or even biplane.

Artificial Hyper Compound Eyes Enable Variable-Focus Imaging on both Curved and Flat Surfaces.

The artificial compound eye (ACE) with zoom imaging requires complex power sources. Meanwhile, its curved substrate makes it difficult for the ACE to realize the zoom imaging on flat surfaces. To realize a wide field of view and a zoom function on both curved and flat surfaces simultaneously, a novel ACE is proposed, which is a bionic design inspired by an ancient creature, trilobite. Compared with a dragonfly, photosensitive units of a trilobite's compound eye are composed of ommatidia with different focal lengths. By learning from this concept, an artificial hyper compound eye (AHCE) was fabricated. Its basic components are five microlenses with different curvatures, and they are capable of being treated as five ommatidia with different focal lengths. Five ommatidia form a photosensitive unit to realize a zoom function. AHCE is capable of variable-focus imaging on curved surfaces. With the information share function, we found that the AHCE not only images on curved surfaces but also has a zoom-imaging function on flat surfaces. The results confirm that the AHCE demonstrates an advanced imaging capability, a variable-focus imaging function on both curved and flat surfaces, which may open new opportunities in developing advanced micro-optical devices.