Zonyl FSO-100 Research Articles

Adsorption Properties of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Surfactants Ternary Mixture at the Water-Air Interface.

Measurements were made of the surface tension of the aqueous solutions of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols) having 10 oxyethylene groups in the molecule (Triton X-100, TX100) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with Zonyl FSN-100 (FC6EO14, FC1) as well as with Zonyl FSO-100 (FC5EO10, FC2) ternary mixtures. The obtained results were compared to those provided by the Fainerman and Miller equation and to the values of the solution surface tension calculated, based on the contribution of a particular surfactant in the mixture to the reduction of water surface tension. The changes of the aqueous solution ternary surfactants mixture surface tension at the constant concentration of TX100 and CTAB mixture at which the water surface tension was reduced to 60 and 50 mN/m as a function of fluorocarbon surfactant concentration, were considered with regard to the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water-air interface. Next, this composition was applied for the calculation of the concentration of the particular surfactants in the monolayer using the Frumkin equation. On the other hand, the Gibbs surface excess concentration was determined only for the fluorocarbon surfactants. The tendency of the particular surfactants to adsorb at the water-air interface was discussed, based on the Gibbs standard free energy of adsorption which was determined using different methods. This energy was also deduced, based on the surfactant tail surface tension and tail-water interface tension.

Study of the influence of the binary mixtures of fluorocarbon surfactants on the surface tension of water

Influence of the binary mixtures of fluorocarbon surfactants Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) and Zonyl FSN-100 (FSN100) on the surface tension of the water was studied. The effectiveness of adsorption process of the surfactant at the water-air interface was calculated from the obtained values of the surface tension of studied mixtures. Also the maximum surface area per molecule of surfactant in the interfacial area and the free energy at the water-air interface were determined. Moreover, the existence of synergetizm or antagonism effect, which reduces the surface tension of the water was examined. On the basis of the Rosen's model parameter the values of intermolecular interactions in the mixed monolayer adsorption were calculated.

A systematic and effective research procedure for silver nanowire ink

Silver nanowire (AgNW) ink has great influence on the performance of the resulting AgNW-based conductive film, especially for the large-scale roll-to-roll processed films. However, AgNW inks made by researchers are almost immature because there is not a clear research procedure for the development of qualified inks. In this work, electric double layer model, Young equation, bubble theory, percolation theory, Rhodes & Orchäd equation, Kelvin equation and other theoretical models were introduced successively to describe those processes which additives in inks should adjust. Based on the guidance of these theories, additives were determined successively and an optimized light grey ink with the composition of 0.4% AgNW + 0.2% 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol + 0.01% Zonyl FSO-100 + 1.5% diacetone alcohol + 5% 1,4-dioxane + 92.89% isopropyl alcohol was obtained. Except for trace amount of Zonyl FSO-100, other additives could be easily eliminated at low temperature (110 °C), which could retain the original properties of AgNW furthest and greatly lower the dosage of AgNW in inks. Based on this ink, excellent AgNW/PET composite film was prepared. The sheet resistance, transmittance and haze of this film were 29.5 Ω/sq, 88.9% and 1.49% respectively. Finally, touch screens (180 mm × 105 mm) and tablets (10 inches) were prepared from our films and showed good performance. These results demonstrated that excellent AgNW ink could be developed through our research procedure. Our studies not only produce an excellent AgNW ink, but also provide a systematic research procedure and series of theoretical models for many kinds of conductive inks.

Wetting of hydrophobic substrates by pure surfactants at continuously increasing humidity

Spreading behavior of pure surfactants Triton X-100, Silwet L-77 and Zonyl FSO-100 on hydrophobic substrates was studied using a two-stage regime: (i) the first stage was a spreading at constant humidity (45%) until a quasi-equilibrium state was reached, and (ii) the second stage was a spreading at humidity increasing from 45% to almost saturation. During the first stage surfactants spread until reaching a quasi-equilibrium state, when the droplet diameter and the static advancing contact angle did not vary over time any more. The characteristic time of spreading during the first stage for L-77 and X-100 was a few seconds, whereas for FSO-100 it was tens of seconds. At the second stage, when humidity of the surrounding air was continuously increasing, the droplets of surfactants started to spread again. It was found that at this stage the spreading of all surfactants occurred only above a critical humidity ranged from 70 to 80%. Triton X-100 and Zonyl FSO-100 were found to be more sensitive to increasing humidity compared to Silwet L-77. It is shown that for all three pure surfactants used the radius on time dependencies obeyed a power law, with the power exponents close to either 0.1, which correspond to complete wetting or 0.25, which corresponds to Marangoni driven spreading. It was shown that water adsorption at the surfactant-vapor interface does not play a decisive role in initiation of the further spreading (except for Silwet L-77). Our findings suggested that spreading of surfactant droplets at the second stage was initiated predominantly by adsorption of water molecules from the surrounding air onto the solid substrate in front of the three-phase contract line.

Plasma polymerized 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline: Chemical characterization and study of the reactivity towards different chemical groups

Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) thin coatings were deposited on different substrates by means of low pressure plasma polymerization. The stability of the thin films was evaluated by immersion in different aqueous environments (Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) at 37°C, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions, aqueous solutions with different pH) and was found to be dependent on the deposition conditions. Chemical characterization of the coatings deposited with different process parameters was performed by means of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR/ATR) spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Partial retention of the oxazoline ring was assessed also for the stable coatings. Noteworthy, the coatings displayed an intrinsic fluorescence with an emission maximum around 534–542nm. The reactivity of the plasma deposited coatings towards carboxylic, amino- and hydroxyl groups was investigated through selected reactions with poly(acrylic acid), amino-terminated polyethylene glycol and zonyl FSO-100 fluorosurfactant. Results indicate strong reactivity with COOH groups, probably as a consequence of the partial retention of the oxazoline ring. As a result, it is suggested that stable coatings can be exploited for the covalent immobilization of COOH-containing proteins or biomolecules, opening a wide range of potential applications.

Activity coefficient at infinite dilution of aqueous solutions of nonionic hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants as well as their ternary mixtures

AbstractActivity coefficients at infinite dilution of the aqueous solutions of nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants, p-(1,1,3,3- tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols), Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165), fluorocarbon surfactants, Zonyl FSN-100 (FSN100) and Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) and their ternary mixtures were determined from the Gracia-Fadrique et al. method for non-volatile compounds. The values of activity coefficients were calculated taking into account the surface tension data of the studied systems at 293K and compared to those determined on the basis of the values of the contact angle of solutions on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces and the solid-liquid interface tension.

Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants and their ternary mixtures

Speed of sound and density of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbon p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethyleneglycols) (Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-165 (TX165)) and fluorocarbon (Zonyl FSN-100 (FSN100), Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100)) surfactants as well as their ternary mixtures were measured at 293K. Taking into account these values and the literature data of the surface tension and viscosity of the studied systems, the values of the isentropic compressibility, apparent specific adiabatic compressibility, hydration number, apparent specific volume and Jones Dole’s A and B-coefficients were determined. For the systems containing FSO100 also the values of dB/dT were determined on the basis of the values of viscosity measured at different temperatures. Next, the calculated thermodynamic properties have been discussed in the term of intermolecular interactions between the components of the mixtures.

Effect of two hydrocarbon and one fluorocarbon surfactant mixtures on the surface tension and wettability of polymers

The advancing contact angle of water, formamide and diiodomethane on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces covered with the film of ternary mixtures of surfactants including p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethyleneglycols), Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165) and the fluorocarbon surfactants, Zonyl FSN-100 (FSN100) or Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) was measured. The obtained results were used for the surface tension of PTFE and PMMA covered with this film determination from the Young equation on the basis of van Oss et al. and Neumann et al. approaches to the interfacial tension. The surface tension of PTFE and PMMA was also determined using the Neumann et al. equation and the contact angle values for the aqueous solutions of the above mentioned ternary surfactants mixtures which were taken from the literature. As follows from our calculations mainly the presence of the fluorocarbon surfactant in the mixture considerably changes the surface properties of PTFE and PMMA causing that in contrast to hydrocarbon surfactants and their mixtures there is no linear dependence between adhesion and surface tension in the whole range of concentration of the ternary mixtures of surfactants including the fluorocarbon one. The behavior of fluorocarbon surfactants at the polymer–air and polymer–water interfaces is quite different from those of hydrocarbons. In the case of fluorocarbon surfactants not only adsorption but also sorption can occur on the polymer surface.

Behaviour of the fluorocarbon surfactants in the monolayer at the water–air interface and in the bulk phase

The measurements of density, viscosity, conductivity, pH, surface tension and steady state fluorescence for the aqueous solutions of the fluorocarbon surfactants, Zonyl FSN-100 (FC6EO14) and Zonyl FSO-100 (FC5EO10) have been made at 293K. On the basis of the obtained results and the literature data the activity of the surfactant at the solution–air interface, the standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined. It appeared that depending on the physicochemical parameter used for CMC determination, it is possible to obtain two different values of it corresponding to different sizes of the micelles, which is difficult to find in the literature. The average aggregation number calculated from the fluorescence data for FC6EO14 and FC5EO10 and their second value of CMC corresponds to the sphere with the radius equal to the average length of their molecules.

Correlation between the Adsorption of the Fluorocarbon Surfactants at the Polymer–Solution and Solution–Air Interfaces and the Parameter of the Interfacial Interaction

Using the literature data of the surface tension and contact angle of the fluorocarbon surfactants Zonyl FSN-100 (FSO100) and Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), the values of the interfacial tension at the PTFE/PMMA–solution interface were calculated. Because of the possibility of the existence of the surfactant film on the PMMA surface, these calculations for PMMA were performed in two ways, that is with the assumption that the surface tension of PMMA is constant and that it is changed proportionally to the values of the surface tension of aqueous solution of surfactants. Next, the values of the Gibbs surface excess concentration, activity, and monomer mole fraction of the studied surfactants at the PTFE/PMMA–solution interface were determined and correlated with the Lucassen-Reynders equation. Also the values of the parameter of the interfacial interaction were calculated on the basis of the Girifalco and Good and Neumann et al. approaches.

Surface Tension of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polymethyl Methacrylate under the Influence of the Fluorocarbon Surfactant Film

Measurements of the contact angle for water, formamide, and diiodomethane on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) covered by Zonyl FSN-100 (FSN100) and Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) films were made. On the basis of the obtained values, the Lifshitz–van der Waals component and electron-acceptor and electron-donor parameters of the acid–base component of PTFE and PMMA covered by the surfactant film surface tension were determined by the use of van Oss et al. approach to the interfacial tension and Young’s equation. The components and parameters of surface tension were discussed in the light of the sorption of fluorocarbon surfactants at the polymer/solution interface and proper orientation of the surfactant molecules to this interface. Taking into account the changes of determined values of the components and parameters of PTFE and PMMA surface tension under influence of the surfactant films, the relationship between the adhesion tension and the surface tension, as well as between the cosine of contact angle and the surface tension of aqueous solution of fluorocarbon surfactants, was explained.

Wettability of polymeric solids by ternary mixtures composed of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon nonionic surfactants

Contact angle ( θ) measurements on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surface were carried out for the systems containing ternary mixtures of surfactants composed of: p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols), Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-165 (TX165) and Triton X-114 (TX114), and fluorocarbon surfactants, Zonyl FSN100 (FSN100) and Zonyl FSO100 (FSO100). The aqueous solutions of ternary surfactant mixtures were prepared by adding TX114, FSN100 or FSO100 to binary mixtures of TX100 + TX165, where the synergistic effect in the reduction of the surface tension of water ( γ LV ) was determined. From the obtained contact angle values, the relationships between cos θ, the adhesion tension and surface tension of solutions, cos θ and the reciprocal of the surface tension were determined. On the basis of these relationships, the correlation between the critical surface tension of PTFE and PMMA wetting and the surface tension of these polymers as well as the work of adhesion of aqueous solutions of ternary surfactant mixtures to PTFE and PMMA surface were discussed. The critical surface tension of PTFE and PMMA wetting, γ C , determined from the contact angle measurements of aqueous solutions of surfactants including FSN100 or FSO100 was also discussed in the light of the surface tension changes of PTFE and PMMA under the influence of film formation by fluorocarbon surfactants on the surface of these polymers. The γ C values of the studied polymeric solids were found to be different for the mixtures composed of hydrocarbon surfactants in comparison with those of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants. In the solutions containing fluorocarbon surfactants, the γ C values were different taking into account the contact angle in the range of FSN100 and FSO100 concentration corresponding to their unsaturated monolayer at water–air interface or to that saturated.

Improvement of Wetting Properties of Colloid Silica Binders

Wetting properties of colloid silica binders modified by addition of surfactants were investigated. Perfluorononanoic, an anionic surfactant, the nonionic fluorinated surfactant Zonyl FSO-100, the nonionic commercial surfactant Rokafenol, and their mixtures were studied. As a model silica binder, a 30% colloid dispersion of SiO2 in water was used, which was compared with the commercial binder Sizol, also based on colloid silica. The size of particles in these dispersions was determined by dynamic light scattering and by the atomic force microscopy imaging of particles deposited on mica. The zeta potential of particles was measured by microelectrophoresis. The dynamic surface tension and contact angles of binders on a paraffin substrate was determined by drop shape analysis. Our investigations showed that the Zonyl-FSO surfactant and its mixture with Rokafenol effectively reduced the dynamic contact angle to a value of 18°. Such low contact angles represent a significant improvement in comparison with commercial binders.

Supercritical fluid-assisted dispersion of ultra-fine pigment red 177 particles with blended dispersants

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the dispersion of 1 wt.% of pigment red 177 particles in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA). It was found that 40 wt.% of Hypermer PS3 dispersant could provide better dispersion and could stabilize the pigment particles in PGMEA at ambient condition. With the aid of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2), additional 1 wt.% of CO 2-philic dispersant, Zonyl FSO-100, could further enhance the dispersion. Holding the mixtures in dispersion chamber at higher temperatures and pressures for a sufficient period of time was also favorable to improve the dispersion. The size of the dispersed particles appeared to have a correlation with the phase behavior of the mixtures in the dispersion chamber. The preferable operating conditions are at 348.2 K and 20 MPa, and 20 min of holding time was long enough before rapidly releasing chamber's pressure. Under the recommended operating conditions, the mean sizes of the dispersoids could be as small as 148 nm, which met the required range of 100–200 nm in industrial applications. The TEM images have proven that the supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted dispersion method could efficiently disperse the pigment particles in PGMEA.