Brazilian Zone Research Articles

BIM-based parametric energy analysis of green building components for the roofs and facades

Buildings are distinguished by their high energy demand over their lifespan. Iimproving energy efficiency in buildings necessitates mitigating the operation energy performance by evaluating more sustainable building components such as green infrastructures. The novelty herein is to conduct a BIM-based parametric energy analysis of green building components for the roofs and facades, taking into consideration the climate classification and orientation of the building. The proposed framework of this study uses Autodesk Revit software and Autodesk Green Building Studio as BIM tools, and Minitab software as a parametric analysis tool to estimate the energy performance of several alternative components based on Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and Annual Peak Demand (APD). A case study of a residential building is examined in four cities within different climate zones in Brazil; Rio de Janeiro (climate zone 08), Macaé (climate zone 05), Petrópolis (climate zone 03), and Nova Friburgo (climate zone 02). The base model design of components of the building includes a reinforced concrete roof and ceramic masonry façade. The utilized alternatives are roof components (i.e. green roofs and expanded clay roofs), and green façade. This work insight using green façade for all elevations and green roofs to enhance energy efficiency in terms of EUI by (10,17 %) in Rio de Janeiro, (6,67 %) in Macaé, (11,43 %) in Pertópolis, and (16,43 %) in Nova Friburgo. While the efficiency in terms of APD would be about (28,07 %) in Rio de Janeiro, (22,79 %) in Macaé, (21,67 %) in Pertópolis, and (12,58 %) in Nova Friburgo. When the construction project is designed to install a green façade to the main elevation only, this work recommends using green roofs rather than the expanded clay roof or the base model design roofs to increase energy efficiency in such types of buildings. This work contributes to integrating green building components into building designs to improve energy efficiency and empower decision-making and sustainability in buildings.

Temperature and water content estimation in soils of the semi‐arid region of Brazil using finite difference and CFD

AbstractDetermining the temperature and water content of soil, at a given instant or along time, is fundamental to understand several soil‐related phenomena and processes. Evaporation, aeration, chemical‐reaction rates and types, biological processes such as germination and growth of seeds, root development, nutrient and water uptake by roots, and decomposition of organic matter by microbes, are all strongly influenced by soil temperature. On the other hand, infiltration of water through the soil surface allows soil to temporarily store water, making it available for uptake by plants and organisms living in soil. Furthermore, soil water content is closely related to physical and chemical properties of soil, such as oxygen content and demand, which impacts root breathing, microbial activity and soil chemical balance. The accurate evaluation of these two parameters and their interconnection is even relevant in semi‐arid regions, where climate conditions are particularly difficult, such as the north‐eastern zone of Brazil. Thus, the use of computational models and coupled approaches are imperative for rigorous descriptions. This work presents a contribution to estimate soil temperature and water content, by solving the heat transfer equation and the Richards equation, respectively, through finite differences. As input, the model uses the experimental material composition of the soil, the time‐dependent temperature profile at the surface and information about the regional rain regime. Three different numerical approaches were implemented: explicit, simple implicit and the Crank–Nicolson method. The calculations for temperature and water content of the soil obtained with these computational models were compared with the results from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The relative differences between the numerical methods were less than 0.006% by solving the heat transfer equation and less than 2.75% using the Richards equation. The maximum relative differences within the model, including both a constant and a variable water‐content profile, were 3.28%. The results from the computational model using the CFX tool have maximum relative differences of 0.6%, which contributes to verifying the accuracy of the implemented methods.

South-South Investments: Driver for Alternative Globalization? Examining China-Led Special Economic Zones in Brazil and South Africa

The formation of BRICS marks a significant aspect of 21st-century globalization. This has spurred optimism in the Global South about offering an alternative to Western dominance. China has aimed to expand its global presence and influence, framing its relations as ‘South-South Cooperation’. Brazil and South Africa are crucial partners within BRICS, receiving significant Chinese investment, loans, and assistance. In this article, we critically examine South-South investments through a comparative analysis of Chinese investments in South Africa and Brazil, focusing on the case studies of the Manaus Industrial Park and the Musina-Makhado Special Economic Zone. Our research employs ethnographic fieldwork and secondary sources to analyze Chinese investments and their socio-environmental impact. We begin with a discussion of globalization and current trends of deglobalization by proposing three dimensions to analyze the role of BRICS. While Chinese investment could offer an alternative to Western financing, a more balanced South-South agenda is needed. Both Brazilian and South African state and non-state actors must advocate for better conditions to avoid repeating patterns of resource exploitation and subordination. This shifts the debate beyond traditional dichotomies. Ultimately, embracing South-South FDI and Cooperation must be accompanied by critical analysis to ensure a truly transformative agenda for the Global South.

The Development and Enlightenment of Brazil’s Manaus Free Trade Zone

As an effective tool for promoting international trade and economic development, free trade zones have received widespread attention and application worldwide. As the first free trade zone in Brazil, the Manaus Free Trade Zone has achieved significant results in promoting the economic development of Brazil and the Amazon region since its establishment in 1967. This article analyzes the development process of the Manaus Free Trade Zone, explores its policy framework, legal environment, and driving factors of related economic activities, and proposes to optimize the policy environment, strengthen environmental protection Inspiration from four aspects: promoting open cooperation and highlighting innovation leadership.

Agroclimatic mapping for olive cultivation in Brazil: pinpointing optimal growing regions.

This research aimed to identify the agroclimatic zones in Brazil, excluding Rio Grande do Sul, that are suitable for olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivation, considering both climatic and topographical factors. Olives require specific conditions: moderate winter temperatures (7-15 °C), warmer summers (25-35 °C) and sufficient water during growth and fruit maturation. They can endure some drought, making them a viable option for agricultural diversification. Using daily meteorological data from 1989 to 2023 from NASA-POWER, this study analyzed variables like air temperature (minimum and maximum) and rainfall. Key climate variables were the mean air temperature in winter (T_w), spring (T_s), summer (T_su) and autumn (T_a) and total annual precipitation (Prec). Criteria for suitability included: T_w between 5 and 20 °C, T_s between 15 and 23 °C, T_su between 15 and 30 °C, T_a between 15 and 22 °C, annual precipitation over 900 mm and altitude below 900 m. Geographic information system software and Python 3.8 were employed for data analysis and zoning. Results indicated that only 1.92% of the analyzed area, mainly in Minas Gerais, was suitable for olive cultivation. High temperatures and low rainfall in Brazil, particularly in the North and Midwest, make 59.56% of the country unsuitable for olive farming. Additionally, 18.58% of the land, mainly in the Northeast, faces challenges due to extreme heat (T_w) and insufficient water supply. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Coating mortars produced with recycled PET aggregates: A technical, environmental, and socioeconomic approach applied to Brazilian social housing

Plastic is one of the most used materials worldwide, and its final destination constitutes an environmental liability. Clean technologies aiming to reuse plastic waste are imperative from a socioeconomic and environmental perspective. In this sense, this work assesses a technical, thermal, and socioeconomic performance analysis of coating mortars produced entirely with recycled polyethylene terephthalate aggregates (PET), applied to a social housing prototype. The coating mortars’ bulk density was reduced by 30 %, and the compressive strength was impaired between 45 % and 65 % due to hydrophobicity, morphology, and specific gravity of PET aggregates. The PET-containing mortar that exhibited the most suitable properties for masonry coating was characterized in terms of thermal properties and adopted for building the energy simulation. In the sensitive analysis conducted for all bioclimatic zones in Brazil, the PET-containing mortar reduced the energy demand for home air conditioning by up to 12 %, which equals up to 92 % of the Brazilian minimum wage over one year. The socioeconomic analysis indicated that it is viable to use PET-containing mortars for masonry coating, with payback times between 2.4 months and 5.6 years, for one of the cities analyzed. The technical and economic feasibility of using PET-containing mortars for social housing internal and external masonry coating was also explored. This research highlights the benefits of reusing plastic waste in civil construction. This approach can contribute to developing other economic sectors, mitigate the housing deficit, and enhance the dignity of vulnerable populations worldwide.

Logistics of unfreedom: The labour trafficking of Venezuelan truck drivers in Brazil

This article examines the trafficking of Venezuelan truck drivers for labour exploitation in Brazil. The remilitarisation of politics is increasingly a hallmark of elite-driven strategies to manage the circulation of labour and goods from extractive zones. This article introduces the notion of logistics of unfreedom to explain the growing imbrication between techniques of control by the state and corporations that confine the reproduction of migrants within the realm of logistics processes. The analysis focuses on data from participatory observations and the narratives of 22 Venezuelan refugees who were trafficked from a militarised humanitarian zone in Brazil's Amazon to work for a freight road transport company in Southern Brazil. Findings show that a concerted logistic approach to refugee employment channelled mobility, constrained statutory protection and shaped the ethno-political differentiation of Venezuelans in the labour market. This forced Venezuelans to live in trucks where both productive and socially reproductive aspects of their daily lives were overdetermined by the rhythms of goods distribution. The article concludes that this logistic rationale has converged towards a self-contained regime of labour unfreedom that facilitates the labour trafficking of Venezuelan refugees.

Air pollution trends and exceedances: ozone and particulate matter outlook in Brazilian highly urbanized zones.

In Brazil, scarce air quality data hinders air pollutant chemical understanding and policy decisions regarding public health and environmental impacts. From this perspective, our study assessed the O3, PM2.5, and PM10 yearly and seasonal trends and also the WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2021 exceedance trends at 40 air quality stations located in four highly urbanized zones in Brazil (Belo Horizonte, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo) from early 1990s up to 2019. We applied the Mann-Kendall test aligned with Sen's Slope estimator to assess the trends and the Cox-Stuart test to verify the WHO AQG 2021 exceedances trends. Our findings pointed out that the current national legislation is outdated when compared to WHO AQG 2021 values, leading to multiple exceedances episodes. We also found out that 62% of São Paulo's stations presented O3 increasing trends, while in Rio de Janeiro 85.7% presented decreasing trends. The Cox-Stuart test pointed out that PM2.5 exceedance trends showcase positive values, and most of the significative values are located in São Paulo stations. Therefore, we endorse that the national legislation needs to be updated meanwhile the air monitoring network needs to expand its coverage.

Trophic ecology of small to large hylids from an Amazonia-Cerrado transitional zone in Brazil

The diet of an organism is related to its intrinsic characteristics, such as morphology, physiology, and behavior, and those of the prey it consumes. For species occurring in sympatry, the knowledge of the mechanisms that favor the co-occurrence of morphologically and ecologically similar species may be important to understand the resource partition in the assemblage. In this study, we analyze the diet of small to large hylids (i.e., Scinax fuscomarginatus, Dendropsophus anataliasiasi, Boana caiapo, and B. raniceps) in an Amazonia-Cerrado transitional zone, verifying if the diet of species with different body sizes is similar and if species diet is explained by the availability of prey in the environment. We found that the dietary patterns of the studied hylids were not driven by prey availability in the environment, with species feeding preys in an opportunistic way. In addition, the diet composition was similar among species, however, the volume of consumed prey varied according to the body size, with large species feeding more prey volume than the small ones. This pattern is predicted by the optimal foraging theory, in which larger predators tend to maximize their energy intake by consuming large prey. Altogether, the segregation depending on the body size can play a key role in trophic resource partitioning, with small species feeding small prey and larger species consuming small to large prey, but preferring the larger ones when there is an option, avoiding interspecific competition.

THE DRAMA OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING INVOLVING WOMEN AND GIRLS: THE HOTSPOTS AREAS AND BRAZIL’S LEGISLATION

The present study presents a discussion on human trafficking of women and female children, which occurs mostly for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The general objective is to analyze the internal and external trafficking of persons in Brazil, with specific objectives to map the hotspot areas of trafficking of women and female children; to study the necessary measures to combat this crime; and to examine human trafficking in light of Brazilian legislation. To this end, the deductive and bibliographic methods were used based on articles from the WoS (Web of Science) and the Chicago Press databases. The approach method was mixed, as the research was based on data from the Brazilian report on human trafficking, IPEA data, and the Brazilian forum on public security. It was determined that women and girls are easy targets, given their greater social and economic vulnerability. From the mapping of the hotspot zones in Brazil, it was found that the state of Minas Gerais leads in the ranking. The Brazilian criminal legislation that addresses trafficking underwent a revision in 2016, when legislators began treating the criminal conduct under examination in a more comprehensive way, according to International Resolution no. 217a, of the III United Nations General Assembly of 10.12.1948 and signed by Brazil on the same date. Furthermore, preventive measures must be adopted by the Brazilian State in order to curb the rates of this offense. As the crime of human trafficking is a transnational conduct, it requires greater cooperation between countries.

Modelling non-linear deforestation trends for an ecological tension zone in Brazil

Tropical deforestation is a recent phenomenon that started in the second part of the twentieth century. One may argue that the Brazilian state of Maranhão is an excellent case study for ex-amining deforestation trends and the effects of environmental policies. A man-made line sepa-rates Maranhão into two sections. Due to the administrative divide between the Legal Amazon Maranhão (LM) and the Cerrado Maranhão (CM), one may hypothesize about differences in deforestation between the two regions. This research employs a nonlinear modelling approach based on Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) with a quasi-Poisson distribution and a logarith-mic function to detect deforestation patterns in these areas. Deforestation is linked to the year and a variety of climatic variables. These covariates differ substantially across seasons (rainy and dry) and regions. During times of above-average precipitation, including in the dry and wet seasons, deforestation occurred in the LM area. However, in the non-enforced region, this regime was not followed. According to the statistics, deforestation decreased in the LM region when precipitation levels were below average.

Characteristics and sensory assessment of extra virgin olive oils produced in two different zones of Brazil

AbstractThe Brazilian olive oil production has been growing in recent decades and largest plantations are on two different zones, from Serra da Mantiqueira (states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo) and Campanha Gaúcha (state of Rio Grande do Sul). The total planted area, in 2022, reached approximately 6500 hectares. The aim of the present study was to characterize the sensory and analytical parameters of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) from Southwestern (Serra da Mantiqueira) and Southern (Campanha Gaúcha) Brazil regions. Twenty‐two EVOO samples were obtained from different cultivars of unlike regions. Quality parameters, oxidative stability, phenolic compounds ortho‐diphenols and fatty acids were analyzed and relationships with olive variety or region. From the chemical perspective, the EVOO exhibited all parameters within the necessary to be qualified as extra virgin, according to international standard definitions. All samples showed a good quality of sensory perceptions and a high level of polyphenols, which are varied among samples but was more intense in Campanha Gaúcha olive oils.

Diversity of Leguminosae in the Chapada das Mesas National Park, Maranhão, Brazil: new occurrences for Maranhão and the Brazilian Cerrado

The Chapada das Mesas National Park is an important conservation unit in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil, with a predominance of the Cerrado phytogeographic domain and few floristic studies performed. The study aimed to provide a checklist of the Leguminosae from the Chapada das Mesas National Park through the analysis of samples collected in this study and material previously collected in the park, contributing to the botanical knowledge of the area and the state of Maranhão, in addition to filling data gaps on ecotonal zones in Brazil. Sixty-two genera and 158 species were recorded, corresponding to about 12.4% of the species cited for Cerrado phytogeographic domain and 35.5% of those cited for Maranhão. The subfamily Papilionoideae presented greater richness of genera (37) and species (80). The most representative genera in number of species were Chamaecrista Moench. (12), Mimosa L. (11), and Bauhinia L. (10). Among the recorded species, 27 are endemic to Brazil. With the checklist, 13 new records were cataloged for the state of Maranhão and for Cerrado. The data presented here expand the knowledge of Leguminosae in Maranhão and Cerrado and encourage the conservation of the flora of the Cerrado in Maranhão in view of the strong risk of environmental degradation, with continuous devastation even within protected areas.

Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks under Agrosilvopastoral Systems with Different Arrangements in a Transition Area between Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes in Brazil

Production systems that promote the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM) must be implemented to maintain the sustainability of agriculture, livestock, and forestry. Since increases in MOS content contribute to improving the chemical, physical, and biological quality of the soil, as well as helping to reduce carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) stocks after the implementation of agrosilvopastoral (ASP) systems in a Cerrado-Caatinga transition zone in Brazil. Native vegetation of Cerrado-Caatinga (NV), regenerating stratum of Cerrado-Caatinga (RS), two arrangements of ASP systems cultivating Cenchrus ciliaris L. intercropped with Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. × Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. hybrid (ASP1 and ASP2), and intercropped with Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus grandis W. Mill ex Maiden hybrid (ASP3 and ASP4) were evaluated. Soil C and N stocks and the C content in the humic fractions of SOM were evaluated at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil depths. The introduction of ASP2, ASP3, and ASP4 systems in an area previously occupied by low productivity pasture increased and restored SOC stocks to levels found in NV, at a depth of 0–30 cm. N stocks were higher in ASP systems, regardless of the arrangement studied. As a result, the ASP systems provided accumulations that ranged from 1.0 to 4.31 Mg SOC ha−1 yr−1 and from 0.33 to 0.36 Mg N ha−1 yr−1. The carbon contents in humic fractions remained higher in NV. The hierarchical grouping and principal component analysis showed that the implementation of the ASP systems was efficient in increasing soil C and N stocks over time. In conclusion, the present study identified that integrated production systems can support land use intensification strategies based on sustainable and low-carbon agriculture in a transition area between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes in Brazil.

A New Genus of Sminthurididae (Collembola, Symphypleona) from Brazil, with Notes on the Systematics of the Family

The Sminthurididae family includes Symphypleona species highly adapted to courtship, with males exhibiting remarkable modifications on their antennae. Here we describe a new Neotropical genus and species of Sminthurididae from a Cerrado-Caatinga ecotonal zone in Brazil. Males of Parasminthurides spinosus gen. nov. sp. nov. have highly dimorphic antennal claspers similar to those of Sminthurides, but its females have unique strong spiniform chaetae on antennal segments II and III as well, which are possibly accessories for the courtship. The new genus can also be diagnosed by its elongated maxillae, males having large dorsal vesicles between abdomen II and III, ungues I–III with similar morphology and sizes, and interno-apical dental chaetae modified into large spiniform chaetae. We also present the main diagnostic features of all Sminthurididae genera, providing a comparative table and an updated identification key for them. Finally, we discuss the previous and current knowledge on the family’s systematics, suggesting some perspectives for future studies in this field.

Genesis and Distribution of Low Fluvial Terraces Formed by Holocene Climate Pulses in Brazil

Low fluvial terraces present azonal spatialization, encompassing several geomorphological compartments and climate zones in Brazil. Their genesis is directly related to river dynamics. When influenced by allogenic forces, such as Holocene climate pulses, it results in channel incision and posterior abandonment of the floodplain. Relatively plain landforms at different altimetric levels identified between the current floodplain and hillslope (low river terraces) are a result of these processes. Previous works using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) in low terraces of several rivers in Brazil have indicated morpho-chronologic similarities between depositional events, raising the hypothesis of feedbacks and fluvial adjustments relatively simultaneous to Holocene climate events. Considering these dynamics, this study employed OSL to obtain absolute dating information for 114 samples taken from distinct levels of the low river terraces of 30 rivers in Brazil, integrating the database of the IG-UNICAMP laboratory of Geomorphology and Environmental Analysis. Based on the data and statistical analysis (cluster and correlation analysis), this study aimed to identify relationships between different variables which might have controlled spatial homogenous and heterogeneous feedbacks during distinct paleoenvironmental contexts. The proposed methodology tested a fundamental hypothesis of the regional climatic geomorphology, and the results obtained may contribute to future discussions on the relationship between low river terraces and anthropic occupation.

Illegalities in the online trade of stingless bees in Brazil

Abstract Stingless bees are commercialised in Brazil through the internet. Such trade has mixed populations and introduced species, allows the potential dissemination of hitchhiker symbionts and diseases, and mostly does not follow national legislation policies. At least 33 species of stingless bees have been exploited by e‐commerce; eight others were not confirmed. All transactions found are in the surface web and most sellers do not fulfil legal requirements. Such results suggest that there is little need of anonymity for sellers, a fact that strengthens conclusions on the recurrently reported lack of successful law enforcement against illegal wildlife trade in the country. Critical geographical zones in Brazil, where sellers of stingless beehives are concentrated, are primarily in the Atlantic Forest. Urgent policy measures and scientific evaluations are necessary for both conservation of bees and risk control of pathogens. The most promising strategy to avoid the threats regarding movement of bees is the education of stingless bee keepers.

Regional analysis of aquaculture value chain: Study of tilapia production zones in Brazil

This study provides a broad discussion on the tilapia culture chain in Brazil. It aims to analyse the business environments of tilapia culture zones in Brazil, supported by the Global Value Chain (GVC) approach. For this purpose, this study used a wide range of multidimensional indicators collected from tilapia production units (TPUs) and distributed in four selected and categorised production zones (TPZs). Based on fuzzy modelling, this analysis was carried out by comparing multidimensional indexes of business environments estimated by a fuzzy inference system. The research concluded that more verticalized governance models are more promising for the development and internationalisation of the chain in Brazil. It also concluded that in productive arrangements where these forms are not fully dominant, the regional role of competent suppliers, associated with active technical assistance, could play a key role for technological development at the TPU level. However, it points out that the coordination of fish farmers in the value chain should take into account regional aspects, and alternative forms of verticalization. Additionally, it was highlighted that the synergy of this chain with other more internationalised agri-food segments, such as poultry and pork, can be a key element in overcoming future obstacles arising from a global integration process. Moreover, the main configurations and barriers faced by each productive zone in the current scenario and the challenges related to an eventual institutional upgrading necessary to meet international marketing standards are also highlighted. Finally, the study proposes a research agenda that expands the range of quantitative and micro studies in the field of GVC, seeking to better understand, from multiple perspectives and scopes, the possible effects and results associated with the internationalisation of the aquaculture chains of the Global South.

Strandings of sea turtles on beaches around the oil capital in Brazil

The south-western region of the Atlantic Ocean has feeding and nesting areas for the five species of sea turtles registered in Brazil, which are in different degrees of extinction threat, mainly due to anthropogenic factors. Fishing and the ingestion of solid waste, were identified as causing stranding and the mortality of sea turtles. In this work, data from the monitoring of beaches in the Municipalities of Macaé and Rio das Ostras, important oil zone in Brazil, in the north-central region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, were used in order to analyse the effects of seasonality on the sea turtle stranding. The monitoring was carried out daily from September 2017 to June 2019, in a study area covering 23.8 km long beach. Stranding data were obtained from active (n = 126) and passive (n = 66) monitoring of beaches and included the records of Chelonia mydas (n = 151), Caretta caretta (n = 23), Lepidochelys olivacea (n = 14), Dermochelys coriacea (n = 2) and Eretmochelys imbricata (n = 1). The largest stranding record occurred in the summer (n = 61) and spring (n = 60), a period compatible with the reproductive season of the species. The results obtained in this study emphasise the importance of the analysis of strandings of sea turtles, which provide relevant data on the biology of the group, the intra and interspecific dynamics and the state of conservation of these animals.

Overview of the seismic probabilistic safety assessment applied to a nuclear installation located in a low seismicity zone

Deterministic and probabilistic nuclear safety analysis methodologies have been developed and updated based on operational experience, investigation of past incidents or accidents, and analysis of postulated initiating events in order to maintain the protection of workers, the public and the environment. The evaluation of accident sequences and the total radiological risk resulting from off-site releases are general objectives addressed by these methodologies. There are hazards that continually challenge the safety of a nuclear facility or its nearby area. In particular, seismic events represent a major contributor to the risk of a nuclear facility. Different levels of ground motion induced by earthquakes may be experienced by the structures, systems and components (SSCs) of the installation. In this context, a seismic hazard analysis, seismic demand analysis and seismic fragility analysis must be carried out in order to characterize the local seismic hazard and what are the seismic demands on SSCs, allowing an adequate seismic classification of SSCs, even in installations located in sites with low seismicity. In this article, a general description of the Seismic Probabilistic Safety Assessment (Seismic PSA) methodology is presented, with emphasis on their support studies, aiming at applying the methodology described in this article to an experimental nuclear installation containing a PWR reactor designed for naval propulsion to be installed in a low seismicity zone in Brazil.