Collection Zone Research Articles

From flames to lab: A robust non-destructive sampling method for evaluating PAH exposure in firefighters’ personal protection equipment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds with high carcinogenic potential, produced during incomplete combustion. Certain professions, such as firefighting, expose workers to significant levels of PAHs during their operations, making it essential to investigate sampling protocols to evaluate their exposure in the work environment.This study presents a non-destructive and cost-effective sampling method for monitoring PAHs in firefighters’ personal protective equipment (PPE) and intervention vehicles. Sampling was conducted using three isopropanol wipes per collection zone, with comprehensive validation trials ensuring the method’s effectivenes. The method was tested under both natural contamination and spiking scenarios, showing similar results in both protocols.Analysis of contaminated PPE revealed significant PAH contamination in specific zones, such as gloves, lower back sleeves, and knees, due to direct exposure to flames and smoke during firefighting, with the highest concentrations in the outer and moisture layers. The cleaning efficacy of PPE was also evaluated employing specific washing machines, showing substantial reductions in PAH levels of approximately 76%. Additionally, non-targeted analysis detected organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and furans, suggesting broader utility for environmental monitoring. This comprehensive approach improves the accessibility of chemical exposure studies in high-risk professions, contributing to better protective measures and occupational health and safety.

A Comprehensive Review of Convolutional Neural Networks based Disease Detection Strategies in Potato Agriculture

AbstractThis review paper investigates the utilization of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for disease detection in potato agriculture, highlighting their pivotal role in efficiently analyzing large-scale agricultural datasets. The datasets used, preprocessing methodologies applied, specific data collection zones, and the efficacy of prominent algorithms like ResNet, VGG, and MobileNet variants for disease classification are scrutinized. Additionally, various hyperparameter optimization techniques such as grid search, random search, genetic algorithms, and Bayesian optimization are examined, and their impact on model performance is assessed. Challenges including dataset scarcity, variability in disease symptoms, and the generalization of models across diverse environmental conditions are addressed in the discussion section. Opportunities for advancing CNN-based disease detection, including the integration of multi-spectral imaging and remote sensing data, and the implementation of federated learning for collaborative model training, are explored. Future directions propose research into robust transfer learning techniques and the deployment of CNNs in real-time monitoring systems for proactive disease management in potato agriculture. Current knowledge is consolidated, research gaps are identified, and avenues for future research in CNN-based disease detection strategies to sustain potato farming effectively are proposed by this review. This study paves the way for future advancements in AI-driven disease detection, potentially revolutionizing agricultural practices and enhancing food security. Also, it aims to guide future research and development efforts in CNN-based disease detection for potato agriculture, potentially leading to improved crop management practices, increased yields, and enhanced food security.

Responses of Soil Moisture to Gully Land Consolidation in Asian Areas with Monsoon Climate

Groundwater resources are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human activities, especially under the pressures of climate change. This study employed Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to assess the impact of Gully Land Consolidation (GLC) engineering on the groundwater hydrological field of small watersheds in the China Loess Plateau (CLP). Results revealed ample subsurface water storage in backfilled areas, primarily migrating along the original river path owing to topographical limitations. Although the distribution patterns of soil moisture in each backfilling block varied slightly, the boundaries of soil moisture content and variation mainly appeared at depths of 8 m and 20 m underground. Significant moisture variation occurred across the 0–20 m underground layers, suggesting the 8–20 m layer could function as a groundwater collection zone in the study area. Human activities could disturb groundwater, altering migration pathways from the original river path. An optimized “Drainage–Conveyance–Barrier” system is proposed to enhance GLC sustainability, involving upstream groundwater level control, midstream soil moisture management, and downstream hydrological connectivity improvement. These findings carry substantial implications for guiding the planning and execution of GLC engineering initiatives. The novelty of this study lies in its application of ERT to provide a detailed spatial and temporal understanding of soil moisture dynamics in the GLC areas. Future research should focus on factors such as soil types and topographical changes for a comprehensive assessment of GLC’s impact on small watershed groundwater hydrology.

Knowledge and practice of food safety of processors at some collective kitchens in Viet Yen industrial park district, Bac Giang province in 2022

Food safety in industrial park at collective kitchens depends greatly on the knowledge and practices of food processors. This study describes the knowledge and practices of food safety of processors at some collective kitchens in Viet Yen industrial park district, Bac Giang province in 2022. The results show that the general knowledge pass rate is 82.7%; including 100% knowledge about when to wash hands; Wear a mask, keep physical distance, infectious diseases are not allowed to participate in food processing. The overall practice pass rate is 82.7%; the highest scores were in working attire, hygienic practices in preparing and dividing food, compliance with using cutlery and cutting boards for separately cooked raw foods, and compliance with epidemic prevention measures at collective kitchens. Food safety knowledge and practices of processors at some collective kitchens industrial zones in Viet Yen district, Bac Giang province all passed a rate of over 80%. It is necessary to strengthen the organization of training, dissemination, and full updates of the State's regulations on food safety for people directly processing in industrial park at collective kitchens.

Dynamic Behavior and Drainage Characteristics of Water Droplets within Channel-Type Collection Zone in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Dynamic Behavior and Drainage Characteristics of Water Droplets within Channel-Type Collection Zone in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Carbon stocks estimation in the KGPAA Mangkunagoro I Forest Park at collection zone area

Abstract Mangkunagoro I Forest Park is a nature conservation area for plant collection purposes and preserving biodiversity. Moreover, Forest park as a forest also can absorb and store carbon as biomass. It makes forest park play a role in the mitigation of climate change. This research aimed to determine the amount of carbon stock in the Mangkunagoro I Forest Park collection zone. There are 35 plots in total with 20 x 20 m in size taken using systematic sampling. A non-destructive method with allometric equations was used to estimate total biomass and carbon stocks. In the Mangkunagoro I forest park collection zone, 11 species of trees and 3 species of bamboo were found with a total density of 79 trees/ha. Estimated biomass, carbon stocks, and carbon sequestration in the site were 304.24 ton/ha, 142 ton/ha, and 299.68 ton/ha, respectively.

Analysis of Mapping the Potential Location of Biodiversity Parks (KEHATI) In Tegal Regency in 2023

Abstract Tegal Regency has a dry air temperature and and land. To overcome these problems, the construction of a Biodiversity Park that will have a function to be able to store rainwater and make the land green. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location recommendations of Biodiversity Park in Tegal Regency and analyze the suitability of land for Biodiversity Park in Tegal Regency. The method used was overlay and slope classification. The results of this study are the results of the study in the form of a map of biodiversity park benchmarks made by the presence of benchmarking in the research area and a map of land suitability of Biodiversity Park with the existence of blocks. Based on Figure 3, the area for the biodiversity park has been divided into 3 zones, namely the core zone (Block 1), the tourist collection zone (Block 2), and the production zone (Block 3). There are 14 stakes that have been placed during direct fieldwork and guided by the land cultivation map from the Tegal Regency Youth, Sports and Tourism Office. The results of the measurement by digitizing the Biodiversity Park has an area of approximately 10 hectares.

Концепция использования искусственного интеллекта в автоматизированных системах управления твердыми бытовыми отходами

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is currently no proper control and accounting of solid waste by the state and culture, a high standard of living for the majority of the population. To solve the problem of automated MSW management using AI, it is proposed to develop a knowledge base, the level of education, distribution by collection zones in the city, socio-economic stratification, population and the amount of solid waste generated over a certain period of time is taken as a set of input data. The initial filling of the knowledge base is provided according to the latest population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan https://stat. gov.kz/ru/national/2021/. For predictive estimates of the volume of solid waste, the method of the forest conveyor with Bayesian optimization (RFBO) was used, the algorithm and architecture of the software solution are quite informative. The reliability of predictive decisions on the volume of solid waste presented by the program is at least 90%, taking into account the correctness of the input data set, the program code is written in Python. The solution proposed in the article to the problem related to the automation of solid waste management is based on international experience, taking into account the identified shortcomings, as well as the prospects and trends of understanding by residents of the country and public utilities of the country, a possible garbage collapse. The possible disadvantages of the program are the availability of constant access to the Internet, the need for a large amount of RAM, and computer performance. The program can be used as a ready-made solution for predictive estimates of solid waste for various regions

A Numerical Simulation of the Coal Dust Migration Law in Directional Air Drilling in a Broken Soft Coal Seam

Abundant industrial experiences have shown that directional air drilling technology is effective for gas drainage when drilling broken and soft coal seams. In this paper, the Eulerian–Eulerian model was used to simulate the gas–solid two-phase flow behavior of compressed air transporting coal dust in broken soft coal seams. The relationship between the degree of coal dust deposition, annular air pressure law, transportation of coal dust, aforementioned factors of rotational speed, particle size, and air volume could be determined. The results indicate that the particle size plays a significant role in the transport capacity of coal dust. Smaller particle sizes and a higher airflow result in a lower deposition degree of coal dust. When the particle size of coal dust is 1.69 mm and the airflow is 300 m3/h, in the case of coal dust generation at a rate of 0.24 m3/h, the deflection angle of the coal dust collection zone is increased by 130% as the rotational speed of the drill rod is increased from 0 to 120 rpm. Similarly, the deflection angle of the coal dust collection zone is increased by 12.8% in a 500 m3/h airflow under the same condition. Additionally, fine particle-sized coal dust is transported in a spiral line. The coal dust with larger particle sizes tends to be in the middle and lower parts of the hole and move along a specific trajectory. Industrial experiences of medium-air-pressure drilling confirm that a rotary drilling speed between 80 and 120 rpm, with a minimum air volume of 400 m3/h and preferably 500 m3/h, can promote a smooth hole drilling effect and enhance the construction safety in the gas drainage process.

Hematocrit-Independent Sampling Enables White Blood Cell Counts from Patterned Dried Blood Spot Cards.

The accurate and efficient measurement of white blood cell (WBC) counts is vital for monitoring general patient health and can aid in the diagnosis of a range of possible infections or diseases. Even with their importance universally acknowledged, access to WBC counts is largely limited to those with access to phlebotomists and centralized clinical laboratories, which house the instruments that perform the tests. As a result, large populations of people (e.g., those that are home-bound or live in remote locations) lack facile access to testing. Dried blood spot (DBS) cards are often used to bridge these gaps in access to testing by offering the ability to collect blood at home for ambient shipping to laboratories. However, it is well understood that these cards, which are prepared from cellulose cardstocks without further modification, suffer from variabilities in accuracy and precision due to uncontrolled sample spreading and hematocrit effects, which have hindered their use to determine WBC counts. In this paper, we present a method to obtain an accurate WBC count using a patterned dried blood spot (pDBS) card, which comprises collection zones that meter volumes of dried blood. Using an input volume of 75 μL of whole blood, we demonstrate that, unlike the gold standard DBS card (Whatman 903), our pDBS design allows for the collection of replicate zones containing a reproducible, average volume of dried blood (12.1 μL, 7.8% CV) over the range of hematocrits from 25 to 55%. We then used qPCR to quantify the 18S rRNA gene to determine WBC counts from the volumes of blood that are metered in pDBS zones. We observe that WBC counts generated from our method are comparable to those measured with a HemoCue point-of-care WBC analyzer. Our approach to using pDBS cards as a blood collection device has the potential to support at-home sampling and other patient populations that need WBC counts but lack access to clinical facilities.

Study on inhibition mechanisms of detachment of coal particles from oily bubbles in flotation column

The cyclonic microbubble flotation column is an efficient separation equipment in the beneficiation process of metallic and non-metallic minerals. However, the higher detachment rate of coarse particles in the pulp, pulp-froth interfacial zone, and froth zone is an issue that needs to be addressed urgently in column flotation. Compared with traditional air-water bubbles, oily bubbles have higher hydrophobicity, which is beneficial for strengthening the bubble-particle attachment and inhibiting the bubble-particle detachment. Therefore, oily bubbles were introduced into the cyclonic microbubble flotation column to reduce the particle detachment rate. Firstly, an improved cyclonic microbubble flotation column was set up, and traditional air-water bubbles were placed by oily bubbles through the combined use of an atomizer and a bubble generator during experiments. Subsequently, we investigated the feasibility of using oily bubbles as a flotation carrier to regulate the particle detachment rate, improve the particle recovery, and explore the mechanism behind this. Column flotation results showed that recovery rates generated from experiments with oily bubbles are higher than those with air-water bubbles under different operation conditions, and the particle detachment rate in the interfacial region was significantly reduced with the use of oily bubbles. Recoveries and flotation rate constants generated from collection zones for each particle size range indicated that the use of oily bubbles can increase the upper limit of flotation particle size compared with the use of air-water bubbles. Calculated detachment rates showed that the use of oily bubbles can effectively reduce the detachment probability of particles with different sizes in the collection zone. Combined with the observation of ultrasonic-assisted oscillation, it is proved that the oil coating film on the oily bubble significantly improves the resistance of oily bubbles to turbulent disturbance. In addition, the increase in hydrophobic force between oily bubbles and particles and the growth of the three-phase contact periphery are beneficial to reducing the particle detachment probability due to turbulent disturbance in the collection zone. Results from bubble coalescence experiments showed that the existence of oily bubbles significantly reduced bubble coalescence time and increased the damping coefficient. Compared with air-water bubbles, oily bubbles have a stronger damping effect on the oscillation caused by bubble coalescence, inhibiting the violent bubble surface deformation and the induced particle detachment during bubble coalescence. Therefore, the introduction of oily bubbles is a promising idea to reduce the detachment probability of coarse particles and increase the upper limit of particle size in column flotation.

Developing Optimization Tools for Municipal Solid Waste Collection in the Argentine City of Berazategui

We apply mathematical and computational techniques to the development of an approach for optimizing the waste collection system of the Argentine city of Berazategui, 26 km south of Buenos Aires. Taking full account of the city’s particular characteristics, our objective is to not only improve the system’s efficiency but also ensure equitable workloads for waste collection truck crews, including both drivers and collectors. The optimization problem is partitioned into three stages. In the first stage, a heuristic constructs structurally simple collection zones that are balanced in terms of collectors’ walking distances. In the second stage, a mixed-integer linear programming model designs a collection truck route for each zone and minimizes its length. In the third and final stage, each truck is assigned to two zones in such a way as to equalize to the extent possible the length of drivers’ working day. Because working-day length is influenced by multiple factors, we formulate this objective as a biobjective optimization problem and solve it by integer linear programming coupled with an iterative algorithm. The city implemented the approach in early 2020, resulting in a markedly more equitable workload distribution and significant fuel savings and maintenance expense for the city. History: This paper was refereed. Funding: This work was partly financed by the Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciencia y Técnica [Grant 20020170100495BA] (Argentina) and Proyectos de Investigación Plurianuales - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Grant 11220200100084CO (Argentina)]. G. A. Durán is also funded by the Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería in Chile [Grants Iniciativa Científica Milenio - Fondo de Innovación para la Competitividad P05-004-F and Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica FB0816].

Coordinating farms in collective agri-environmental schemes: the role of conditional incentives

Abstract This paper analyses data from a novel collective agri-environmental scheme (cAES) in Alsace, France, designed to protect the local European hamster population by motivating farmers to engage in habitat conservation measures. In contrast to typical conservation contracts that pay individual farmers based on their own performance, the cAES studied here pays farmers only when the percentage of land conserved by all farmers within a collective zone reaches a critical threshold. We find that the likelihood of participation is higher for farmers with a relatively large agricultural surface within the collective zone, increases with the number of farmers in a collective zone, and increases over time. Those with more land in the collective zone allocate more acreage to conservation. We define different contributor types and provide insight into the possible motives underlying contributions to collective conservation schemes.

Elaborative collection of condensed combustion products of solid propellants: Towards a real Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) operational environment

A novel constant-pressure and constant-quenching distance Condensed Combustion Products (CCPs) collection system was developed, coupled with a timing control system, to collect the CCPs formed in the course of burning of aluminum-based composite propellants. The effects of adiabatic graphite plating, collection zone, quenching distance, time series of collection, and propellant burning rate on the microscopic morphology, particle size distribution and unburned aluminum content of CCPs were investigated. It was verified that the graphite plating can provide a high-fidelity high-temperature environment for propellant combustion. The combustion efficiency is improved by 2.44% compared to the bare propellant case. The time series of collection has a significant effect on the combustion efficiency of aluminum, and the combustion efficiency of aluminum in the thermal state (1.2–2.4 s) is 2.75% higher than that in the cold state (0–1.2 s). Similarly, the characteristics of the CCPs in different collection zones are different. At the quenching distance of 5 mm, the combustion efficiency of aluminum in the core zone (85.39%) is much lower than that in the outer zone (92.07%), while the particle size of the CCPs in the core zone (172 μm) is larger than that in the outer zone (41 μm). This indicates that the core zone is more likely to produce large-sized and incompletely burned agglomerates during the propellant combustion process. Different burning rates also lead to a significant difference in particle size distribution and combustion efficiency. High burning rates result in higher combustion efficiency. A detailed sequence of the elaborative collection process of CCPs is proposed, mainly including the setting of ignition delay time, burning rate, working pressure, plating length and time series of collection. The findings of this study are expected to provide a reliable tool for the evaluation of the combustion efficiency of solid propellants.

Enhancing cotton harvesting efficiency through elliptical drum design: a comparative analysis of spindle performance in the working area

This article describes improving the working conditions of the vertical spindle cotton harvester in the cotton collection zone (working area). A comparative analysis of the performance of spindles in standard and elliptical drums in the working area was conducted. A significant increase in the gripping capacity of the spindles was observed due to their elliptical trajectory, resulting in an increase in the contact surface of the spindles with the cotton plants and the number of spindles participating in the collection process. The main criteria for evaluating the gripping capacity of spindles were the simultaneous activity of the spindles and the compressive forces exerted by the drums on the cotton bolls during their presence in the working area. The boundary positions of the spindles, within which they have gripping capacity, were determined, allowing the development of a methodology for determining the time of spindle presence in the working area for both elliptical and standard drums in an actively oriented state. The results of a numerical experiment comparing the time of spindle presence in the collection zone on elliptical and standard drums showed the ability to control the contact time of the spindles with the cotton bolls by varying the geometric parameters of the elliptical drum.

Effects of a cyclonic microbubble flotation column operating parameters on coal process responses

ABSTRACT Processing fine and ultrafine coal particles from primary resources is essential for sustainable development. As one of the most recently developed enrichment equipment, cyclonic microbubble flotation columns (FCMC) showed high efficiency in upgrading various fine minerals. However, understanding the effect of FCMC operating variables on coal upgrading process responses remains a black box and needs fundamental assessments. To fill the gap, this study examined the influence of circulating pump pressure and froth height on the recovery of different coal particle size ranges to assess and explore fundamental FCMC performance. The experimental results established that increased froth height would simultaneously reduce the collection and froth recovery. Coarse particles in the high froth height were detached due to bubble coalescence or rupture, while the liquid drainage reduced fine particle pollution of froth products. Increasing circulating pump pressure would increase the collection zone’s turbulence, lead to coarse particle detachment, and reduce collection recovery. Meanwhile, increasing circulating pump pressure could promote froth stability and decrease froth detachment in the froth zone. The calculated first-order rate constant (k c) confirmed that the flotation rate constants of coarse (−0.5 + 0.25 mm) and fine (−0.074 mm) particles were low, while the intermediate particles (−0.125 + 0.074 mm) had faster flotation kinetics.

‘Why is this child in special education?’: A cultural-historical activity theory-based research intervention with senior UK education leaders on assessment for, and allocation of, specialist educational resources

AimsThis paper focuses upon systemic change in a local authority decision-making process (DMP) for allocating specialist resources for children with complex educational needs in a local authority in Scotland. The aim of the paper is to provide reflections and insights into the learning of senior managers and leaders of children’s services to lead organisational change processes.MethodThe original research study design was a two-stage, CHAT-based Developmental-Work-Research (DWR) formative intervention with nine senior managers over an 18-month period. Stage one, reported in this paper, comprised four, three-hour sessions enabling expansion of participants’ learning through a collective zone of proximal development (ZPD). Stage two was evaluation of the intervention as a change process framework and evaluation of implementation of the new model considered as a cycle of expansive learning (discussed elsewhere).FindingsExpansive learning and transformative agency in DWR sessions occurred via four key turning points. An initial focus on problems with, and then improvement of, the DMP shifted to a re-configuration of children’s services leading to the generation of a new model for meeting the children’s needs in mainstream school settings. Findings indicate that a CHAT-based intervention can support the development of new ways of learning, leadership and working to enable public services to make more effective use of resources.LimitationsSeveral groups such as social workers, allied health professionals, parents and young people were not represented directly in this study. Further research using DWR with these groups would contribute to a broader understanding of how systems within children’s services impact on service users.ConclusionCHAT has theoretical and practical relevance for professionals who engage in collaborative real-world research. Findings from the study contribute to the body of knowledge for leadership learning and intervention around change processes in educational systems.

Design Method and Performance Study of Insensitive Bridge Wire

An insensitive “fishbone” bridge wire was designed by dividing the bridge wire into a heat collection zone and a heat dissipation zone, leading to the improved safety and reliability of initiating explosive devices. The surface temperature of the bridge wire was investigated by using finite element simulation. The performance of insensitive initiating explosive devices composed of bridge wire was analyzed by using resistance and ignition performance tests. The results show that the designed collector area of the bridge wire is the highest surface temperature during operation, initiating explosive devices consisting of insensitive “fishbone” bridge wires that meet the requirements of insensitivity.

Where should the thermal image sensor of a smart A/C look?-Occupant thermal sensation model based on thermal imaging data

Applying thermal imaging sensor to air conditioner for monitoring human thermal sensation and achieving dynamic settings may satisfy occupants' thermal needs while saving energy. The existing studies are mostly based on single-view imaging to build the model and ignore the possible differences in body surface temperature on thermal sensation response by gender, etc., which may have many limitations. Subject experiments were conducted in an artificial climate chamber to obtain subjective questionnaires and thermal images of the exposed frontal face, lateral face, top of the head, forearm, and hand dorsum of 27 subjects in this study. By applying machine learning classification algorithms and global optimal regression algorithms, the temperature collection zones that can accurately reflect the thermal sensation of both genders in each view were analyzed, and a two-stage thermal sensation assessment model applicable to multiple views was developed. Of the various imaging views, the frontal view of the face is the best, followed by the lateral view of the face, the top view of the head, and the forearm/hand dorsum view. For male and female, the mean absolute errors of the thermal sensation assessment model established were 0.41–0.49 and 0.50–0.53 thermal sensation units. In addition, gender differences were found in the response of head surface temperatures to thermal sensation. The results obtained can provide a reference for the application of thermal image sensor to smart air conditioners.

Analysis DPSIR for the Strategic Environment Assessment in Planning Development in Agropolitan Areas and Minapolitan Areas in East Java

The development plan of Agropolitan and Minapolitan areas in the province of East Java is thought to pose a risk to the environment. Agropolitan/Minapolitan Area development will be followed by industrial sector development, increasing environmental risks such as environmental pollution, both air, soil and water due to waste from agricultural, aquaculture, and/or industrial activities, conversion of agricultural land and ponds, and destruction of other ecosystems. Policies, Plans and Programs (PPPs) Zoning planning and development in Agropolitan Areas and Minapolitan Areas in the form of production center zones, processing industry center zones, collection and distribution center zones is one of the PPPs that requires a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This research was carried out at the zoning locations in East Java Province’s Agropolitan and Minapolitan areas. The purpose of this study is to determine how environmental influences and impacts are caused by Policies, Plans, and Programs (PPPs) planning and zoning development in Agropolitan Areas and Minapolitan Areas in East Java Province in the form of production center zones, processing industry center zones, collection and distribution center zones. Regional environmental analysis and policy evaluation are carried out using the analysis six contents of SEA and DPSIR (Driving Force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response) approach which it is a framework for organizing information and data on environmental conditions. The research results show that data on environmental conditions from PPPs planning and zoning development in the Agropolitan and Minapolitan Areas of East Java Province in the form of production center zones, processing industry center zones, collection and distribution center zones consist of D3TLH water is exceeded and has not been exceeded, environmental impact and risk, service performance or ecosystem services, level of vulnerability to climate change, resistance level and biodiversity potential, and estimated environmental risk impact. The research’s findings indicate that SEA is a very beneficial and effective ongoing usage of evaluation tools to provide solutions or recommendations based on an in-depth review process that includes mitigation and alternatives.