Zone Of Russia Research Articles

Трансформация радиоактивного загрязнения донных отложений Калининградского залива в период 2011–2023 гг.

The article presents the data of radioecological research of the bottom sediments in the Russian zone of the Vistula Lagoon in 2011–2023. According to research, the specific activity of 137Cs in the bottom sediments of the Lagoon was in the range of 3,9–165 Bq/m3. 137Cs is the main technogenic radionuclides that makes the greatest contribution to the pollution of the Lagoon. Contamination of the bottom sediments with 137Cs is determined by the redistribution of mainly post-Chernobyl fallout. The 137Cs accumulation was recorded in the northern deep-water part of the Primorskaya Bay. According to observations, the effective half-life of 137Cs activity in the sediments of the Lagoon is 10,4–42 years. The content of natural radionuclides is: 226Ra – from 9,0 to 35,3; 232Th – from 3,8 to 43,2; 40K from 227 to 715 Bq/kg. The NRN specific activity in the sediments of the Lagoon did not exceed 153 Bq/kg, which was significantly lower than the established safe level (370 Bq/kg), allowing their handling without restrictions. The correlations between the content of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th in the bottom sediments of the Lagoon were established with the type of sediment

Distribution, Size Composition and Feeding of the Barred Snailfish Crystallias matsushimae (Liparidae) in the Russian Zone of the Sea of Japan

Distribution, Size Composition and Feeding of the Barred Snailfish Crystallias matsushimae (Liparidae) in the Russian Zone of the Sea of Japan

Acoustic observations of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) migration across the US-Russia boundary in the northwest Bering Sea

Abstract The degree to which walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus, hereafter pollock) move between the US and Russian zones of the Bering Sea is a key source of uncertainty for fisheries management. To study transboundary migrations across the US–Russia maritime boundary and explore how climate variability might influence these migrations, four seafloor-mounted echosounder moorings were deployed from July 2019 to August 2020 in the northwestern Bering Sea. The observations indicated that a substantial amount of pollock moves between the US and Russia seasonally, with a period of southeast movement into the US as winter as sea ice forms and northwest movement into Russia in early summer as waters warm. Over the deployment period, 2.3-times more pollock backscatter moved into the US zone in fall and winter than exited the subsequent spring and summer. We hypothesize that the difference in the net movement between regions was driven by pollock moving farther into Russia during the historically warm conditions at the start of deployment period and reduced northwest return migration the following summer when temperatures were relatively cooler. This supports the hypothesis that temperature affects pollock distribution, and that continued warming will lead to a larger proportion of the stock in Russian waters.

Special economic zone efficiency factors given Russia's circumstances

Subject. This article discusses the importance of special economic zones in solving problems related to attracting investors, supporting regions of concern, and creating regional growth poles. Objectives. The article aims to consider the impact of economic and geographical location, characteristics of the region of base, the investment policy implementation quality, and the level of tax burden on the efficiency of Russian special economic zones. Methods. For the study, we used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, and a regression analysis. Results. The article presents the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of budget investments in the infrastructure of various special economic zones in Russia. Conclusions. The quality of the implementation of the regional investment policy has the most significant impact on the success of the development of special economic zones. Improving the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of special economic zones requires the collection and use of information on the results of scientific, technical and innovative activities of residents, taking into account the practices of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.

About Free economic zones

The article explores the concept of a free economic zone. It is determined that the concept of a free economic zone is not formally updated, but in a collective understanding it is actively used by many specialists in practical circulation. The authors give arguments about the functioning of a free economic zone in Russia and analyze the general position of such zones in the world. The experience and practice of the functioning of free economic zones in the country are diligently monitored, but the main monitoring is concentrated at the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, whose reports provide positive indicators. The article discusses a cross–section of reporting data reflecting only the functionality of territorial development zones, territories of advanced socio–economic development, special economic zones. Based on a sample of reporting data and discussion of the opinions of various experts, the authors present possible variations of the expansion of the types of free economic zones. In particular, it is proposed to consider options related to meeting the needs of socially low7income citizens, pensioners and other categories of persons in need of assistance and support from the state and society. Thus, it is essential to update the concept of «free economic zone» at the legislative level and to form a unified legal message of the types of such zones.

ПУТИ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОСОБЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОЭЗ «ТОМСК»)

This article discusses the institution of special economic zones. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that special economic zones created and operating in Russia play an important role in the state’s economy. The main problems of the functioning of special economic zones are identified, and ways to solve them are proposed. The directions for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special economic zones in Russia and their possible development prospects are described. A conclusion summarizing the work and final proposals have been formulated.

КУПЕЧЕСКИЕ УСАДЬБЫ КАК ЧАСТЬ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ПРОВИНЦИАЛЬНОГО ГОРОДА XIX — НАЧАЛА ХХ В.

The article presents the results of studying urban estates of provincial merchants based on a field survey of the preserved buildings of Yelabuga and analysis of various sources. The estate form of development determined the type of urban space of Yelabuga from the beginning of the 19th century and to the 1917 revolutionary upheavals. According to their purpose, merchant estates can be divided into residential and commercial-industrial, which was in many ways typical of the trading cities of the Central Russian zone. The structure of a merchant estate included a residential building, courtyard with outbuildings (stables, sheds, a glacier and a barn), bathhouse, one or two outbuildings, and garden plot. Geographically, the estates occupied plots measuring 17–20 acres, located on the sides of longitudinal streets and extended into the depths of the block. After the 1850 great city fire, each estate was fenced on two (and in some cases three) sides with firewall walls. The front of the house with a gate overlooked the red line of the street. The composition of the manor house was determined by the norms of regular urban planning, location, functional use of the territories, size and configuration of the land plot, as well as a local landscape. In the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, when Yelabuga turned into a large commercial center, a new type of merchant estate, combining residential and trading functions, became widespread. On the estate territory, in addition to residential and commercial buildings, there were shops and stores, warehouses and storehouses. At the same time, the merchants began to pay considerable attention to the functional side of buildings, their convenience, comfort, lighting, and ventilation.

A Conceptual Model to Quantify the Water Balance Components of a Watershed in a Continuous Permafrost Region

In regions characterized by continuous permafrost, hydrological modeling remains a complex activity, primarily due to constraints related to the prevailing climatic conditions and the specific behavior of the active layer. High-latitude regions receive less solar radiation; thus, most creeks are active only during summertime and stay frozen in the winter. To realistically simulate watersheds underlain by continuous permafrost, the heat transfer through the soil needs to be accounted for in the modeling process. In this study, a watershed located in a continuous permafrost zone in Russia is investigated. A model is proposed to integrate this heat transfer into an existing conceptual rain-flow transformation model, Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV), to calculate the seasonal thaw depth and determine the components of water balance. The proposed integration is a novelty compared to the standard model, as it enables the physical and thermal properties of the soil to be taken into account. It was found that the proposed model, HBV-Heat, performs better than the stand-alone HBV model. Specifically, the average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) increases by 30% for the whole calibration period. In terms of the water balance components, the results are consistent with previous studies, showing that surface runoff represents 64% of the observed precipitation.

Features of new free economic zones in Russia

The relevance of the topic is due to the need to search for and find the most rational approaches, techniques and methods for the entry of new Russian territories into the single economic space of our country, to stimulate their accelerated socio-economic development, to ensure the speedy full restoration of everything that was destroyed by military operations on new territories. It is for this reason that free economic zones-development institutions were created in new Russian territories. We are talking about the Crimean-Sevastopol Free Economic Zone and the Free Economic Zone of the Lugansk and Donetsk People’s Republics, as well as the Kherson and Zaporozhye regions. The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the characteristic features of free economic zones in the new Russian territories, the identification and systematization of problems associated with these zones, and the development of brief proposals for their resolution. The preferential regime of the new free economic zones combined the benefits and the best conditions for business activities, for the implementation of the customs procedure of the free customs zone, to a large extent already prescribed in the laws and regulations for the Special Economic Zones and Advanced Development Territories of our country. In general, the degree of preferential treatment for participants in new free economic zones exceeds that of other Russian preferential zones- territories created as development institutions. The creation of Free Economic Zones in the new territories of Russia can become an effective mechanism for stimulating economic development and attracting investment. However, for this to happen, it is necessary to solve a number of problems related to the lack of skilled labor, competition and cooperation between regions and the lack of infrastructure, including housing and ports. In the schemes of public-private partnership of Free Economic Zones in the new Russian territories under the conditions of the Special Military Operation, the state with its organizational capabilities and budgetary funds should dominate.

National-political priorities for the development of oil and gas resources in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea

The trends in the development of hydrocarbons of the Caspian shelf in the water area of the Russian Federation by domestic and foreign companies are analyzed. In accordance with these trends, the national-political priorities for the formation of an oil and gas chemical cluster in the national subjects of the Russian zone of the Pre-Caspian are substantiated.

Fish Species Composition of Bottom Gillnet Catches by Japanese Fishing Vessels Operated in Russian Zone of Kunashir Strait in 1998–2014

Fish Species Composition of Bottom Gillnet Catches by Japanese Fishing Vessels Operated in Russian Zone of Kunashir Strait in 1998–2014

Fish Species Composition of Bottom Gillnet Catches by Japanese Fishing Vessels Operated in Russian Zone of Kunashir Strait in 1998–2014

Overall, 85 fish species assigned to 56 genera, 27 families, and 13 orders were observed in the bottom net catches from the Kunashir Strait in 1998–2014. The highest number of species (18) represented the family Pleuronectidae, while the family Cottidae involved the lower number of species (14). Thus, 35 species were found in the Nemuro Strait (including the Kunashir Strait) for the first time. Considering the information in the literature, the total number of fish species in the strait separating the Southern Kuril Islands from the Hokkaido Island increased to 173.

Free economic zones and territories of advanced development: modern problems

The article examines the situation with free economic zones (FEZ) and territories of advanced development (TAD) in modern Russia. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the functioning of FEZ and TOP, as well as the analysis of successful projects of free economic zones in Russia. The development of economic potential is one of the main goals of managing the economy of the country. Against this background, an important role is played by free economic zones (FEZ), as well as territories of advanced development (TAD), which aim to create favorable economic conditions, promote the socio–economic development of the state, attract foreign investment, as well as the creation of high–tech industries, the development of transport infrastructure and the tourism industry. A clear and thoughtful creation and functioning of free economic zones, which is impossible without sound government programs and effective local governance, is a factor in the long–term sustainable development of both the country and its individual regions.The article examines the current situation with free economic zones (FEZ) and territories of advanced development (TAD) in modern Russia within the framework of their functioning and prerequisites for their creation. The research results consist in identifying the problems of the functioning of free economic zones, identifying structural problems that represent errors in the creation and functioning of such territories that require immediate solutions soon, as well as analyzing projects of free economic zones in Russia that are successful and cost–effective within the framework of the regional development program.

ПЛАНКТОННЫЕ И БЕНТОСНЫЕ СООБЩЕСТВА ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧАСТИ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ В ЛЕТНИЙ ПЕРИОД 2018–2019 гг.

During the expeditions in July 2018 and 2019 data were obtained on the state of summer plankton and benthos over the entire Russian water area in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. The highest abundance of phytoplankton (in terms of chlorophyll “a”) is typical for the coastal region, where it reaches the eutrophic state, and decreases in the seaward zone to the mesotrophic state. Brackish water conditions determined a rather small number of species of zooplankton (36 taxa) and zoobenthos (40 taxa), including invading species (4 in zooplankton and 6 in benthos). Copepoda dominated in zooplankton in the deep-water zone, while the proportion of Cladocera and Rotifera increased in the coastal zone. The abundance and biomass of zooplankton corresponded to the maximum level observed in recent years in the SouthEastern Baltic. Zooplankton was more abundant from the coast to depths of 40 m, as a result, the best feeding conditions for planktophagous fish extended at this area. In benthos, Polychaeta and Bivalvia dominated in abundance, and Bivalvia dominated in biomass. The hydrological conditions in the Russian zone determine the development of zoobenthos in two regions separated by the Gdansk depression, which is characterized by benthic “desert” conditions. The largest region extends from the coast to depths of 70–80 m, and the second – in the deep northwestern part and is confined to the Gdansk-Gotland Sill. High abundance and biomass of zoobenthos are characteristic of the Gdansk basin down to depths of 60 m, where favorable conditions are formed for benthophage fish. The species composition and abundance of zoobenthos on the Gdansk-Gotland Sill much lower and is determined by the presence of North Sea waters inflows, in particular, in 2019 there was an increase in the abundance and distribution of benthos as a result of the inflow of North Sea waters.

Assessment of the impact of industrial-type special economic zones on the socio-economic development of regions

The relevance of the topic is related to the study and assessment of the impact of industrial-type special economic zones on the socio-economic development of regions. Industrial-production zones are territories with an area of up to 40 square kilometers located in economically developed regions of the state with a large number of industrial–production enterprises, experienced workers with high qualifications, natural resources and developed transport infrastructure. This is part of the state customs territory, where certain types of products are produced, and investors carry out their activities on preferential terms, which affects the development of the country's economy. The main purpose of the work is to study the types of special economic zones in the Russian Federation, to analyze the activities of special economic zones of the industrial and production type of the Russian Federation, as well as to assess the impact of special economic zones on the socio-economic development of regions. The analysis includes the main indicators and trends determining the effectiveness of the functioning of industrial-type special economic zones operating on the territory of the Russian Federation. The main conclusions of the study are that for the Russian Federation, the creation and further deployment of effective activities of special economic zones is important in order to solve acute strategic tasks, spatial development of the country and reduce inequality in the socio-economic development of regions, therefore, 8 new zones were created in 2022. As of 2023, there are 25 zones in Russia, besides 6 new zones are being created. The role of special economic zones in regional development is significant: economic diversification, localization of foreign capital, production of import-substituting goods, creation of new jobs, development of competition.

More on the Continuing Ambiguity in Understanding the Term “Special Economic Zone” under Russian Law

The legal institution of special economic zones established in the Russian Federation is of scientific interest due, on the one hand, to their continuing importance for achieving uniform and stable economic development of most territories within the country, and, on the other hand, to a consistent and correct understanding of the universal model of their organizational and legal structure. The purpose of the study is to describe and critically evaluate existing approaches to the definition of Russian special economic zones from a legal point of view in all their diversity. Research objectives: to present the historically formed source base of legal regulation of the institute of special economic zones in Russia; to study the views existing in Russian science on the legal nature of special economic zones; to give a comparative description of the main elements of the definition of the concept of “special economic zone”, enshrined in the current federal legislation; to understand the current rules of the territorial and spatial formation of special economic zones according to Russian legal norms; to draw a conclusion about the degree of development of a universal legislative approach to understanding the theoretical and legal essence of special economic zones in the Russian Federation. Research methods: synthesis, analysis, deduction, induction, historical and comparative legal methods. Research results and conclusions: currently, the legislator shows an unjustifiably differentiated approach to understanding the elements of the legal status of special economic zones, which leads to ambiguity in their interpretation. Domestic science also did not come to a single point of view on the designated issue. There are still some difficulties in the perception of legal guarantees for the implementation in practice of certain features of special economic zones, especially with regard to the obligation of their preferential nature and their permissible spatial and territorial limits.

Ulosarcina terrestrica gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Ulvophycean Sarcinoid Alga from the Russian Far East

Many filamentous and sarcinoid terrestrial or freshwater green algae that were previously assigned to the Chlorophyceae are members of lineages belonging to the class Ulvophyceae. One of these lineages is the Planophila-clade (Ulotrichales). Some genera in this clade share similar morphology: cell packages forming branched pseudofilaments, uniseriate or sometimes biseriate filaments, often embedded in common mucilage. During a study on soil algal diversity in the temperate monsoon climate zone in Russia (Primorsky Territory, Vladivostok), we isolated a strain of sarcinoid green alga and examined it using an integrative approach. SSU and ITS rDNA sequence data, morphological characteristics, and life cycle features differentiated this strain from closely related genera of the order Ulotrichales and led us to describe it as Ulosarcina terrestrica gen. et sp. nov.

Regularities of 137Cs distribution in the soil and vegetation cover of elementary landscape-geochemistry system within the forest test plot in the Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone.

The main goal of the investigation was to reveal the lateral and vertical regularities of element distribution in the elementary landscape-geochemical system (ELGS) type: summit-slope-closing depression. We used an isotope 137Cs as a tracer of migration of chemical elements in soil and vegetation cover. The study was performed in a test site characterizing undisturbed forest landscapes in the Russian zone of the Chernobyl accident. Investigated ELGS was 16-m long with a relative height difference of 1.5m. Field measurements of 137Cs activity was performed with a 1-meter step by the modified portable gamma-spectrometer Violinist-III (USA). Cs-137 content in moss and soil cores sampled with the same lateral step was determined in the laboratory using Canberra (USA, HPGe detector). The upper soil layer 8-cm thick contained from 70 to 96% of 137Cs, and 89-99% of the total inventory was fixed in the top 20-cm layer. Cs-137 activity in both the soil and moss cover demonstrated a cyclic type of variability, which was described and modeled using Fourier analysis. Correlation between the actual and modeled activity values (r0.01 = 0.868) showed that three main harmonics are sufficient for representative modeling of the observed cycles. We infer that the revealed patterns are characteristic for most of the chemical elements and may be useful for practical purposes.

Influence of subterraneous plant organs on yields and winter hardness of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.)

Purpose of this work was to identify the influence of the underground part of the plant on winter hardness and crop yields of collection of winter hexaploid triticale with different eco-geographical origin in the terms of Nonchernozem zone in Russia. The set of 43 hybrids of triticale with different eco-geographical origin was divided into 5 groups according to its origin: Dagestan, North Caucasus, Central Black Earth zone and Ukraine, Nonchernozem zone of Russia, Belarus and Eastern Europe. For every hybrid in a group, the number of plants with lower tillering node, availability and degree of epicotyl development and secondary root system calculated and the correlation analysis of these traits with grain yields performed. The grain yields considered as an integral indicator of the genotype adaptability for specific environment conditions. As a result, the triticale genotypes with stable development of a large number of plants with lower tillering node selected Mikola, Antey, Valentin, AD4, Timbo, AD 44 and Flamingo. The influence of environment conditions where the triticale hybrid created on selection of high yields genotype and increased number of plants with lower tillering node revealed. Greatest conjugacy between crop yields and availability of double tillering nodes is typical for hybrids from Central part of country and Belarus. It turned out that hybrids from southern regions have a positive relation of crop yields and the length of epicotyl. The hybrids from Central part of Russia, Belarus and Europe do not have this correlation. A weak positive relation in triticale hybrids found between development of secondary root system and grain yield.

Применение гранулированной пеностеклокерамики в арктическом строительстве малоэтажных зданий

Construction on permafrost in the harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic requires the use of both innovative materials and special engineering solutions. It is well known that the heat released during the operation of buildings can cause thawing of a frozen base, which leads to a loss of stability, irreversible deformations and the occurrence of accidents. One of the problem solutions is to maintain the base of the structure in a frozen state throughout the entire period of operation by using heat-insulating materials. The Arctic zone of Russia has inexhaustible local raw materials: opal-cristobalite and zeolite rocks for obtaining environmentally friendly heat-insulating material and providing the regional construction industry. Thus the authors propose a new technology of low-rise construction on permafrost foundations with the use of granulated foam-glass ceramic. They aim the study at the establishing the effect of a heat-insulating layer of granules on the temperature regime of permafrost foundation of low-rise building.