ZnO Materials Research Articles

EFFECTIVENESS OF GLASS SHIELDING AGAINST GAMMA RAYS BY ADDING ZNO IN AL2O3 – PBO – B2O3 USING PHY-X/PSD APPLICATION FOR RADIOPHARMACY PREPARATION ROOM IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE INSTALLATION IN MILITARY HOSPITAL

Radiation exposure from radioisotope 131I, when mixed with pharmaceutical materials, has a high enough exposure to be accepted by medical physicists, so a barrier such as glass shielding is needed to reduce the impact. One is using ZnO material mixed with Al2O3 - PbO - B2O3. The ability of ZnO as glass shielding to withstand radiation is carried out using the Phy-X / PSD application. The mole variations used are 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 moles and use a photon energy of 0.15 MeV – 15 MeV, while the parameters used are LAC, MFP, HVL, TVL, and Zeff. To achieve effective results, the performance of ZnO will be compared with WO3 without additional materials. The primary material used is Al2O3 - PbO - B2O3, commonly used in withstanding radiation from radioactive substances, especially 131I. The value of each parameter indicates the ability of the material to withstand radiation; for the LAC and Zeff parameters, the results of the values continue to decrease with increasing photon energy used and are at a stable point when reaching a photon energy of 0.2 MeV and 1 MeV for Zeff. Meanwhile, MFP, TVL, and HVL show an increase in photon energy use. The difference in results between parameters indicates the practical ability of the material according to the characteristics that have been determined theoretically, especially in the 10 mol variation. In addition, the relationship between the differences in the results of these parameters supports the radiation absorption capacity of the glass protector studied. Keywords: Gamma Rays, ZnO, Glass Protector Calculation, Phy-X/PSD, radiopharmaceuticals, nuclear medicine.

Morphological impact on the supercapacitive performance of nanostructured ZnO electrodes

This study investigated the influence of the ZnO morphology on the energy storage capacity of symmetric supercapacitor devices, focusing on the defect centers present in the materials due to morpho-structural differences. Thus, ZnOs with five different morphologies were synthesized with varying methods in which the nanoparticles have the form of flowers, bullets, pyramids, hexagons, and rods. All materials were thoroughly characterized by scanning/transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and spectroscopic techniques like photoluminescence, UV–Vis, Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ZnO-based materials were assembled in symmetric supercapacitor devices to test their energy storage capabilities. The ZnO with nanorod and hexagonal morphologies showed the best specific capacity (180 and 142 F/g), energy density (25 and 19 Wh/kg), and power density (211 and 252 kW/kg) values. The importance of the defect centers in the materials was highlighted, where the ratio between the Zn and O vacancies, evidenced by EPR spectroscopy, plays a crucial role in the ZnO materials’ energy storage capacity. The Raman results support the proposed model, which underlines the importance of oxygen vacancies. In contrast, BET measurements show that the specific surface area of the morphologically distinct ZnO materials does not change drastically, validating the importance of the defect centers in the materials. A so-called “bottle-neck” effect is proposed to describe the relation between the paramagnetic vacancies and the electric properties of the materials.

Synthesis of zinc oxide semiconductor nanoparticles using natural extract: a systematic evaluation of cationic dye photodegradation influenced by extract concentration, catalyst dose, and pH.

This work obtained zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using organic components extracted from Waltheria americana at different concentrations. ZnO materials were subsequently applied in the photodegradation of two cationic dyes, Rhodamine B (RB) and methylene blue (MB), at different doses of catalyst and pH. The crystallinity and hexagonal Wurtzite structure of ZnO were established through XRD analysis. The Zn-O bond in the ZnO NPs was confirmed in the FTIR, with the characteristic signals observed in the fingerprint region at ~ 400cm-1. SEM and TEM revealed the formation of quasi-spherical particles with an average size ranging from 2 to 12nm, depending on extract concentrations during synthesis. UV-Vis studies indicated the optical bandgap of ZnO, with values below 3eV, also dependent on extract concentration. PL analysis revealed the recombination of free excitons and defects in ZnO. Photocatalytic studies of ZnO materials demonstrated excellent degradation efficiency of RB and MB dyes, which was influenced by the extract concentration of NPs, while the degradation of MB was enhanced with a 1:1 dye-to-catalyst ratio under acidic conditions. In contrast, due to RB more complex structure, an increased ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 and acidic pH conditions improved its degradation. Green-synthesized ZnO NPs using photocatalysis techniques exhibit significant potential as eco-friendly alternatives for removing contaminants from water.

Functionalization of ZnO Nanorods with Au Nanodots via In Situ Reduction for High-Performance Detection of Ethyl Acetate.

Ethyl acetate is a critical medical indicator for detecting certain types of cancer. However, at present, available sensitive materials often exhibit drawbacks, such as high operating temperatures and poor responses to low concentrations of ethyl acetate. In this study, a ZnO nanorod sensing material was prepared using high-temperature annealing and a hydrothermally synthesized metal-organic framework (MOF) as a template. Au nanodots (AuNDs) were subsequently modified on the ZnO nanorods using an in situ ion reduction, which provided a better dispersion of Au nanodots compared with that obtained using the common reductant method. A variety of characterization methods indicate that the highly dispersed AuNDs, which possess a high catalytic activity, were loaded onto the surface as active centers, leading to a significant augmentation in the adsorption of oxygen on the surface compared with the original ZnO material. Consequently, the AuND@ZnO material exhibited heightened responsiveness to ethyl acetate at a lower operating temperature. The Au@ZnO-based sensor has a response rate (Ra/Rg) of 41.8 to 20 ppm ethyl acetate gas at 140 °C, marking a 17.4-fold increase compared with that of the original material. Due to its low power consumption and high responsiveness, AuND@ZnO is a promising candidate for the detection of ethyl acetate gas in medical applications.

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol-gel and microwave-assisted sol-gel methods and their photocatalytic properties.

Although the microwave-assisted sol-gel method is quite frequently used for the preparation of oxide nanostructures, the synergism of the reaction pathways is not fully explained. However, state-of-the-art theoretical and practical results of high novelty can be achieved by continuously evaluating the as-synthesized materials. The present paper presents a comparative study of Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by both sol-gel and microwave-assisted sol-gel methods. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the as-obtained powders were established and correlated with their newly proved functionality, namely, the ability to photogenerate distinct reactive oxygen species (·OH or O2 -) and to act as photoactive materials in aqueous media. The solar light-induced mineralization of oxalic acid by Mn-doped ZnO materials was clearly observed while similar amounts of generated CO2 were measured for both catalysts. These inexpensive semiconductor materials, which proved to be light-responsive, can be further used for developing water depollution technologies based on solar light energy.

Comprehensive simulation study on AlN, ZnO, and PZT-5H piezoelectric materials for microcantilever-based MEMS energy harvesters: Mechanical and electrical insights

Comprehensive simulation study on AlN, ZnO, and PZT-5H piezoelectric materials for microcantilever-based MEMS energy harvesters: Mechanical and electrical insights

Simulation of the functionality of ZnO, TiO2 and Ta2O5, and MoO2 carrier selective contacts of GaAs0.99Bi0.01 nanowire-based solar cells

Abstract Photovoltaic performance of perpendicularly aligned GaAs0.99Bi0.01/CSC/ITO core-shell nanowire solar cell is thoroughly investigated in this simulation based theoretical study for both electron selective contact (ESC) and hole selective contact (HSC) as carrier selective contact (CSC) shell around GaAs0.99Bi0.01 core nanowire. The overall performance has been compared with radial PiN doped GaAs0.99Bi0.01 NWSC to mark the improvement caused by carrier selectivity. ZnO, TiO2, and Ta2O5 materials have been chosen as ESC material and MoO2 is chosen as HSC material in order to carry out this comparative study. We have thoroughly performed geometry optimization test over a wide range of periods in order to select the optimized ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) thickness for obtaining maximum photo current generation. The maximum short circuit photo current density (Jsc) of 38.76 mA/cm2 is obtained with ZnO coated nanowire solar cell (NWSC) for a pitch (P) of 400 nm and ITO shell thickness of 90 nm. For this optimized geometry, TiO2, Ta2O5 and MoO2 coated structures offered Jsc of 35.82 mA/cm2, 35.69 mA/cm2, and 35.27 mA/cm2 respectively and the uncoated NW generated Jsc of 31.15 mA/cm2. The planar structure without coating exhibits a Jsc of 24.86 mA/cm2, which is significantly lower than the nanostructured solar cells. Finally Lumerical 3D charge transport simulator is used to perform the electrical stimulation of ZnO coated structure, which offers maximum ideal Jsc. A detailed electrical performance analysis of GaAs0.99Bi0.01/CSC/ITO unit nanowire solar cell for ZnO, TiO2, Ta2O5 as ESC and MoO2 as HSC have also been covered in this article which reveals that ZnO as ESC possesses promising potential for designing highly efficient solar cells as it offers a photo conversion efficiency(PCE) of the order of 25% and open circuit voltage (Voc) even for very less minority carrier lifetime (Ʈn) 0.1 ns of GaAs0.99Bi0.01 and 1ps Ʈn of ZnO.

Novel screen-printed ceramic MEMS microhotplate for MOS sensors

We developed a new approach to the fabrication of MEMS substrates for MOS gas sensors. This full screen-printing process is based on the application of sacrificial material, which is solid at the near-room temperature of printing and turns to powder after the firing of the elements of the sensor. Therefore, this sacrificial material can be removed from under the suspended elements of the MEMS structure in ultrasonic bath. The glass-ceramic MEMS is a cantilever structure equipped with a Pt-based microheater made of Pt resistive material with sheet resistance of about 4 Ohm/square fabricated using core-shell technology. It is located at the end edge of the cantilever and is isolated from the contacts to the sensing layer by glass-ceramic insulation. Screen-printing provides cheap fabrication, robustness and low power (∼120 mW@450°C) of the sensing element. The functionality of the microhotplate was checked using ZnO nanomaterial deposited by microextruder, it demonstrated high response and selectivity of ZnO material to NO2 (response 41.6 at 200°C for 10 ppm).

Stepwise-Induced Synthesis and Excellent Corrosion Protection of Ce/Eu Codoped ZnO Solid Solution Materials.

Under purely inorganic conditions, a synthesis route was devised wherein elements were introduced stepwise via coprecipitation based on differences in compound solubility. This synthesis method can change the microscopic morphology of the material without relying on a templating agent, resulting in the formation of the multilayered lamellar Ce/Eu codoped zinc oxide solid solution (ZCEOSS) with a self-assembled nested imbrication structure. The study improves the critical matter of corrosion by focusing on the electron and energy transfer mechanisms. By introduction of the bandgap modulator cerium element and fluorescence enhancer europium element into the ZnO material, the anticorrosion material has been successfully endowed with both photocathodic protection and luminescent initiative/stress dual corrosion defense functions. Due to the energy level staircase protection mechanism synergistically generated by the 4f electron shell of rare-earth elements in concert with semiconductor zinc oxide, the energy band positions were modulated to progressively guide the direction of electron flow, thereby suppressing corrosion reactions. In particular, the ZCEOSS material synthesized by doping 1% cerium and 7% europium and adding rare-earth elements at pH 7 exhibited the best corrosion inhibition performance. After immersion in simulated seawater for 96 h, Tafel polarization test results showed that compared to epoxy resin and ZnO anticorrosion systems, the ZCEOSS anticorrosion system exhibited significantly improved corrosion inhibition efficiency with enhancements of 1028.3 and 402.9%, respectively. This study provides new insights into the development of highly efficient inorganic anticorrosion materials.

Manganese-doped Zinc Oxide recycled from spent alkaline batteries for photocatalysis and supercapacitor applications

In a sustainable future, recycling e-waste will offer an adequate solution to control the raw materials and energy crisis. Our study aims to obtain ZnO-based materials by recycling the alkaline batteries using mild and cost-effective methods. Manganese-doped ZnO materials were obtained through anodic paste annealing at different temperatures. In terms of morphology and structure, particles with rod shape, high crystallinity, and hexagonal symmetry were obtained. The annealing provides an atomic rearrangement ensuring the presence of isolated Mn2+ ions in the ZnO lattice, as evidenced by EPR spectroscopy. The sample defect evolution with the annealing temperature was highlighted by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photocatalytic and energy storage applications of the obtained sample were investigated. The photocatalytic activity was tested on Rhodamine B and Oxytetracycline under visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic efficiency was obtained for Mn-doped ZnO annealed at 700 °C, and the proposed mechanism was based on reactive oxygen species generation correlated with scavengers’ tests, defect’s structure, and pores diameter. Additionally, the samples were used to design symmetric supercapacitors and tested using different electrochemical techniques to prove their energy storage features. As a result, the Mn-doped ZnO particles annealed at 800 °C showed increased specific capacitance of 182 F/g, energy density of 25.2 Wh/kg, and power density of 38.7 kW/Kg without the use of booster materials.

Narrowing Band Gap of Zno Codoping (Al+Mn) as a Photocatalyst Candidate for Degraded Textile Dye Wastewater

Photocatalyst degradation is one method to reduce industrial textile dye pollution in water. In this study, ZnO material has been synthesized by codoping Al and Mn by chemical coprecipitation method to determine the structural properties and optical properties of the material. From this research, it was found that the structure of ZnO after codoping Al and Mn did not change the hexagonal wurtzite phase but changes in other lattice parameters. The addition of Mn and Al codoping is reported to affect the intensity of XRD peaks, especially on the 101 lattice. The higher the scattering peak, the more angular the shift, indicating the magnitude of oxygen vacancies. The reflectance confirms this result that increasing Mn concentration decreases the energy gap to 3.258 eV. From these structural properties and energy gap values, ZnO codoping Al and Mn materials can be included in candidate materials that can be used as photodegradation agents for textile dyes.

Innovative Photocatalyst Design: Advancing ZnO/MIL‐100(Fe) through Atomic Layer Deposition in Hydrogen Evolution

This study investigates the integration of ZnO nanoparticles into the MIL‐100(Fe) framework using atomic layer deposition (ALD) at atmospheric pressure, varying ALD cycles from 0.5 to 2. The goal is to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of MIL‐100(Fe) in water splitting under ultraviolet light. Among the composites, the ZnO/MIL‐100(Fe) synthesized with a 1‐cycle ALD process stands out, demonstrating superior hydrogen evolution rates (8465 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹) and improved durability, surpassing the base MIL‐100(Fe) in repeated PWS trials. Comprehensive characterization using various analytical techniques, including BET analysis, DRS, EDS, SEM, TEM, XRD, FT‐IR, Raman, and PL, sheds light on the structural, chemical, and optical properties of the MIL‐100(Fe)/ZnO materials, confirming successful ZnO deposition within the MIL‐100(Fe) structure. Furthermore, the enhancement in photocatalytic activity is associated with increased absorption intensity and reduced trap sites, implying improved charge carrier dynamics and separation. The inclusion of ZnO not only reduced the bandgap of composites, but also influences the photoluminescence characteristics significantly, leading to a reduction in non‐radiative recombination and enhancing the availability of photogenerated electrons for photocatalytic reactions. Specifically, the increased photoluminescence intensity observed with ZnO/MIL‐100(Fe) composites indicates a higher defect density, which corresponds to more active sites for photocatalysis.

Three-dimensional ordered CdS/ZnO porous nanostructures for high-performance photoelectrochemical water splitting

Three-dimensional ordered porous nanostructures have been considered as a key factor in developing high-performance photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting applications due to their high light absorption capacity and large surface area. In this study, the authors design and fabricate the three-dimensional ordered CdS/ZnO porous structures by the hard mould method. Firstly, polystyrene (PS) spheres were deposited on the indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive substrate; secondly, the gaps among the spheres were filled with ZnO material using electrochemical deposition; then the PS spheres were burned and formed the ordered porous structure of ZnO; finally, CdS nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of ZnO by wet chemical method to form a three-dimensional ordered CdS/ZnO porous structure.The photoelectrochemical water-splitting properties of the fabricated structures were studied and compared systematically. The results show that, under the irradiation of solar simulation, the efficiency of the optimised three-dimensional ordered CdS/ZnO porous structure is 3.4%, nearly 1.9 times higher than that of with 1.8% efficiency of thin-film CdS/ZnO structure at the same fabrication conditions.

Simultaneously Engineering Oxygen Defects and Heterojunction into Ho-Doped ZnO Nanoflowers for Enhancing n-Propanol Gas Detection.

Lung cancer poses a serious threat to people's lives and health due to its high incidence rate and high mortality rate, making it necessary to effectively conduct early screening. As an important biomarker for lung cancer, the detection of n-propanol gas suffers from a low response value and a high detection limit. In this paper, flower-like Ho-doped ZnO was fabricated by the coprecipitation method for n-propanol detection at subppm concentrations. The gas sensor based on the 3% Ho-doped ZnO showed selectivity to n-propanol gas. Its response value to 100 ppm n-propanol was 341 at 140 °C, and its limit of detection (LOD) was about 25.6 ppb, which is lower than that of n-propanol in the breath of a healthy person (150 ppb). The calculation results show that the adsorption of n-propanol on a Ho-doped ZnO surface releases more energy than isopropanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and ammonia. The enhanced gas-sensing properties of the Ho-doped ZnO material can be attributed to the fact that the Ho-doping distorts the crystal lattice of the ZnO, increases the specific surface area, and generates a large amount of oxygen defects. In addition, the doped Ho partially forms a Ho2O3/ZnO heterojunction in the material and improves the gas-sensing properties. The 3% Ho-doped ZnO material is expected to be a promising candidate for the trace detection of n-propanol gas.

Effective visible light-driven binary ZnO catalyst decorated on layered double hydroxides for simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin

BackgroundThe direct use of clean solar energy to convert organic pollutants in industrial wastewater into harmful products is a viable tactic and a hot topic to save water bodies and avoid water pollution. Pharmaceutical wastewater is complicated and contains a variety of contaminants, making its treatment difficult. MethodThis study focuses on the simultaneous degradation of an aqueous solution containing a combination of contaminants, Ampicillin (AMP) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP). Using hydrothermal process, we successfully fabricated a ZnO-NiCoMn layered double hydroxide (LDH) sheet. The prepared catalyst was examined using a range of surface analytical optical techniques. Significant findingsThe ZnO-NiCoMn LDH demonstrates exceptional photocatalytic performance, as demonstrated by the maximal CIP and AMP degradation rates of 96 % and 94 % in 100 min under visible light, respectively, according to the data. ZnO-adorned NiCoMn LDH sheets exhibited a rod-like structure, as demonstrated by FE-SEM and HR-TEM. Because of the highest charge separation and superior electron (e−) transport between ZnO and NiCoMn LDH material, the binary catalyst degraded CIP and AMP by 96 % and 94 % in 100 min, respectively, more than the bare catalyst. The binary ZnO-NiCoMn LDH catalyst could withstand up to five CIP and AMP degradation cycles.

Preparation and characterization of the highly efficient tetraphenylimidazole substituted Phthalocyanine/ZnO composite and investigation of its effect on the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

Growing concerns about industrial waste-induced environmental degradation have driven research towards sustainable solutions. Photocatalytic degradation, fueled by light and avoiding harmful chemicals, offers a promising avenue due to its minimal environmental impact. ZnO, TiO₂, and their derivatives are particularly effective and widely studied photocatalysts. This study aims to prepare new composite materials bearing phthalocyanine and investigate the photocatalytic properties on the degradation of Rhodamine B dye and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) as the model compounds. In the initial step, ZnO materials were synthesized using the solvothermal method. Subsequently, a novel Zn(II) complex, including peripherally tetra phenyl imidazole substituted phthalocyanine, was successfully prepared. The composite catalysts were prepared from ZnO materials produced with the tetraphenyl imidazole phthalocyanine Zn(II) complex, called TFI-Zn. The were characterized using instrumental techniques. The photocatalytic characteristics of the composite materials developed were further examined under varying quantities of catalyst and Rhodamine B, variable pH conditions, and varying intensities of UV-A light. In addition, the reusability of the catalyst was investigated. With the new composite photocatalyst prepared within the scope of this study, 98% degradation efficiency and 8.0 × 10−4 min−1 degradation rate was obtained on Rhodamine B solution in 40 min. The newly developed photocatalyst displayed remarkable catalytic activity that remained virtually unchanged for five consecutive cycles, indicating excellent reusability and operational stability. The photocatalytic degradation performance of ZnO-TFI-Zn (1) was also examined on TCP and 90% degradation activity was obtained at the end of 80 min.

Band-structure tunability via modulation of planar buckling in ZnO monolayer: Manifestation in optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties

Two-dimensional ZnO materials, with their exceptional characteristics, hold great potential for novel nanoelectronic devices and catalysts. However, the strategy of modulating the electronic properties is still ongoing. To address this challenge, we conducted first-principles calculations to systematically investigate the structural stability, electronic properties and tunability of photocatalytic performance in ZnO monolayers with different planar buckling. The results indicate that ZnO monolayers with different buckling exhibit dynamical and thermal stability. The band edge positions of ZnO monolayers could be effectively controlled by planar buckling, and ZnO monolayers with suitable buckling can serve as potential candidates for visible-light driven water splitting for hydrogen generation. Furthermore, the narrowed band gaps in ZnO monolayers with increasing of planar buckling suggest their potential for use in the design of optoelectronic devices in nanoscale systems. In addition, the stability of buckled ZnO monolayers on Ag/Pt substrates and planar ZnO monolayer on semiconducting blue phosphorus (BlueP) are explored. Interestingly, Ag and Pt metal substrates have been found to be suitable for the growth of buckled ZnO monolayers. While BlueP monolayer is believed to serve as an excellent substrate for the growth of planar ZnO monolayers. These findings offer new strategy for designing planar or buckled ZnO monolayers with potential applications in futuristic nano-optoelectric and photocatalysis systems.

3D porous ZnO microspheres sensitized by Ag quantum dots for highly responsive TEA sensors

The study aims to create a highly responsive gas sensor for TEA. In order to achieve this goal, spherical ZnO with layered structure was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Subsequently, Ag quantum dots (QDs) are precipitated onto the surface of the ZnO microspheres. The ZnO microspheres were analyzed to demonstrate that they are comprised of porous nanosheets measuring roughly 10 μm in diameter. The composite with the optimal mass percentage displayed outstanding sensitivity to triethylamine (TEA), yielding a response of 1223, approximately 90 times higher than that of the pure ZnO sensor. Furthermore, this composite also demonstrated remarkable selectivity towards TEA. The exceptional detection results were achieved due to the catalytic influence of Ag as a precious metal, coupled with the distinctive structure of quantum dots and ZnO materials.

Fabrication and characterization of solar active BN coupled with ZnO composite catalysts for efficient photocatalytic detoxification of methyl orange dye under solar and visible light irradiation

In this paper, pure ZnO and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) loaded ZnO nanorods were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. XRD analysis revealed good crystallinity and hexagonal wurtzite structure of the synthesized materials. FE-SEM images showed the nanorod-like structure of the ZnO material. The UV-DRS spectra showed a decrease in the optical bandgap of BN-ZnO due to the loading of BN. The outcomes from the EIS analysis indicated that the 3% BN-ZnO photocatalyst exhibited the most favorable recombination rate for electron-hole pairs and the least resistance to electron transfer. Photocatalytic evaluation for methyl orange (MO) detoxification under sunlight and visible light illumination revealed that 3% BN-ZnO showed the highest activity, and kinetic studies showed pseudo-first-order degradation. Moreover, the sunlight process outperforms than visible light process, which can be attributed to the ≈ 4% UV radiation available in the solar spectrum. TOC studies confirmed the mineralization of the MO dye. Trapping experiments using various quenchers show that superoxide radicals (O2•−) anion play a major role in the degradation process. Finally, we proposed a plausible photocatalytic mechanism based on our findings.

Review on the Solar-Driven Photocathodic Protection of Metals in the Marine Environment

Photocathodic protection (PCP) technology has gained wide attention in the field of corrosion due to its green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable characteristics, and has become a protection technology with broad development prospects in the future marine environment. By investigating recent research results, the mainstream photoanode materials are TiO2, BiVO4, g-C3N4, ZnO, In2O3, SrTiO3 and other materials. Among them, TiO2 is an ideal photoanode material for PCP because of its efficient photochemical corrosion resistance, remarkable reaction stability, and excellent photoelectric properties. However, TiO2 itself has more drawbacks, such as limited utilization of visible light and low photogenerated electron-hole separation efficiency. These defects limit the wide application of TiO2 in PCP. Through modification methods, the reaction efficiency can be substantially improved and the availability of TiO2 can be increased. This paper lists the research progress of modifying TiO2 materials using metal and non-metal doping modification, semiconductor compounding technology, and energy storage materials for application in PCP, and introduces several new types of photoanode materials. This paper suggests new ideas for the design of more efficient photoanodes.