Zn NPs Research Articles

Nanomaterial-Based Biofortification: Potential Benefits and Impacts of Crops.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have shown relevant impacts in crop protection, improvement of yields, and minimizing collateral side effects of fertilizer and pesticides in vegetable and fruit production. The application of NMs to improve biofortification has gained much attention in the last five years, offering a hopeful and optimistic outlook. Thus, we propose comprehensively revising the scientific literature about the use of NMs in the agronomic biofortification of crops and analyzing the beneficial impact of the use of NMs. The results indicated that different species of plants were biofortified with essential elements and macronutrients after the applications of Zn, Fe, Se, nanocomposites, and metalloid NPs. In addition, the physiological performances, antioxidant compounds, and yields were improved with NMs. Using nanofertilizers for the biofortification of crops can be considered a promising method to deliver micronutrients for plants with beneficial impacts on human health, the environment, and agriculture.

Carica papaya L. Latex Mediated Green Synthesis of Zno Nanoparticles for its Antimicrobial Activity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have gained potential recognition because of their distinctive characteristics and wide utilizatrion in various fields. Therefore, development of novel biological techniques is significant for the biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the latex of Carica papaya L. Plant latex is a natural product produced by a number of plant species which are used by different tribal communities in India as a folk medicinal treatment on natural wounds or cuts. Plant latex has a huge demand as herbal products in an aspect of clinical, therapeutical and also in agricultural sectors. Natural latex is composed of different important biomolecules like, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, saponins etc. These different active chemical constituents have versatile medicinal activities against different pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans etc. This study reports on the biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (Zn NPs)using latex of C. papaya as an effective reducing agent. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has advantageous over conventional methodsbecause it does not require the use of toxic chemicals and therefore environmentally sustainable. The elemental composition of C. papaya latex was also analysed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. Properties of synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using various methods such as ultra violet visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles also assessed for its antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial and fungal species.

Beneficial effects of the Achillea millefolium green-formulated zinc nanoparticles in mice with heart failure following myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction is a significant contributor to illness and death on a global scale. Limited advancements have been made in regenerative therapies due to the inadequate natural regeneration of the adult mammalian myocardium and difficulties in drug delivery. Nanocarriers such as exosomes, nanoparticles, and liposomes present numerous potential benefits for treating myocardial infarction, such as enhanced drug delivery, extended, and retention therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, numerous obstacles have hindered the extensive clinical application of these technologies. Zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) are frequently used in the healthcare industry, specifically in cardiovascular treatments. The research documented a sustainable method for synthesizing Zn NPs by Achillea millefolium extract, utilizing eco-friendly practices. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometry, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to examine the Zn NPs, while also exploring their potential in treating myocardial infarction. The Achillea millefolium extract contains tannin at 16.49 %, phenols at 39.19 %, saponin at 14.21 %, steroids at 22.84 %, flavonoids at 7.11 %, and alkaloids at 0.16 %. The animals were classified into three separate groups: (1) isoproterenol; (2) control; (3) Zn NPs + isoproterenol (100 μg/ml). Mice were given isoproterenol to induce myocardial infarction. Real-time PCR and western blot techniques were employed to quantify the activation of PPAR-Υ/NF-κB and the subsequent release of cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide. Following the administration of varying doses of Zn NPs, the assessment of cardiac function was carried out through biochemical, histochemical, and electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. The nanoparticles displayed a round shape when they were created. Recent research indicates that Zn NPs exhibit cardioprotective characteristics against myocardial infarction, potentially by suppressing NF-κB signaling and stimulating PPAR-γ. Zn NPs administration led to a reduction in interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and TNF-α in the mice hearts. The use of Zn NPs notably decreased cell death and inflammatory cytokines expression. The beneficial impacts of Zn NPs may potentially stem from the gene expression normalization in PPAR-Υ/NF-κB/ΙκB-α/ΙΚΚα/β and PPAR-Υ phosphorylation pathways. The levels of myocardial injury markers are significantly inhibited by Zn NPs, leading to a reduction in mortality rates and an amelioration in the ventricular wall infarction condition. Furthermore, the administration of Zn NPs effectively prevents the characteristic ST segment depression observed in animals with myocardial infarction.

An In Vitro and In Silico Study of Luteolin-Loaded Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Enhancing Bioactivity and Efficacy for Advanced Therapeutic Applications Against Cariogenic Microorganisms.

Introduction Recent studies have explored alternative methods to enhance caries prevention and treatment.Luteolin compound has been noted for its antimicrobial properties, while zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) are recognized for their potent antibacterial effects. This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial efficacy of luteolin-loaded Zn oxide NPs (Luteo-ZnONPs) against cariogenic bacteria. By combining the biofilm-targeting capabilities of luteolin with the antimicrobial properties of Zn NPs, we aim to explore a novel approach for dental caries management. Methods Luteo-ZnONPswere synthesized and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, confirming their successful formation and stability. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), demonstrating effectiveness against cariogenic bacteria such asEscherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus mutans in different concentrations.The agar well plate method was employed to analyze the growth inhibitory effect of Luteo-ZnONPs (50 and 100µg/ml, respectively). Streptomycin (100µg/ml) was used as apositive control. The results (zone of inhibition (ZOI) in millimeter, mm) were represented as mean± standard deviation.One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to detect the significance (p < 0.05) between the groups. Cytotoxicity was analyzed using the3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assayagainst MG63 cells, and doxorubicin was used as a positive control.Wilcoxon rank test was used for the statistical method. Gyrase Bwas downloaded from Protein Data Bank (PDB id: 6F86) and docked against luteolin using Autodock software (version 4.2).The binding score was presented as kcal/mol in table format. Results Characterization results showed that UV-vis spectroscopy revealed characteristic peaks, indicating the successful synthesis and stability of Luteo-ZnONPs. FTIRspectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups from luteolin compound interacting with the Zn NPs. It showed effective inhibition againstE. coli on 50µg/ml as 12.45 mm as ZOI and increased with concentration (100 µg/ml as 17.13 mm).It showed minimal ZOI onE. faecalis(8.12, 12.21 on 50 and 100µg/ml, respectively). The cytotoxicity of Luteo-ZnONPs was lesser than doxorubicin on MG63 cells with statistical high significance (p < 0.0014). These results showed thatLuteo-ZnONPs had effective antimicrobial nature againstEnterococcusfamily. Thus, gyrase BfromE. coliwas selected for the molecular docking analysis. The catalytic tunnel in gyrase B (E. coli, PDB: 6F86), influenced by Luteo-ZnONPs, indicated potential for novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobials via selective inhibition at conserved active sites. Conclusion The agar well plate and MIC confirmed that Luteo-ZnONPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity, especiallyat higher concentrations compared to streptomycin.One- way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in antibacterial efficacy between treatments, validating its superior performance.Its strong interaction onin silicolevel showed the targeted mechanism of action. Luteo-ZnONPs showed lesser toxicity than doxorubicin on MG63 cells. These findings underscore the potential of its broad spectrum antimicrobial nature paving the way for its development into innovative, nontoxic therapeutic solutions.

Plasma-deposited reactive species assisted synthesis of colloidal zinc-oxide nanostructures

A surface-wave microwave discharge is applied to deposit reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) into the liquid subsequently used as a medium for laser ablation of a Zn metallic target. It is shown that during laser ablation in plasma-treated liquids the H2O2 concentration decreases, while in deionized water (DIW) significant H2O2 is produced. Meanwhile, the pH—initially adjusted by applying reductive metals—increases in the acidic liquids and decreases in the alkaline ones. During months of storage the pH of colloids stabilize around pH 6, which insures the long-term stability of RONS. It is demonstrated that in DIW metallic Zn NPs are created, which gradually oxidize during storage, while in the plasma-treated liquids ZnO NPs are produced with the mean size of 18 nm. In the alkaline plasma-treated liquid the NPs form large aggregates, which slows the dissolution of NPs. In the acidic and neutral solutions besides NPs nanosheets are also formed, which during storage evolve into nanosheet networks as a result of the dissolution of NPs. The band gap of the colloidal ZnO is found to decrease with the formation of aggregates and nanosheet networks. The ZnO NPs ablated in plasma-treated liquids exhibit a high-intensity visible emission covering the green-to-red spectral region. The photoluminescence spectra is dominated by the orange-red emission—previously not detected in the case of laser-ablated ZnO NPs and attributed to the interstitial Zn and oxygen sites—and the yellow emission, which can be attributed to the OH groups on the surface. It is shown that during months of storage, due to the dissolution of NPs and formation of nanosheets, the intensity of the visible emission decreases and shifts to the blue-green spectral region.

Role of Nutrient Management in Yield, Quality and Nutrient Content of Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Under Calcareous Soil Conditions

Nutrient management is vital for maximizing forage crop yield and economic viability; however, improper application can result in decreased yield and quality. Therefore, two seasonal experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 to examine the impact of varying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) levels, along with the foliar application of zinc, on the forage yield and nutrient content of Egyptian clover or berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) grown in calcareous soil conditions (&gt;36% CaCO3). The experiment consisted of eight treatments, including two NPK levels (50% and 100% of the recommended dose) and two forms of Zn (Zn NPs and Zn Edta at 0.2 and 0.5% as foliar sprays), compared with the control (without treatment). Results showed that NPK full dose (100%) or in combination with Zn NPs significantly improved fresh and dry weight by an average of 67%, and 80%, respectively, across all cuts. Whereas, the highest protein percentage in berseem forage occurred with 50% NPK and foliar Zn NPs. Protein yield per unit area was highest with 100% NPK and foliar Zn NPs in the second and third cuts. Furthermore, Zn NPs boosted manganese (Mn) levels in the 2nd cut but decreased them in the 3rd cut. Iron (Fe) and Mn were mostly in normal ranges, but zinc was often below normal levels. Overall, Zn NPs increased forage yields. The results of translocation factor (TF) for micronutrients from the soil to berseem plants showed that TF values were &gt; 1 for all micronutrients except for Cu in several instances in the 2nd cut in such calcareous soil. Furthermore, micronutrient translocations were arranged in the following order Cu &lt; Zn &lt;Mn &lt;Fe in the 2nd and 3rd cuts. Our study suggested that there is a beneficial role of correcting Zn deficiency under calcareous soil conditions which is reflected on berseem yield and quality and nutrient status. Thus, using ZnO NPs along with the full recommended dose of NPK is a suitable approach to enhance berseem crop yield and quality in calcareous soil.

Heteroatoms-doped hierarchically porous graphene as electrode material for supercapacitors with ultra-high capacitance

In this work, a dual-templating pyrolysis strategy is successfully developed to synthesize a highly crumpled graphene (N-TRPG-800). The achievement of the graphene is based on the carbonization of the d(+)-glucosamine hydrochloride and the spatial confinement effect of the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) in the presence of zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs). During the pyrolysis process, the d(+)-glucosamine hydrochloride first polymerizes into the layers of g-C3N4, which is derived from melamine. Afterwards, a further increase in pyrolysis temperature leads to the decomposition of g-C3N4 and the generation of reducing NH3 gas, which eventually resulting in the formation of 2D ultrathin structure and high heteroatoms doping degree. Simultaneously, the volatilization of the Zn NPs also plays a key role in the pore formation and the hierarchical structure generation. As a result, the as-synthesized graphene sheets simultaneously possesses hierarchical porous structure, high heteroatoms-doped degree, and large specific surface area (506 m2 g−1). Electrochemical measurements show that the N-TRPG-800 exhibits an ultrahigh supercapacitance of 471 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 in a three-electrode mode, approaching the theoretical capacitance of 550 F g−1 of graphene, which is superior to that of the state-of-the-art heteroatom-doped porous carbons in literature.

Facile green synthesis of SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4 heterojunction nanocomposite using Murraya paniculata leaves extract for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic dye malachite green by sunlight illumination

In this work nanocomposite heterojunction of SnO2:Zn conjugated with g-C3N4 was successfully synthesized by a green synthesis method using Murraya paniculata leaves extract. Materials were characterized by XPS, FTIR, XRD, BET, HRTEM, FESEM, EDAX, and UV–visible spectrophotometer. XRD and HRTEM results revealed the formation of highly crystalline and small sized particles having mean grain size of 4.4 and 4.9 nm for SnO2:Zn and SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4, respectively and interplanar spacing of 0.333 nm. The 2-D sheeted structure of g-C3N4 acts as a translucent layer that captures and provide a considerable extent of self-agglomeration on the underlying sphere shaped SnO2:Zn NPs which results in excellent charge flow which eventually results in enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of the synthesized heterojunction. The XPS analysis verifies the presence of Sn, Zn, O, C, and N in the synthesized heterojunction SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4. The UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectra helped to demonstrate the effective inhibition of excitons annihilation within the heterojunction nanocomposite. The heterojunction shows an excellent photodegradation efficiency of 93.84 % in the process of photodegradation of dye Malachite green (MG). Effect of pH, catalyst dose on photodegradation and the recyclability were also investigated. The kinetic plots were used to calculate the rate constant which shows the nature of a pseudo first order reaction with a rate constant of 0.299 min−1. Trap experiments were conducted to confirm the role of h+ and O2.− as active species.

Arabic gum/chitosan/Zn–NPs composite film maintains the quality of Hass avocado fruit by delaying ripening and activating enzymatic defense mechanisms

Avocado fruit is a climacteric fruit that has a short life after harvest. Chitosan (Ch) and Arabic gum (AG) have a pronounced effect on the storability of fruits. This investigation aimed to determine the effect of individual or combined use of Ch and AG as well as Ch/AG enriched with 2, 4, 8% Zn–NPs on physio-biochemical attributes and antioxidant capacity of Hass avocado fruit during cold storage (7 °C). The result showed that Ch or AG alone succeeded in maintaining fruit quality of Hass fruit during cold storage. Also, combined application of Ch/AG was more effective than individual application of Ch or AG in reducing fruit weight and polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) as well as increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, Ch/AG coating enriched with 8% Zn–NPs recorded the lowest fruit weight loss, fruit decay %, TSS fruit content, fruit firmness and improved fruit skin and pulp color significantly compared to Ch/AG and control. Coating with Ch/AG/2%Zn NPs recorded the highest peroxidase (POD) activity, while Ch/AG/8% Zn–NPs recorded the highest TAC and the lowest PPO activity. Moreover, enriched Ch/GA with Zn–NPs recorded the highest CAT and POD activity compared to the control. This study shows the efficiency of Ch/AG enriched with Zn–NPs on preserving Hass avocado fruit quality during cold storage by delaying ripening process and activating enzymatic defense mechanisms.

Bridging agro-science and human nutrition: zinc nanoparticles and biochar as catalysts for enhanced crop productivity and biofortification.

The integration of zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) with biochar offers a transformative approach to sustainable agriculture by enhancing plant productivity and human nutrition. This combination improves soil health, optimizes nutrient uptake, and increases resilience to environmental stressors, leading to superior crop performance. Our literature review shows that combining Zn NPs with biochar significantly boosts the crop nutrient composition, including proteins, vitamins, sugars, and secondary metabolites. This enhancement improves the plant tolerance to environmental challenges, crop quality, and shelf life. This technique addresses the global issue of Zn deficiency by biofortifying food crops with increased Zn levels, such as mung beans, lettuce, tomatoes, wheat, maize, rice, citrus, apples, and microgreens. Additionally, Zn NPs and biochar improve soil properties by enhancing water retention, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial activity, making soils more fertile and productive. The porous structure of biochar facilitates the slow and sustained release of Zn, ensuring its bioavailability over extended periods and reducing the need for frequent fertilizer applications. This synergy promotes sustainable agricultural practices and reduces the environmental footprint of the traditional farming methods. However, potential ecological risks such as biomagnification, nanoparticle accumulation, and toxicity require careful consideration. Comprehensive risk assessments and management strategies are essential to ensure that agricultural benefits do not compromise the environmental or human health. Future research should focus on sustainable practices for deploying Zn NPs in agriculture, balancing food security and ecological integrity and positioning this approach as a viable solution for nutrient-efficient and sustainable agriculture.

Zinc biofortification and implications on growth, nutrient efficiency, and stress response in Amaranthus cruentus through soil application of biosynthesized nanoparticles

The study investigates the effects of treating Amaranthus cruentus (red amaranth) plants with biosynthesized zinc nanoparticles (Zn Nps) and zinc sulfate at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 kg/ha [4.46, 11.11 and 22.32 ppm, respectively] on plant height, weight, zinc accumulation, zinc use efficiency, health risk index associated with the consumption of treated plants and gene expression analysis of stress-responsive genes. Notably, applying 10 kg/ha [4.5 ppm] of biosynthesized Zn Nps resulted in an increase in the plant height by 34 % and the fresh weight by 53 % compared to the other treatments. However, an increase in the concentration of Zn Nps application led to reduced plant height and fresh weight, both for 25 [11 ppm] and 50 [22 ppm] kg/ha concentration, likely due to excessive zinc toxicity. Zinc accumulation in plant tissues increased significantly for all treatments compared to the control, with dose-dependent increases in leaves, shoots, and roots for Zn Nps. Zinc use efficiency was evaluated, with biosynthesized Zn Nps at 10 kg/ha displaying superior agronomic efficiency, partial productivity factor, and physiological efficiency. While zinc sulfate at 10 kg/ha exhibited lower values than biosynthesized Zn Nps, they still surpassed other concentrations, highlighting the benefits of optimizing zinc levels. Health risk assessment revealed safe consumption across treatments, with hazard risk index (HRI) values below one, particularly for plants treated with 10 kg/ha biosynthesized Zn Nps. Gene expression analysis of stress-responsive genes AhDGR2 and AhGSH1, remained relatively consistent across all treatments.

Effects of Zn-ZnO Core-Shell Nanoparticles on Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Immune Cell Activation.

The deposition of zinc-zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-ZnO NPs) onto porous Ta2O5 surfaces enriched with calcium phosphate by DC magnetron sputtering was investigated to improve the surface antimicrobial activity without triggering an inflammatory response. Different sizes and amounts of Zn NPs obtained by two optimized different depositions and an additional thin carbon (C) layer deposited over the NPs were explored. The deposition of the Zn NPs and the C layer mitigates the surface porosity, increasing the surface hydrophobicity and decreasing the surface roughness. The possible antimicrobial effect and immune system activation of Zn-ZnO NPs were investigated in Candida albicans and macrophage cells, respectively. It was found that the developed surfaces displayed a fungistatic behavior, as they impair the growth of C. albicans between 5 and 24 h of culture. This behavior was more evident on the surfaces with bigger NPs and the highest amounts of Zn. The same trend was observed in both reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and loss of C. albicans' membrane integrity. After 24 h of culture, cell toxicity was also dependent on the amount of the NPs. Cell toxicity was observed in surfaces with the highest amount of Zn NPs and with the C layer, while cells were able to grow without any signs of cytotoxicity in the porous surfaces with the lowest amount of NPs. The same Zn-dose-dependent behavior was noticed in the TNF-α production. The Zn-containing surfaces show a vastly inferior cytokine secretion than the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells, indicating that the modified surfaces do not induce an inflammatory response from macrophage cells. This study provides insights for understanding the Zn amount threshold that allows a simultaneous inhibition of the fungi growth with no toxic effect and the main antimicrobial mechanisms of Zn-ZnO NPs, contributing to future clinical applications.

Magnetically Separable Mg−Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ocimum Basilicum Leaf Extract Potentiates Cytotoxicity: In vitro

AbstractThe present manuscript portrays environmental benign, cost‐effective and energy efficient green route way to synthesize Mg−Zn ferrite nanoparticles [Mg0.05Zn0.05Fe2O4 NPs] using Ocimum Basilicum leaf extract [OBLE]. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that Ocimum Basilicum leaf extract mediated Mg−Zn ferrite nanoparticles [OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs] exhibit face centred cubic crystallinity with space group as confirmed by Rietveld refinement studies. Microstructural analysis illustrated uniform surface morphology with well interlinked grain with an average grain size of 35.6±0.12 nm. FTIR spectra showed existence of hydroxyl −OH group at 3403 cm−1 and C=C vibration at 2345 cm−1. Magnetic hysteresis loop (M−H loop) confirmed the superparamagnetic behaviour of OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs. Cytotoxic activity of OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs was carried out against breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231. Dose dependent cell viability of cancerous cells depicted cytotoxic potential of OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs.

Enhancing Sugar Beet Plant Health with Zinc Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Solution for Disease Management

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is susceptible to various diseases, especially powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe betae. Using nanotechnology in agriculture could revolutionize the sector by providing new tools for fast disease diagnosis and disease resistance. This study investigated the potential of Zn nanoparticles in inducing resistance to powdery mildew in sugar beet plants through two experiments. The first experiment assessed the susceptibility of sugar beet cultivars to powdery mildew, with Puma being the most resistant and Top being the most susceptible. The second experiment examined the impact of Zn NPs in inducing resistance to powdery mildew. Zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZN) and zinc sulfate (ZS) at concentrations of 100, 50 and 10 ppm were used as foliar applications. The results showed that most treatments significantly increased levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, endogenous H2O2, and activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), while reducing the severity of powdery mildew disease, lipid peroxidation (MDA), phenolics concentrations and catalase activity, especially Zn at concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm compared to infected control. The physiological role of Zn NPs in inducing resistance against powdery mildew disease is attributed to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative reactions of phenolic compounds catalyzed by PPO and/or POD. Our results suggested that ZnO nanoparticles at 100 and 50 ppm can be used as a foliar spray to reduce the harmful impacts of biotic stress caused by E. betae in sugar beet plants by inducing resistance to the pathogen.

The toxicity and uptake of bulk and nano-sized ZnO particles in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings

The effect of synthesized nano-sized ZnO particles (ZnO NPs) on wheat germination and growth parameters (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied compared to bulk Zn. Results showed that adding bulk Zn resulted in no significant differences in germination parameters compared to the control samples. On the other hand, the addition of ZnO NPs showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all germination parameters in comparison to the blank (control) samples. Moreover, the general average Zn concentrations in the plant were 141 and 253 mg kg−1 (dry weight) for bulk Zn and ZnO NPs treated plants, respectively, indicating preferential uptake of ZnO NPs. The addition of c. 10 mg L−1 of ZnO NPs to the wheat shoot system promoted chlorophyll formation equal to 100 mg L−1 addition of bulk Zn. Adding bulk Zn and ZnO NPs reduced root growth substantially compared to the control samples. The effective toxic dose (so-called EC50) for ZnO NPs and bulk Zn was 20.7 and 522 mg Zn L−1, respectively, indicating much higher toxicity of ZnO NPs and highlighting the nano-specific toxicity of nano-sized Zn. The wheat uptake of ZnO NPs was well fitted to a nonlinear Freundlich-like expression, suggesting that our model could effectively predict mass production fertilization procedures. The present study may thus help to increase Zn biofortification in cereals by using ZnO NPs, which may in turn be very helpful for populations suffer from Zn malnutrition.

The effects of atomic percentage and size of Zinc nanoparticles, and atomic porosity on thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced calcium phosphate cement by molecular dynamics simulation

This study used the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method to assess the effects of different percentages of NPs, sizes, and percentages of porosity on reinforced cement thermal behavior (TB) and mechanical behavior (MB) of samples. The temperature and kinetic energy (KE) converged to 300 K and 35.42 eV after 10 ns, which indicated the thermodynamic equilibrium and the atomic stability in the structures. Increasing the NPs percentage from 1% to 3% increased the maximum temperature from 1364 to 1405 K. By further increasing it to 5%, it was reduced to 1361 K. As the radius of Zn NPs increased to 16 Å, the ultimate strength (US) and Young's Modulus (YM) increased from 1.07 to 0.19 MPa to 1.2 and 0.22 MPa. The increase in the NPs' radius to 16 Å caused an increase in the maximum temperature from 1405 to 1455 K, maintaining atomic stability. As the porosity increased from 1% to 5%, the US and YM reduced from 0.91 to 0.17 MPa to 0.81 and 0.15 MPa. As the porosity increased from 1% to 5%, the maximum temperature was reduced from 1400 K to 1384 K. According to the results, Zn NPs' percentage and size effectively improved the MB of the final cement.

Foliar application of silicon, selenium, and zinc nanoparticles can modulate lead and cadmium toxicity in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants by optimizing growth and biochemical status

Different techniques have been used to alleviate metal toxicity in medicinal plants; accordingly, nanoparticles (NPs) have a noticeable interest in modulating oxidative stresses. Therefore, this work aimed to compare the impacts of silicon (Si), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) NPs on the growth, physiological status, and essential oil (EO) of sage(Salvia officinalis L.)treated with foliar application of Si, Se, and Zn NPs upon lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) stresses. The results showed that Se, Si, and Zn NPs decreased Pb accumulation by 35, 43, and 40%, and Cd concentration by 29, 39, and 36% in sage leaves. Shoot plant weight showed a noticeable reduction upon Cd (41%) and Pb (35%) stress; however, NPs, particularly Si and Zn improved plant weight under metal toxicity. Metal toxicity diminished relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll, whereas NPs significantly enhanced these variables. The noticeable raises in malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) were observed in plants exposed to metal toxicity; however, they were alleviated with foliar application of NPs. The EO content and EO yield of sage plants decreased by the heavy metals but increased by the NPs. Accordingly, Se, Si, and Zn NPS elevated EO yield by 36, 37, and 43%, respectively, compared with non-NPs. The primary EO constituents were 1,8-cineole (9.42-13.41%), α-thujone (27.40-38.73%), β-thujone (10.11-12.94%), and camphor (11.31-16.45%). This study suggests that NPs, particularly Si and Zn, boosted plant growth by modulating Pb and Cd toxicity, which could be advantageous for cultivating this plant in areas with heavy metal-polluted soils.

Zinc nanoparticles ameliorate oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by silver nanoparticles in the brain of male rats

The current study was conducted to investigate the possible ameliorative role of zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) against silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)-induced oxidative and apoptotic brain damage in adult male rats. Twenty-four mature Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups: control group, Ag NPs group, Zn NPs group, and Ag NPs + Zn NPs group. Rats were exposed to Ag NPs (50 mg/kg) and/or Zn NPs (30 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage for 12 weeks. The results revealed that exposure to Ag NPs significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, decreased catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities, downregulated the relative mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes (Nrf-2 and SOD), and upregulated the relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes (Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9) in the brain tissue. Furthermore, severe neuropathological lesions with a substantial increase in the caspase 3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity were observed in the cerebrum and cerebellum of Ag NPs-exposed rats. Conversely, co-administration of Zn NPs with Ag NPs significantly ameliorated most of these neurotoxic effects. Collectively, Zn NPs can be used as a potent prophylactic agent against Ag NPs-induced oxidative and apoptotic neural damage.

Determination of Bactericidal Potential of Green Based Silver and Zinc Nanoparticles against Bacterial Canker of Tomato

Bacterial canker of tomato is the most damaging one and is responsible for causing 70% yield losses each year. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field known as green nanotechnology and has emerged as vital tool for the management of plant diseases. In comparison to other conventional techniques, green synthesis of various nanoparticles was found to be eco-friendly, low-cost and profitable resulting in more stable synthesized materials. In present research, zinc and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and their antibacterial potential was evaluated alone and in combination against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis under lab and field conditions. In lab experiment, combination of Zinc and Silver NPs proved to be the most effective showing maximum inhibition zone (27.449 mm) followed by Zinc (19.50 mm), and Silver (16.21 mm). Similarly, in the field experiment combination of Ag+Zn NPs proved effective with minimum disease incidence (6.10%) followed by Zinc (10.15%) and Silver NPs (22.40%) as compared to the control.

Efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles and Bifidobacterium bifidum Extraction on anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with diarrhea

Infectious acute diarrhea may be prevented with probiotics; because they make up the majority of the colonic flora in breastfed newborns and are likely to contribute to the lower incidence of diarrhea in this population, Bifidobacteria are particularly appealing as probiotics agents. The present study was designed to identify anaerobic bacteria, especially C. difficile the main reason for dysentery associated with antibiotics. Detect the ability of each ZnoNPs and B. bifidum to inhibit bacterial growth. During the period from March to October 2019, (100) children and adults who came to Salah al-deen hospital in Tikrit city participated in the study under the supervision of a physician. All samples were transported using a carry Blair if late one or two hours after collection and culturing. The collected models were also cultured on Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar, Salmonella Shigella agar, Eosin methylene blue agar, and MacConkey agar. For initiated diagnoses of the Enterobacteriaceae, Blood agar is used to detect beta-hemolytic isolates, recover enteric bacteria other than Enterobacteriaceae, and evaluate the results of oxidase tests. To diagnose bacterium kinds, biochemical reactions and motility tests were used. Impact of ZnoNPs, and B. bifidum antibiotic In vitro. The results of 100 dysentery feces samples were obtained into (60%) samples for males and (40%) for females. Eighty-two positively impacted anaerobically on growth media like Clostridium complicate agar and MacConkey agar (18%) other than bacteria. In contrast, negative samples revealed 10 (55.56 percent) samples for males and 8 (44.44 percent) samples for females. The same stool samples were taken and cultured on Clostridium difficile agar and MacConkey agar under anaerobic and ideal incubation conditions. 15% and 67% of isolates appeared on MacConkey agar of the total number of samples, while 18% showed negative growth. Finally, Zn NPs showed their ability to inhibit Clostridium complicated segregate lean on the condensation 5 mg/ml, and it caused the inhibitory effect on Clostridium to complicate by 10-22 of the diameter of inhibition. The Inhibition Zone Dimeter ranged from 8 to 25 mm for isolates when condensation was utilized at 2.5 mg/ml. According to the findings, the widths of the inhibitory zones for isolates of C. difficile containing B. bifidum supernatant mg/ml ranged from 9 to 24 mm. Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Probiotic, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Clostridium difficile