Liver Zn Research Articles

88 Impacts of trace mineral source and ancillary drench on steer performance during a 60-day backgrounding phase

Abstract This experiment evaluated the impacts of supplementing organic complexed Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn on productive and health responses of high-risk beef cattle during a 60-d backgrounding phase. Crossbred steers (n = 120) were purchased at auction and transported to the experimental facility. Steer BW was recorded at arrival (d -1; initial shrunk BW = 227.7 ± 1.3 kg). On d 0, steers were ranked by BW and allocated to 1 of 8 groups (8 steers/group) and housed in drylot pens (6 m x 12 m) equipped with GrowSafe automated feeding systems (Model 8000; 2 bunks/pen; d 0 to 60). Groups were randomly assigned to receive a total mixed ration (TMR; 47% corn) containing: 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 40); 2) organic complexed sources of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Zinpro Availa 4; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN; n = 40); or 3) AAC and an organic complexed trace mineral drench (APF; 30 mL/hd; Zinpro ProFusion, Zinpro Corp.) on d 0 and ancillary to morbidity treatment (n = 40). Diets provided the same daily amount of energy, protein, macro minerals and trace minerals based on 7 g/steer daily of Zinpro Availa 4. Steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily. Liver biopsies were performed on day 0, 28 and 60. Final BW was recorded on d 60 and 61. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 2, 6, 10, 13, 21, 28 and 45. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.23) for TMR intake, final BW, ADG, feed efficiency, or BRD incidence. Mean liver Co concentrations were greater (P = 0.02) in AAC and APF compared with INR steers. Mean liver Cu was greater (P = 0.02) in APF compared with AAC steers. Liver Zn tended to be greater (P = 0.10) on d 28 but less (P = 0.05) on d 60 for INR compared with AAC and APF steers. Plasma cortisol was least (P = 0.05) for steers supplemented with AAC on d 6, whereas AAC steers tended to have greater (P = 0.09) plasma cortisol on d 13 compared with APF. Plasma haptoglobin tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.10) for INR steers on d 28 and 45 compared with AAC and APF. While supplementing cattle with AAC or INR results in similar animal performance and clinical disease, AAC and APF reduces stress and acute phase protein responses.

Assessment of Zn and Cu in piglets' liver and kidney: impact in fecal Enterococcus spp.?

Zinc and copper have been used as growth promotors in alternative to antibiotics in pig's diet. The aim was the ascertainment of the Zn and Cu concentrations in piglets' liver and kidney and their impact in the reduced susceptibility to Zn, Cu, and antibiotics in enterococci, used as microbiota biomarker. Zn and Cu were determined in the livers and kidneys of 43 piglets slaughtered in Portugal, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Enterococci were isolated from feces for determining the identification of species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, and Enterococcus spp.); susceptibility to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid, tigecycline, ampicillin, imipenem, and metals; and Cu tolerance genes. In piglets with Zn and Cu high or toxic levels, enterococci had reduced susceptibility to ions, reinforced by the presence of Cu tolerance genes and by resistance to antibiotics. The study relevance is to show the relationship between these metals' levels and decreased susceptibility to Cu, Zn, and antibiotics by enterococci. From the results, it could be supposed that the piglets were being fed with high doses of Zn and Cu which could select more resistant bacteria to both antibiotics and metals that could spread to environment and humans.

The association between trace metals in both cancerous and non-cancerous tissues with the risk of liver and gastric cancer progression in northwest China

Liver cancer and gastric cancer have extremely high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. It is well known that an increase or decrease in trace metals may be associated with the formation and development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in cancerous liver and gastric tissues, compared to adjacent healthy tissues, and to investigate the relationship between trace metals and cancer progression. During surgery, multiple samples were taken from the cancerous and adjacent healthy tissues of patients with liver and gastric cancer, and trace metal levels within these samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in tissues from patients with liver cancer were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (P < 0.05). Similarly, patients with gastric cancer also showed lower levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn—but higher levels of Cu and Se—compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In addition, patients with liver and gastric cancers who had poorly differentiated tumours and positive lymph node metastases showed lower levels of trace metals (P < 0.05), although no significant changes in their concentrations were observed to correlate with sex, age, or body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression, principal component analysis (PCA), Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and quantile-based g computing (qgcomp) models were used to analyse the relationships between trace metal concentrations in liver and gastric cancer tissues and the progression of these cancers. We found that single or mixed trace metal levels were negatively associated with poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in both liver and gastric cancer, and the posterior inclusion probability (PIP) of each metal showed that Cd contributed the most to poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in both liver and gastric cancer (all PIP = 1.000). These data help to clarify the relationship between changes in trace metal levels in cancerous liver and gastric tissues and the progression of these cancers. Further research is warranted, however, to fully elucidate the mechanisms and causations underlying these findings.

Impacts of trace mineral source and ancillary drench on steer performance during a 60-day backgrounding phase

Nutritional approaches to optimize cattle health and performance during the receiving period are warranted. This experiment evaluated the impacts of supplementing organic complexed Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn on productive and health responses of high-risk beef cattle during a 60-day backgrounding phase. Crossbred steers (120) were purchased at auction and transported to the experimental facility, where BW was recorded (day−1; initial shrunk BW = 227.7 ± 1.3 kg). On day 0, steers were ranked by BW and allocated to one of eight groups and housed in drylot pens equipped with GrowSafe automated feeding systems (Model 8000; two bunks/pen). Groups were randomly assigned to receive a total mixed ration containing: (1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 40); (2) organic complexed sources of the same minerals (AAC; Zinpro Availa 4 based on a metal:amino acid complex ratio of 1:1 for Zn, Cu, and Mn in addition to cobalt glucoheptonate; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN; n = 40); or (3) AAC and an organic complexed trace mineral drench (APF; 30 mL/hd; Zinpro ProFusion, Zinpro Corp.) on day 0 and with morbidity treatment (n = 40). Diets provided the same daily amount of all nutrients and minerals based on 7 g/steer daily of Zinpro Availa 4. Steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily. Liver biopsies were performed on days 0, 28 and 60. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 6, 10, 13, 21, 28 and 45. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.23) for feed intake, final BW, average daily gain, or BRD incidence. Mean liver Co concentrations were greater (P = 0.02) in AAC and APF compared to INR steers. Mean liver Cu was greater (P = 0.02) in APF compared to AAC steers. Liver Zn tended to be greater (P = 0.10) on day 28 but less (P = 0.05) on day 60 for INR compared to AAC and APF steers. Plasma cortisol was lowest (P = 0.05) for AAC steers on day 6, whereas AAC steers tended to have greater (P = 0.09) plasma cortisol on day 13 compared with APF. Plasma haptoglobin tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.10) for INR steers on days 28 and 45 compared to AAC and APF. While supplementing cattle with AAC or INR results in similar animal performance and clinical disease, AAC and APF reduce stress and acute phase protein responses.

Metal Bioaccumulation and Assemblage Attributes for Anurans in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

Background and Research Aims: Morphological and physiological effects of anthropogenic metals have been the focus of several studies in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve (REBIOSH, Mexico) but little is known about how they affect anurans in the area. We evaluated metal bioaccumulation in anurans from streams in the REBIOSH and examined anuran communities in five sites at different positions relative to abandoned mine tailings. Methods: Three and two sites were located upstream and downstream from mine tailings, respectively. We collected anuran community information and obtained sediment, water and liver samples for metal quantification from each site. Results: Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn in water, and Zn, Mn, Fe and Cr in sediment, were significantly different among sites. We found bioaccumulation of Pb, Zn and Fe in livers of Smilisca baudinii, Lithobates spectabilis, L. zweifeli and Rhinella horribilis, species with different life traits. We found similar among-site species richness and diversity. Communities were dominated by L. zweifeli, R. horribilis and S. baudinii. Dominance was highest in sites distant from mine tailings. Agalychnis dacnicolor, Tlalocohyla smithii and Hypopachus variolosus were only present in sites located closest to mine tailings. Conclusion: We did not detect an effect of metal bioacummulation on anuran communities, but our findings suggest a potential effect on certain species in the protected area. Our results form a baseline for future explorations of the impacts of metals in the region. Implications for Conservation: Toxic metal bioaccumulation has potential for reducing anuran genetic variability and altering sexual proportions and fecundity, potentially leading to anuran extirpations. We provide first evidence for metal bioaccumulation in anurans in the protected area, and one of few studies on its anuran communities. Our evidence can serve as guidance to ameliorate effects of legacy metal mining in this biodiversity hotspot.

165 Interactions Between Steroidal Implants and Zinc Supplementation in Feedlot Steers

Abstract Angus-cross steers (n = 144; 362 kg ± 20.4) were used to determine the interaction of Zn and steroidal implants on growth and trace mineral (TM) status. Steers (n = 6/pen) were stratified by BW in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments were fed for 60 days pre-implant, with a roughage-based diet from d -60 to -38, transition to a high concentrate diet, and 23 d on finishing diet before implant. Dietary treatments (8 pens per treatment; Zn as ZnSO4) included: 1) no supplemental Zn (analyzed 54 mg Zn/kg DM; Zn0); 2) 30 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (Zn30); 3) 100 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (Zn100). Within Zn treatment, steers received a steroidal implant treatment on d 0: 1) no implant; NO; or 2) high potency combination implant (TE-200, Elanco, Greenfield, IN; 200 mg TBA, 20 mg E2; TE200). Body weights were taken on d -1, 0, 28, 56, and 89, 90. Liver and blood were collected on d 0, 20, 40, and 84 for TM. GrowSafe bunks recorded individual feed intake (steer as experimental unit; n = 24 per treatment). Proc Mixed of SAS evaluated linear and quadratic effects of Zn within implant treatments and the effect of supplemental Zn within TE200. Performance and carcass characteristics used d -60 BW as a covariate. Plasma and liver TM data were analyzed as repeated measures. After 60 d plasma Zn was similar amongst Zn treatments (1.36 mg/L; P = 0.15). TE200 tended to decrease plasma Zn 8.4% from d 0 to 20 whereas NO cattle decreased 3.6% (implant × day; P = 0.08). Supplementation of Zn increased overall liver Zn concentration (P = 0.05). TE200 decreased liver Mn 13.8% from d 0 to 20 while NO decreased 1.2% (implant × day; P = 0.01). During the first 28 d post-implant, no linear or quadratic effects of Zn were noted within NO or TE200 for BW, ADG, G:F, or DMI (P ≥ 0.12). However, within TE200, Zn supplementation improved d 0-28 ADG and G:F (P ≤ 0.04). From d 56-90 steer performance was lackluster; however, within TE200, increasing concentration of supplemental Zn tended to linearly increase G:F (P = 0.07). Within TE200, marbling tended to be quadratically affected (P = 0.06) where Zn30 was lesser than Zn100 with Zn0 intermediate. No additional linear, quadratic, or Zn within TE200 carcass responses (P ≥ 0.11) were noted. From d 0 to 28 Zn supplementation improved ADG and G:F of implanted steers; beyond this, few growth performance differences were noted due to Zn. However, liver and plasma TM results are consistent with our prior work, suggesting steroidal implants increase demand for Zn and Mn following implant administration to support improved growth and efficiency.

Effects of low phytate soymilk intake on calcium, iron and zinc status in male Sprague-Dawley rats

To compare effects of low phytate soymilk and regular soymilk consumption on the long-term mineral status in the body via rodent models. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control (CON), soymilk (SM) and low phytate soymilk group (LPSM), with 28 days’ intervention. Compared to CON, serum Ca, hemoglobin and transferrin, femur Zn level from both SM and LPSM group were elevated, while serum Fe, RDW and Zn from SM group were decreased. Serum and liver Zn level from LPSM group was significantly higher compared to SM group. In comparison with CON and SM, Ca level in the femur and liver, bone mineral density of cortical and trabecular bone from LPSM were increased. LPSM was capable of improving bone quality, maintaining circulating Fe and Zn levels, and liver Fe storage compared to SM group. Further studies on human subjects are required to explore low phytate soymilk consumption on Ca, Fe and Zn status.

Mineral characteristics of viscera of Hulunbuir grassland short-tailed sheep from Inner Mongolia, China

Nutritional components, especially minerals of Hulunbuir grassland short-tailed sheep’s viscera and muscle lack systematic detection and evaluation. To complement this deficiency, a total of 162 samples were collected from the heart, lung, liver, kidney, rumen, reticulum, omasum, small intestine and longissimus dorsi of grassland short-tailed sheep, and 26 mineral elements were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA), traditional descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to compare the mineral element characteristics of viscera and longissimus dorsi. PCA result showed that the mineral characteristics of the viscera and longissimus dorsi were obviously different. There was a significant positive correlation between the contents of Co and Mo, and between Se and Cd in viscera (p < 0.01). The contents of Zn (3.27 ± 0.3 mg/100 g), Fe (12.9 ± 3.5 mg/100 g), Cu (3.32 ± 1.7 mg/100 g), Mo (101 ± 21 μ g/100 g) and Co (4.90 ± 0.8 μ g/100 g) in liver, Se (50.4 ± 25 μ g/100 g) in kidney and Ca (80.7 ± 50 mg/100 g) and Mn (458 ± 270 μ g/100 g) in omasum were significantly higher than those in other viscera. The contents of Zn (3.36 ± 1.3 mg/100 g) and Cu (6.24 ± 1.8 mg/100 g) in longissimus dorsi were significantly higher than other viscera. The heavy metals in all viscera did not exceed the limits for livestock viscera set by the national food safety standards. The overall mineral characteristics of the same viscera were different among different months of age.

Assessment of macro-, trace- and toxic elements in Small Indian mongoose, Herpestes auropunctatus (Hodgson, 1836), from Montenegro: potential use for biomonitoring

The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of 28 elements in the liver, kidney, muscle, and heart of a small Indian mongoose from Montenegro. Element concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significant differences in elemental concentrations between analyzed tissues were observed for Ag, Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, S, Se, and Zn. The concentrations of Ag, Fe, Mo, and S were significantly different between all analyzed tissues. Muscle tissue is characterised by higher concentrations of some macroelements (K, Mg, S) and liver tissue by higher concentrations of some trace elements (Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn). Cardiac tissue could be the target organ for bioaccumulation of Ag and Se. The molar ratio Se:Hg was higher than 1 in all studied tissues. There were few significant differences between element concentrations in mongooses from three analyzed (Airport, Saline, Inland) groups. Significantly higher concentrations of Ag and Se were found in liver tissue of Inland mongooses compared to animals from Airport and Saline. There were few significant differences (Zn in liver and muscle, Fe in muscle) in element concentrations between females and males.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Alters Maternal and Embryonic Zinc Metabolism and Is Developmentally Toxic in Mice

We tested the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) would be teratogenic in mice due in part to its effects on zinc metabolism. In Experiment 1, nonpregnant mice were injected with a single dose of TNF-α (40,000 U) or PBS and then received a 65Zn-labeled meal. Mice killed 10 h after TNF-α treatment had high liver 65Zn and low plasma 65Zn, compared with controls. In Experiment 2, gestation day 8 (GD 8) mice were injected with PBS or TNF-α and then received a 65Zn-labeled meal. Dams killed 10 h after TNF-α treatment had higher liver and kidney 65Zn and lower plasma and embryonic 65Zn accumulation than controls. In Experiment 3, TNF-α dosing from GD 7–12 was associated with high maternal liver Zn and metallothionein concentrations on GD 13 and a high frequency of exencephaly on GD 18. In Experiment 4, dams fed diets containing 4.5, 12.5 or 50.0 µg Zn/g were given PBS or TNF-α on GD 7–12. Gross fetal defects were not observed in the PBS-treated litters evaluated on GD 18. In contrast, TNF-α-treated litters were characterized by multiple defects, with the incidence and severity being highest in the low Zn diet group. In Experiment 5, embryos cultured in serum from TNF-α-treated animals exhibited a high frequency of defects; the developmental toxicity of this serum was ameliorated when it was supplemented with Zn. Thus, the developmental toxicity of TNF-α is due in part to its influence on Zn metabolism.

Effects of a Blend of Live Yeast and Organic Minerals as an Alternative to Monensin on Intake, Digestibility, Performance and Beef Quality of Nellore Bulls Finished on Pasture with High Concentrate Supplementation

Effects of a blend of live yeast and organic minerals as an alternative to monensin and inorganic trace minerals for beef cattle finished on pasture with high concentrate supplementation, on growth performance, intake, digestibility, liver trace mineral and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Forty-eight Nellore bulls were blocked by initial body weight and randomly assigned to one of the two experimental diets. The animals were raised in an experimental pasture divided into 12 paddocks equipped with an electronic system for monitoring individual feeding behavior and feed intake. Treatments were: (1) Monensin (MON), 30 mg/kg supplement dry matter of sodium monensin and trace minerals supplementation from inorganic sources; (2) AdvantageTM (ADV), 1.6 g/kg supplement DM of a blend of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains) and organic trace minerals. The use of ADV instead of MON led to greater supplement intake and greater intake of dietary components. Bulls fed ADV also had higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrates. Bulls fed MON had a greater number of visits to the feeder, however with a shorter time spent feeding per visit. The use of ADV resulted in higher average daily weight gain, and feed efficiency was similar between treatments. In the carcass, ADV tended toward greater Longissimus muscle area. Liver Zn concentration tended to be lower in the ADV treatment. The use of ADV generated higher meat lightness and redness. In summary, the blend of live yeast and organic minerals can be an alternative to monensin and inorganic sources of trace minerals for beef cattle finished on pasture with high concentrate supplementation, without negative effects on supplement feed efficiency and with benefits to animal growth.

Assessment of effects of metal contamination and abiotic factors on fatty acid composition and biochemical biomarkers activity in the liver of Chelon ramada collected from two ecosystems on the Mahdia coast, Tunisia

This study aimed to assess metal contamination and abiotic factors during spring and autumn in two ecosystems, the open Sea area (S1) and the fishing harbor (S2), located on the Mahdia coast (Tunisia) using the thin-lipped grey mullet, Chelon ramada, as a bioindicator, with the main objectives of evaluating the relationship and combined effects of these parameters on liver fatty acid composition and relevant malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, informing on the pollution status in these ecosystems for appropriate management procedures, and validating the use of C. ramada as a bioindicator for contamination assessment programs in Tunisia. The results revealed a significant increase in Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd concentration in sediments, water, and liver at S2 during spring. In addition, significant variations in temperature and salinity were observed between S1 and S2 during spring and autumn. Moreover, a significant high increase in saturated stearic acid (SFA-C18:0) and both polyunsaturated arachidonic (ARA, C20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5n-3) acids at S2 during autumn and spring, respectively. Furthermore, significant high activity was found at S2 in both MDA and CAT during spring and in AChE during autumn. Accordingly, the S2 ecosystem appeared more contaminated than S1, but the impacts of contamination during autumn were mitigated by significantly higher temperature and salinity. These findings provide important information for environmental assessment programs in Tunisia and should help formulate more stringent management procedures for the discharges of the harbor, shipping, fishing, and industrial activities into the ecosystem of Mahdia fishing harbor (S2).

Effects of dietary zinc/copper ratios on the metabolism of zinc and copper in weaned pigs.

This study compared the effects of different dietary zinc/copper ratios on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) metabolism in weaned pigs. One hundred and sixty piglets (7.81 ± 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were used in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design composed with high (H) and low (L) levels of added dietary Zn (100 and 3,000 mg/kg) and dietary Cu (6 and 130 mg/kg). Piglets were slaughtered at 21, 28, 35, and 42 d of age for blood and tissues collection. Serum, jejunum mucosa, liver, and kidney concentrations of Zn and Cu were analyzed as well as tissues mRNA abundance of genes related to their metabolism. Serum and liver Zn concentrations increased at days 28, 35, and 42 in HZn groups compared to pre-treatment levels (day 21; P ≤ 0.01) but for LZn animals, values decreased at days 28, 35, and 42 in liver (P ≤ 0.01) but remained stable vs. day 21 levels in serum (P ≥ 0.37). Serum, jejunum mucosa, liver, and kidney Zn concentrations were greater in HZn groups from day 28 (P ≤ 0.01). In jejunum mucosa, the mRNA expression of ZIP4 was lower in HZn piglets at day 28 (P ≤ 0.01) and at day 42 whereas HCu supplementation increased ZIP4 expression in LZn but not in HZn diets (P = 0.05). For ZNT1, MT3, and MT1, values of relative mRNA expression were greater for HZn animals in jejunum mucosa, liver, and kidney (P ≤ 0.01) from day 28. In kidney (P < 0.01) at day 42, HZn supplementation increased MTs expression in both LCu or HCu groups. Serum and liver Cu concentrations decreased at days 35 and 42 in all treatments compared to day 21 (P ≤ 0.04), except LZnHCu in liver that was not different from day 21 (P ≥ 0.17). Serum Cu concentrations were lower in HZn and greater in HCu groups at days 35 and 42 (P ≤ 0.01) whereas hepatic Cu was reduced by HZn diets in both LCu and HCu groups at days 35 and 42 (P ≤ 0.01). Jejunum Cu concentrations were increased by HCu diets in HZn but not in LZn groups at days 28 and 42 (P ≤ 0.04). Renal Cu concentrations were greater in HZn groups at day 28 (P < 0.01) whereas at day 42 HZn diets increased Cu values in both LCu and HCu groups (P ≤ 0.01). The expression of ATP7A in kidney at day 42 was greater for HZn groups (P = 0.02). In conclusion, high dietary Zn levels were not efficiently regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and significantly impaired Cu homeostasis. Low dietary Zn/Cu ratios allow a more efficient regulation of the metabolism of these trace minerals in post-weaning piglets. The current official recommendations for Zn and Cu to post-weaning piglets apparently do not fulfill their requirements.

Effects of supplemental Zn concentration and trace mineral source on immune function and associated biomarkers of immune status in weaned beef calves received into a feedlot

Low-risk, weaned Angus-crossbred steers (n = 72; 284 ± 25 kg) were used in a 42-d receiving study. Steers were housed in pens (n = 6 steers per pen) equipped with GrowSafe bunks for determination of individual animal feed disappearance. Dietary treatments (n = 24 steers per treatment) included: 1) trace minerals (TM) from an organic source (Availa4; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) at 7 g·steer-1·d-1; for 42 d (ORG); 2) ORG for entire 42-d plus AvailaZn (Zn amino acid complex, Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) to provide 1,000 mg Zn·steer-1·d-1 for first 14 d (ORG+Z); 3) inorganic TM sources to supplemented at equivalent concentration as in ORG for 42-d (ING). Cattle were weighed on day -1, 0, 14, 41, and 42. Whole blood was collected (n = 72 steers) on day 0, 14, and 42. Liver biopsies were conducted (n = 36 steers; 3 steers per pen) on day 0, 14, and 42. Flow cytometry measures were conducted using whole blood on day 1, 14, and 42 for determination of circulating frequencies of immune cell populations. There was a tendency for improved overall average daily gain (P = 0.07) where both ORG and ORG+Z were greater than ING. Final body weight did not differ (P = 0.21) and overall dry matter intake was unaffected by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.18). However, overall gain-to-feed ratio was improved (P = 0.01) in steers supplemented organic TM (ORG and ORG+Z) compared to ING. Plasma Zn concentration did not differ at any time point during the study (P ≥ 0.20). Liver Zn concentration did not differ between treatments on day 0 or 42; however, on day 14 ING tended (P = 0.09) to be greater than ORG+Z with ORG being intermediate. Plasma Cu was unaffected by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.34) on day 0, 14, and 42. Plasma Fe did not differ on day 0 or 42 but tended to be greater in ORG and ORG+Z compared to ING (P = 0.08) on day 14. Dietary treatment did not alter (P ≥ 0.22) liver Fe or Mn concentration at any time point. Frequency of total circulating natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells measured on day 0, 14, and 42 did not differ (P ≥ 0.07). However, cell surface markers of activation (CD16, CD44, and CD8) on NK cells measured on day 14 did differ because of treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Results presented herein indicate TM from an organic source supplemented to steers during receiving can positively influence growth rate and feed efficiency. Regardless of source, TM supplementation affected markers of immune function but did not influence the prevalence of circulating NK and CD8 T-cell populations.

The Comparison of Essential Metals (Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in Bali Cattle and Goat Liver

The Comparison of Essential Metals (Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in Bali Cattle and Goat Liver

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae and in its fish host tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from fish farms.

Fish parasites are excellent bioindicators of environmental contamination because they respond quickly to water pollutant chemicals, and they can accumulate high concentrations of trace metals compared to their hosts. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation pattern of the following: Cd, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Al, Zn, Ba, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Co. We investigated the presence of trace metals in the acanthocephalan parasite Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, and the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of metals were tested in the food, muscle, and liver of its host fish Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui). We used samples from four commercial fish farms that also conduct other agribusiness activities. Tissues of the fish along with their parasites were subjected a trace metal concentration analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Most of metals showed significantly higher presence in N. buttnerae than in tambaqui (p < 0.05), with increased level of Na, Pb, Ca, Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe in fish muscle and that of Cr, Ni, Zn, Al, Ca, and Ba in fish liver. Considering all the fish farms, the highest values of BAF were observed for Fe, Al, Zn, and Mn with concentrations up to 35.63, 26.88, 14.12, and 6.66 times higher in acanthocephalan tissues than in the fish muscle, respectively. Moreover, Ba, Ca, and Al showed concentrations up to 18.11, 12.18, and 11.77 times higher in acanthocephalan than in the liver of tambaqui. Our results indicate that the higher the levels of these metals in the parasite, the lower their concentrations in the muscular and hepatic tissues of the fish. Therefore, we suggest that N. buttnerae can directly influence the concentrations of trace metals in the fish tissues and accumulate both essential trace (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Ca) and toxic elements (Al, Pb, and Ba) in the host.

3 Impacts of Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Beef Heifers During Gestation on Performance Measures of the Neonatal Calf, Trace Mineral Status, and Organ Weights at 30 Hours After Birth

Abstract Objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplement to beef heifers during gestation on calf performance, body measurements, trace mineral status, and organ weights at 30 h after birth. We hypothesized that VTM supplementation during gestation would improve mineral status in the neonatal calf but not impact calf performance parameters and body and organ weights at 30 hours after birth. Fourteen Angus-based heifers [initial body weight (BW)] = 273.7 ± 1.10 kg) were randomly assigned to receive either a basal diet (CON; n = 7) or a basal diet plus a VTM supplement (VTM; n = 7; 113 g•heifer-1•d-1, targeting gain of 0.45 kg/day) from 60 d pre-breeding through gestation. Immediately after parturition, blood samples were collected from dams and calves, then calves were separated from their dams. Calves were fed one feeding of colostrum replacer, followed by milk replacer every 12 h, then euthanized at 30 h. Body weight and measurements were recorded, then organs and viscera were removed, weighed, and sampled. Dam serum and neonatal serum, liver, and blood were analyzed for concentrations of minerals. Data were analyzed using the GLM Procedure of SAS with individual animal as the experimental unit. Dietary treatments did not impact calf weight (0 h or 30 h), calf body measurements, or body weight of the dam at calving (P ≥ 0.32). Further, neonatal organ weights were not influenced (P ≥ 0.21) by maternal VTM treatment. Concentrations of Se and Co in calf serum and Se in calf liver were increased (P ≤ 0.02) by VTM treatment; however, concentrations of Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn in calf muscle, liver, and serum were not impacted (P ≥ 0.07) by VTM treatment. Concentrations of Co in serum of the dam was the only mineral affected by dietary treatments, being greater (P = 0.001) in VTM than CON dams. In the current experiment providing trace mineral supplementation throughout gestation did not impact calf weight or body measurements at birth. However, the implications of altered mineral status of the neonatal calves at birth, and presumably throughout gestation, may have additional postnatal effects that warrant further investigation.

362 Evaluation of Different Levels of Trace Mineral Supplementation to Calves Prior to Wearing

Abstract A two-year study evaluated two different levels of trace mineral supplementation (Cu, Se, and Zn) to calves prior to weaning. Approximately 84 days prior to weaning, 24 calves/year (Angus × Hereford) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: trace mineral supplementation following NASEM (2016) requirements (Control); and trace mineral supplementation above NASEM (2016) requirements (Super). Calves were individually fed and trace minerals were provided in 0.5 lb of dry distillers grains three times weekly. The total weekly amount of trace minerals was divided into three feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Body weight (BW), blood, and liver samples were collected on d 0 and at weaning (d 84). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). No differences (P ≥ 0.69) were observed for the initial liver concentration of Se, Cu, and Zn. No differences (P = 0.54) were observed for liver Se concentration at weaning. A year effect (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed for liver Zn concentration at weaning. In year 1 but not in year 2, calves assigned to Control treatment had greater liver Zn concentration than calves assigned to Super treatment. For Cu liver concentration, a year effect (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed at weaning. In year 2, but not in year 1, calves assigned to Super treatment had greater liver Cu concentration than calves assigned to Control treatment. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or average daily gain pre- or post-weaning. Except for Cu, supplementation of trace minerals above the NASEM (2016) recommendations does not lead to improved mineral status of calves in this environment.

Effect of Different Dietary Zinc Sources on Growth, Element Deposition, Antioxidation, Lipid Metabolism, and Related Gene Expression in Hybrid Grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus)

This study investigated the effect of different supplements of Zn on the growth performance, antioxidant, lipid metabolism, and element deposition of hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus). A total of 180 juvenile groupers (bodyweight 10.02 ± 0.01 g) were divided into three groups of 20 fish each and fed with ZnSO4, nanozinc oxide (Nano-ZnO), and dihydromyricetin-Zn (DMY-Zn) for 8 weeks(the content of Zn were 123,122.11, and 120.72 mg/kg). The findings revealed that DMY-Zn had a substantial impact on growth, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio, whereas Nano-ZnO had a significant impact on feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Furthermore, DMY-Zn had a positive effect on the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content and significantly upregulated the lipid synthesis gene expression (FASN and ACACA) in the liver. The fish fed DMY-Zn had larger levels of catalase (CAT) in both the serum and liver, as well as Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes in muscle. In terms of antioxidant-related gene expression, the DMY-Zn treatment upregulated the expression of SOD1, Keap1b, and Mt2. Moreover, DMY-Zn also had a prominent effect on element deposition, increasing the concentration of Fe and Zn in the fish liver and muscle and Cu only in the fish muscle. The results revealed that a fish-fed diet enriched with DMY-Zn had significantly higher antioxidant and lipid metabolism activities than a ZnSO4-fed diet. In conclusion, dietary DMY-Zn treatment appears to be effective in increasing hybrid grouper growth, element deposition, antioxidant activity, and lipid metabolism.

Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Oreochromis niloticus in Bukit Merah Lake, Malaysia.

This study aims to determine the level of nine trace elements – As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in liver, gill and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus in Bukit Merah Lake (BML). The concentration of trace elements was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometers (ICP-OES). Cd and Ni were found below the detection level, while Cr was only detected in gill and muscle tissues. The Metal Pollution Index (MPI) established were liver > gill > muscle. The ranking order of trace elements in the gills was Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > As > Cu > Cr. For the liver, the ranking order was Fe > Cu > Zn > As > Mn > Pb, while in the muscle, the ranking order was Fe > Zn > Pb > As > Cu > Mn > Cr. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for all the trace elements in this study was calculated based on 168 g.day−1 of Malaysians’ fish consumption, indicating no potential risk. From the human health point of view, there was no significant non-carcinogenic risk of individual trace elements as evaluated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ). As indicated by the Hazardous Index (HI), the cumulative effect of all trace elements also suggested no potential of non-carcinogenic risk. The carcinogenic risks assessed from Pb and As were also neglectable and there was no likelihood of getting cancer during one’s life span.