Zizyphus Mauritiana Lamk Research Articles

Effect of foliar application of PGR and nutrient on fruit drop, growth, quality and yield of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Apple Ber under Chhattisgarh plain condition

Effect of foliar application of PGR and nutrient on fruit drop, growth, quality and yield of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Apple Ber under Chhattisgarh plain condition

Influence of Different Levels of NAA and 2, 4, 5-T on Fruit Drop, Fruiting, Fruit Retention, Growth and Yield of Indian Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.)

The experiment was carried out at Horticulture Garden, Department of Fruit Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during the November 2020- March 2021 and November 2021- March 2022. Sixteen treatments viz. four levels of NAA (0, 20, 30 and 40 ppm) and 2,4,5-T (0, 10, 20 and 30ppm) were studies in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Spraying was done on eleventh November, 2020 in first year and fifteenth November, 2021 in second year at fruit setting stage (Pea Stage) with fine nozzle sprayer in each treatment to give uniform spray on all over the treatment of ber plant. Application of (NAA@40 ppm and 2,4,5-T@30 ppm) significantly maximized initial fruit set (162.00 and 163.66), maximum fruit retention (20.39 and 20.43 percent) and maximum initial fruit set percentage (79.60 and 79.56 per cent). The length and width of fruit was significantly (5.35 and 4.99 cm) and (4.24 and 4.27 cm) respectively increased by application same concentration mention above. The maximum (36.62 and 36.82 g) fruit weight and physical properties of fruits like volume (36.57 and 36.42 cc) recorded under treatment (NAA@40ppm and 2,4,5-T@30ppm). The minimum stone length (0.88 and 0.87 cm), minimum stone diameter (0.88 and 0.87 cm), minimum stone weight (0.65 and 0.66 gm) and specific gravity (0.94 and 0.94 g cc-1) significantly found under (NAA@40 ppm and 2,4,5-T@30 ppm). The yield of ber was significantly increased (39.53 and 40.49) kg per plant, yield per hectare (121.30 and 121.33quintal) with treatment combination (NAA@40ppm and 2,4,5-T@30ppm) both the years of experiment.

Trend during Growth, Development and Quality Attributes of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) Fruits: A Review

The trends in growth, development and quality attributes of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) included changes observed during growth and development, namely fruiting behavior, physical properties and biochemical components of the ber fruit at different stages of growth and development. Flowering began in mid-September and ended in mid-November with the peak of the flowering period in mid-October. While the fruit setting was between the third week of September to the first week of December, but the peak fruit initiation period was the last week of September to mid-October. During fruit growth, development and yield attribute the percentage of fruit drop and retention also changes. Ber fruits were harvested in five times collections and the peak yield period was the first week of March. In the physical changes, the study revealed that length, width, weight, volume, pulp weight, and seed weight increased from fruit set to maturity at all stages of growth and development except for specific weight, which first increased in month of mid-November and then decreased when the fruits continued in the harvest phase. The biochemical changes in fruit in terms of total sugars, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars increased steadily from fruit set to maturity, when titratable acidity showed a trend decreasing during fruit growth and development.

Evaluation of different fungicides and organic amendments against powdery mildew of ber

In Northern states, powdery mildew of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) caused by Oidium erysiphoides f. sp. zizyphi is more prevalent and has become a menace. The white powdery coating on leaves and fruits affects the photosynthesis and growth & development, respectively. This disease results in 50–60% loss in fruit yield and reduces market value of the produce. In the present investigation, fungicides and organic amendments were used as foliar spray against the powdery mildew disease of ber on the cultivars Gola and Kaithali. Among all the treatments, least per cent disease index (6.48 and 5.13) was observed in Karathane 48 EC (0.1%) treatment that supported minimum disease index, whereas, maximum per cent disease index (16.96 & 12.4) was found in mustard oil @ 0.5% on the cultivars Gola and Kaithali, respectively. Among all the treatments, Karathane 48 EC @ 0.1% showed highest reduction (73.22 and 70.45%) in disease over control followed by hexaconazole 5 EC @ 0.1%, which reduced the disease up to 65.12 and 64.08% over control with the disease index of 8.44 and 6.2% on the cultivars Gola and Kaithali, respectively. Maximum increase in fruit yield per tree i.e. 57.45 and 55.33% was recorded on ber cultivars Gola and Kaithali, respectively sprayed with Karathane 48 EC @ 0.1%

Studies on changes in biochemical attributes during growth and development of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit cv. (Narendra ber selection-2)

The Studies on changes in biochemical attributes during growth and development of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit cv. (Narendra Ber Selection-2) was conducted during growing season of 2019-20. The fruits on tagged current season shoot were harvested at 21, 36, 51, 66, 81, 96, 111, 126, 141, 156, 171 and 186 days after fruit set. Samples were collected from Main Experiment Station, Horticulture and transported to the post graduate laboratory of Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The objective was to probe the pattern of biochemical changes in developing ber fruits. The outcomes reveal that total soluble solids increased from 1.04% to 17.94% during 186 days of fruit growth and development whereas acidity content continuously decreased and recorded 0.39% on 21th day and 0.14% on 186th day of growth and development. Ascorbic acid content increased from 3.29 mg/100g to 90.26 mg /100g of fruit. Reducing, Non-reducing and total sugar content significantly increased from 0.22% to 4.76%, 0.11% to 5.77% and 0.35% to 10.87%, respectively. Moisture content showed decreasing trend and was maximum 71.12% on 21st day and minimum 65.79% on 186th day of observation. An abrupt decrease in chlorophyll content was recorded with growth and development of the fruit.

Efficacy of Aloe vera based composite edible coatings to maintain the post-harvest appearance of Ber fruits (Zizyphus mauritiana) cv. Umran

Umran is a most popular variety in India among other cultivars of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit. It provides nutritious fruit at very low cost even under marginal growing conditions but has short shelf life of 3-5 days. The research conducted to check the efficacy of Aloe vera gel based composite edible coating to maintain the post-harvest physical attributes of Ber fruits. After harvesting, the fruits were coated with Aloe vera gelincorporated with texture enhancer (calcium gluconate @ 1 and 2%) and antioxidant (ascorbic acid @1 and 2%) and stored at ambient storage condition sup to 15 days. Among all the treatments 75% Aloe vera gel incorporated with 1% ascorbic acid significantly reduces the physiological loss in weight (8.89%), decay per cent (10.08%), shrinkage of fruits (5.03%) and retained Better fruit weight (14.98g), diameter (2.42cm) and firmness of fruits (1.09 kg/cm2) up to 15 days. While the uncoated (control) ber fruits start losing their physical attributes after 5 days.

Performance of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) Varieties under Two Irrigation Scheduling of Saline Water in Central Gujarat Conditions in India

The field experimentation was carried out at Instructional Farm, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Nanodara of Ahmadabad district during 2014 to 2018 with an objective to evaluate the response of the two ber varieties (Seb and Gola) to number of irrigations on the growth and yield of ber crop. It was also intended to understand effect of saline irrigation water on soil status as irrigation water of the study location is slightly saline in nature. The study was conducted in Split Plot Design with six replications. Treatments consisted of two irrigation schedule; normal irrigation at 15 days interval and life saving irrigation at 30 days interval and two varieties (Seb and Gola). Soil and irrigation water of the study location was analyzed using standard procedures for initial and yearly status, respectively. Two ways ANOVA was carried out using R Studio Statistics Rx 64 software. Significance levels were tested at p≤0.05. The highest plant height (326.87 cm), girth size (60.75 cm), number of secondary branches per plant (7.24), dry leaf biomass per plant (3.96 kg), dry shoot weight per plant (16.65) as well as fruits per plant (337.58), fruit weight (56.96 g), fruit yield per plant (19.43 kg) and fruit yield per ha (5400 kg) were increased significantly with normal irrigation treatment (irrigations at 15 days interval) which was significantly superior over life saving irrigation. In case of varieties, all the parameters of the growth and yield of the crop were maximum for Gola variety compared to Seb. The pH, EC and SAR were comparatively lower in soil under life saving than normal irrigation.

Studies on the preparation of antioxidant rich ber (Zizyphusmauritiana Lamk.) powder burfi with coconut sugar as natural sweetener

Studies on the preparation of antioxidant rich ber (Zizyphusmauritiana Lamk.) powder burfi with coconut sugar as natural sweetener

Appraisal of different floor management practices for weed management in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) orchards

Glyphosate was the commonly used herbicide in ber orchards in Punjab, India. This herbicide has been banned by State Government recently in the state. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop non- chemical approaches to check weeds in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) orchard. An experiment was conducted to study the influence of different orchard floor management practices on weed biomass, fruit yield and quality of ber at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India). Different floor management practices, viz. mulching (rice straw, white polythene, black polythene), mechanical, glyphosate and weedy check were evaluated. Weed biomass recorded at monthly intervals from November to March under all floor management practices exhibited a significant reduction in weed growth as compared to the weedy check. White polythene mulch recorded higher weed growth with reduced weed biomass as compared to black polythene mulch due to the penetration of solar radiation leading to weed emergence and disintegration of white polythene sheet. The weed biomass in inter-cultivation and herbicide treatments was increased up to January, however, with second cultivation and herbicide spray, the growth of weeds under these treatments was checked up to February and again showed an increasing trend. Although, glyphosate suppressed the weeds and mechanical weeding reduced the weed density but the resurgence of weeds resulted in comparatively higher weed biomass, while, rice straw mulch exhibited promising results, with 87.1 and 91.2% reduction in total weed biomass during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Application of rice straw mulch at 12.5 t/ha may help in weed management in ber orchards.

Genetic Diversity and Selection of Suitable Molecular Markers for Characterization of Indigenous Zizyphus Germplasm

Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk), belonging to family Rhamnaceae, is an underutilized fruit crop which can grow under harsh environments. It is becoming an important fruit crop due to its wide adaptation, early age bearing, easy management, rich nutrition and numerous uses. Evaluation of genetic diversity through molecular markers is very poor in this fruit crop. DNA finger printing of various genotypes through molecular markers is very essential for crop improvement programs and genetic studies. In the present study, genetic relationship among 17 genotypes of Z. mauritiana Lamk and one accession of Z. rotundifolia Lamk was studied using ISSR markers. A total of 191 scorable bands were identified with 20 ISSRs and out of these 162 fragments were polymorphic (84.82%) and remaining 29 as monomorphic (15.18%). Genetic similarity ranged from 37 to 76% and suggested that 18 Zizyphus genotypes used in this study had broad genetic base and were considered as divergent. Cluster investigation based on UPGMA method grouped these 18 genotypes into 3 different clusters (cluster 1, 2 and 3). Cluster 3 was the largest cluster with 3 subclusters (3a, 3b, 3c) and comprised of 13 genotypes. The cultivar ‘Suffon’ remained independent during cluster formation, indicating maximum genetic diversity. The primer UBC-847 gave the maximum PIC (0.433) and Dj (0.755). Therefore, it is considered more efficient primer for estimation of genetic diversity in Zizyphus genotypes. In the present study, phenotypically similar genotypes were successfully distinguished with ISSRs, indicating that these have potential to differentiate the genotypes on basis of their genetic make-up.

Optimization of spray drying conditions for the production of quality ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit powder

PurposeTo overcome the need of seasonal fruit ber, consumers prefer to use fruits in such a form that can be prepared easily or consumed instantly. By transforming them into powders, they can be effortlessly attained as well as preserved, stored and processed.Design/methodology/approachTo optimize the spray drying conditions for development of ber fruit powder, response surface methodology was used. The experimental design consisted of 13 runs. The levels of independent variables, i.e. inlet air temperature, varied from 153.79ºC to 196.21ºC and maltodextrin concentration, from 4.17 to 9.83 per cent. The responses were moisture content, bulk density, solubility, vitamin C, ΔE and L value.FindingsThe second-order polynomial model fitted for moisture content, bulk density, solubility, vitamin C, ΔE and L value was highly significant (p < 0.001) for each response. The inlet air temperature showed maximum influence on moisture content, bulk density, solubility and vitamin C, whereas the maltodextrin concentration showed maximum influence on bulk density, solubility, ΔE and L value. The predicted values were attained as moisture 4.90 per cent, bulk density 0.35g/ml, solubility 89.11 per cent, vitamin C 91.06mg/100g, ΔE 31.03 and L 87.78. The recommended optimum spray drying conditions were inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration of 166.64°C and 9.26 per cent, respectively.Originality/valueSpray drying of the underused Indian fruit ber has enhanced its utility. Ber powder can further be used as an instant beverage, in sweets, as a flavoring agent and in soft drinks.

Efficacy of amino acid based commercial formulate and potassium nitrate on productivity of Zizyphus mauritiana lamk. Cv. Seo in Central India

Efficacy of amino acid based commercial formulate and potassium nitrate on productivity of Zizyphus mauritiana lamk. Cv. Seo in Central India

Effect of carnauba wax-based coating containing glycerol monolaurate on the quality maintenance and shelf-life of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit during storage

Indian jujube is perishable and has a relatively short shelf-life at room temperature. The effects of carnauba wax (CW) and CW containing glycerol monolaurate (CW-GML) coating on physico-chemical and qualitative attributes of jujube fruit are investigated during storage at 20 °C for 12 days. Compared to the control, both CW and CW-GML coatings reduce jujube weight loss, respiration rate, and ethylene production, maintain lower activities of polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase and cellulase and delay the flesh softening. The two coatings also delay the change of skin color and ensure higher content of chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. However, the CW-GML coating most significantly inhibite the decay of jujube fruit and retains better sensory quality. After 12 d of storage at 20 °C, the decay index is only 44.3% of the control fruit, and 65.6% of the CW-coated jujube. These results confirm that CW-GML coating could be an effective means to contribute to the shelf-life extension and quality maintenance of jujube fruit stored at 20 °C.

Effect of gibberellic acid and oxalic acid on colour retention and storage quality of cold stored fruits of ber cv. Gola

Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruits are perishable in nature and have poor shelf-life. To extend the shelf-life of ber fruits, different post-harvest treatments, like pre-cooling, hot water treatment (HWT) at 55°C for 10min., HWT (55°C, 10 min.) + 10% oxalic acid for 15 min., GA3 (30, 60 and 90 ppm) were given to fruits and theireffects were studied on the storage life and quality of cv. Gola fruits under cold storage conditions (5 ± 1°C and85 ± 5% RH). Fruits of uniform size and colour were harvested, from healthy plants and subjected to post harvestdip of different chemicals, before placing in cold storage. The effect of different treatments accessed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage for physiological loss in weight (PLW), total soluble solids (TSS), marketabilityand palatability rating. The PLW and TSS increased and marketability decreased during storage under eachtreatment. The sensory rating increased up to 7 days under all treatments but subsequently decreased duringstorage. It can be concluded that ber cv. Gola fruits can be stored up to 21 days by post-harvest treatment using GA3 at 90 ppm with acceptable quality.

Response of growth regulators and micronutrients on yield and physico-chemical quality of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. BAU Kul-1

Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) is an indigenous delicious, nourishing fruit grown widely throughout the India but faces heavy fruit drop due to several biotic and abiotic stress factors resulted in declining trend of ber pro-duction over the year. Keeping these facts in foreground, replicated field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal with eleven treatments consist two different levels of NAA, GA3, 2,4-D, ZnSO4 and H3BO3 along with a control (water spray). Results of investigation revealed that application of 2,4-D @ 10 mg/l recorded highest fruit set (48.80%). Maximum fruit retention (42.83%) and total no. of fruits/tree (514) were obtained with the application of NAA @ 20 mg/l. Application of GA3 @ 20 mg/l recorded significantly (p?0.05) higher yield (30.67 kg/tree), fruit weight (60.5 g), fruit length (5.8 cm), fruit breadth (5.1 cm), pulp to seed ratio (13.9) and specific gravity (1.104) as well as economic returns over control during both the year of experiment. Among the treatments H3BO3 at 0.4% recorded the highest TSS (11.7°Brix), total sugar (8.33%), reducing sugar (5.21%) and TSS: Acid (107.36) ratio with lowest fruit acidity (0.10 %) whereas highest vitamin-C content of fruit was recorded with GA3 at 20 mg/l (64.68 mg / 100 g) followed by NAA at 20 mg/l. Results suggest that twice spraying of GA3 @ 20 mg/l and H3BO3 at 0.4% is vital for optimizing yield components, yield and quality of ber (cv. BAU Kul-1) in trans-Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

Effects of aloevera edible coating on quality and postharvest physiology of ber (Zizyphus Mauritiana Lamk.) under ambient storage conditions

The study was conducted to check the efficacy of aloevera gel as an edible coating so as to enhance shelf life of ber. The treatment combinations were T1 = control, T2= corn starch (1%) and T3= Aloevera gel (2%). The physio-chemical properties, hardness and decay percentage of the fruits were observed upto 15th day of storage. The study revealed that the coating of aloevera gel was effective in retaining quality of Ber fruit over a storage period of at least 15 days. Aloevera gel coated fruits showed minimum physiological loss in weight, minimum shrinkage percentage, maximum colour retention, lesser loss in acid content as compared to uncoated ones. It was also found that aloevera gel subsequently helped in reducing the ripening rate of fruits which was found from the slower rate of total and reducing sugar development. Aloevera coating was very effective in reducing ascorbic acid loss and also helped to reduce the decay percentage. Both the starch and aloevera gel edible coating was found good enough to ensure hardness/firmness of the fruits during storage.

Effect of edible coatings for enhancing shelf-life and quality in Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruits

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of post-harvest application of different edible coatings like Chitosan (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%), Guar gum (1%, 1.5%, 2%), Gum tragacanth (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) on shelf life and quality of cv. BAU ber. Fruits of uniform size were harvested at physiological maturity and treated with various edible coatings. Observations were recorded at intervals of 4 days from storage on physiological loss in weight, fruit length, breadth, colour, TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar,acidity, and ascorbic acid. The results revealed that coating of fruits resulted in reduced loss in fruit weight and higher level of ascorbic acid content, TSS, acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar as compared to the fruits under control. The most effective coating was Guar gum (2%) that extended the shelf life of ber up to 16 days. Fruits under control had a shelf life of only10 days.

Effect of pruning intensity on growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Gola

The present investigation entitled “Effect of pruning intensity on growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Gola” was carried out at the Main Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad (U.P.) during the year 2009–2010. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four treatments and replicated in four times. The maximum plant height and plant spread was measured with 50% pruning intensity, but differences were found non-significant, while number of sprouted shoots per branch and shoot length varied significantly due to various pruning intensities. The various maximum yield attributing characters were obtained with 50% pruning intensity. The maximum (109.21 kg per plant) fruit yield has been achieved by employing 50% severity of pruning. The highest (75%) severity of pruning has been adjudged as supra-optimal level of pruning severity (negative effect) in increasing fruit yield. Significantly higher total soluble solids (T.S.S.) and vitamin-c has been analyzed in fruits with 50% severity of pruning followed by 25% pruning intensity and lowest noted in control, while acidity of fruits varied non-significantly. The highest reducing and non-reducing sugars, and total sugar of fruits have been analyzed by 50% pruning intensity and lowest one in control but variations were found non-significant in above all biochemical parameters. The maximum plant growth achieved through devised more open tree canopy mechanism which paved the way for significant enhancement of yield attributing characters (fruit set and fruit retention with bold-fruit size and weight) and ultimately better yield having improved quality of fruits have been achieved by employing moderate severity of pruning (50%) under optimum pruning time condition (3rd week of May).

English

The present study aimed to study influence of temperature and relative humidity on fruit rots (Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger) of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) and find appropriate management option during storage period. Maximum damage by A. alternata was observed at 25&deg;C while A. niger showed maximum severity at 30&deg;C. Positive relationship was observed between relative humidity (RH) and fruit rot by both pathogens which showed highest severity at 100% RH. The pre-and post-inoculation treatment of ber fruits with four vegetable oils, four plant extracts and four fungicides showed significant differences in effectiveness in controlling both pathogens. Neem oil and its leaf extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced severity of fruit rots by both pathogens. Among chemicals, the carbendazim at 1000 ppm proved effective against Alternaria and Aspergillus fruit rot. Chemical fungicides reduced fungus growth significantly (p&lt;0.05) better than botanicals; however, botanical also showed better response than control. The effectiveness of botanicals in post-harvest storage of ber can be used at commercial scale. &nbsp; Key words: Zizyphus mauritiana, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, fruit rot, vegetable oil, botanicals.

Effect of Post-Harvest Treatments on Enzyme Activity and Quality of Cold Stored Ber Fruit

Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) fruits are perishable in nature and have poor shelf- life. To extend the storage life of ber fruits different post-harvest treatments, like CaCl 2 (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%), Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%), gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) (20, 40 and 60 ppm) and Bavistin (0.1%) were given to fruits and their effect was studied on the storage life and quality of ‘Umran’ ber ( Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) fruits under cold storage conditions. Fruits of uniform size and colour were harvested, from healthy plants, and subjected to post harvest dip of different chemicals, before packing in CFB boxes and placed in cold storage (3-5°C and 85-90% RH) They have been evaluated after 10, 20 and 30 days of storage for physiological loss in weight (PLW), firmness, pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity and palatability rating. The PLW increased and fruit firmness decreased during storage at each treatment. The sensory rating increased up to 10 days at all treatments, except control but subsequently it decreased during storage. The increase rate in PME activity was faster, up to 10 days, in untreated fruits, while treated fruits showed slower rise in PME activity, up to 20 days with a decline afterwards. It can be concluded that ber fruits can be stored up to 20 days by post-harvest treatment using GA 3 at 60 ppm, with acceptable quality.