Zizyphus Jujuba Cv Research Articles

Empirical investigation of parameter impacts on the three-dimensional coefficient of restitution of jujube at the time of harvest

To provide foundational data for parameter design and performance analysis of high-performance processing equipment, the collision model between jujube-parts and the parameter effects on coefficient of restitution (COR) were investigated. Jujube samples from the sandy lands of southern Xinjiang during the harvest season were utilized, with experimental factors including collision angle, falling height, collision material, moisture content, and collision parts. Single-factor tests and mixed orthogonal tests were conducted to explore the impact of parameter on COR. Utilizing the specular reflection principle, a 3D impact analysis of jujube was performed, and a kinematic model of the falling and impact process was established to determine the COR. Results indicate that the COR of Jun (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao) is higher than that of Hui (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Huizao), and the ventral part exhibits a higher COR compared to the other four parts. Collisions with steel yield higher COR values compared to soil. Furthermore, for collisions with steel material, both Jun and Hui exhibit a decrease in COR with increasing falling height and moisture content, while the COR increases with an increase in collision angle. The influencing factors on COR follow the order of collision material > variety > moisture content > collision angle > falling height > collision part. These findings offer valuable insights for jujube processing research and for preventing mechanical damage to jujube fruits.

Enhancement of aromatic and sensory profile of jujube wines fermented with fresh Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao at the white-ripe period

AbstractIn this paper, fresh Muzao (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao) at full-red and white-ripe periods were used as raw materials to brew low-alcohol jujube wines directly without cooking or extraction. The results showed that the contents of total acid, total phenolics, and total tannin of white-ripe jujube wines (WRJW) were significantly higher than that of full-red jujube wines (FRJW) under the same ratio of jujube fruit/water (P < 0.05). When the ratio of jujube fruit to water increased from 1:1 to 1:5, the total esters contents of WRJW increased from 2261.56 μg L−1 to 3671.51 μg L−1, but decreased in FRJW. Especially, the contents of ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, and isoamyl caprylate in WRJW (1:5) were significantly higher than in other wine samples (P < 0.05). These three esters with a variety of aroma description characteristics can give jujube wine a more complex flavour. The sensory evaluation also showed that the WRJW (1:5) had the highest score. This wine had the following characteristics: clear and transparent, light yellow, pure elegant fruit and wine aroma, pleasant fragrance, harmonious wine body, fresh taste, sweet and sour, with typical characteristics of jujube wine. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for the industrial production of high-quality jujube wine.

Effect of composite coating treatment and low-temperature storage on the quality and antioxidant capacity of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao)

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of coating treatment using a composite of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), chitosan and natamycin (NATA) on the quality and antioxidant capacity of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao) stored at different temperatures (Room temperature and 0 ± 1 °C). Respiration, ethylene release, and decay rates; Malondialdehyde (MDA); total phenol, flavonoid, and Ascorbic Acid (AsA) contents; Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) activities; and free-radical scavenging ability were considered. The results showed that the low-temperature composite coating treatment of Chinese jujube effectively inhibits its decay and MDA accumulation; delays its respiration and ethylene release peaks; increases the activities of the antioxidant enzymes POD, SOD, and APX; and inhibits its PPO activity. Furthermore, the jujube retains its high concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids, and AsA as well as its free-radical-scavenging rate into the later storage period. Thus, the low-temperature composite coating treatment is an effective method for improving the postharvest quality of Chinese jujube and extending its preservation period.

Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides enhance intestinal barrier function and improve the survival of septic mice.

This study aimed to examine the role of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides (ZJPs) in protecting intestinal barrier function and the survival of septic mice. The sepsis mouse model was generated through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to observe the effect of ZJPs on the function of the intestinal barrier in the context of sepsis. We observed the clinical symptoms and survival time of the mice and evaluated serum inflammatory cytokines, intestinal pathological changes and intestinal permeability. Moreover, tight junction (TJ) proteins and apoptosis-associated proteins in intestinal tissue were examined. Finally, TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related proteins were measured in all groups. The results showed that pretreatment with ZJPs improved clinical and histological scores and reduced intestinal barrier permeability, and the levels of proinflammatory factors were decreased. Pretreatment with ZJPs also upregulated the levels of TJ proteins and downregulated the expression of proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling was partly inhibited in septic mice by ZJPs pretreatment. The current study provides evidence that ZJPs have the potential to protect intestinal barrier function and improve the survival of septic mice via the attenuation of TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study reports the potential protective effect of ZJPs against cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Our data reveal that CLP induced damage to the gut mucosal barrier, inflammation, and apoptosis in intestinal tissues. However, pretreatment with ZJPs improved clinical and histological scores, reduced intestinal barrier permeability, and decreased the levels of proinflammatory factors in mice. Pretreatment with ZJPs also upregulated the levels of TJ proteins and downregulated the expression of proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling was partly inhibited in septic mice after ZJPs pretreatment. These findings provide evidence that pretreatment with ZJPs has the potential to attenuate CLP-induced gut damage in mice by restraining inflammation and apoptosis via the attenuation of NF-κB signaling. It provides a basis for further study of ZJPs in sepsis.

Isolation and analysis of a novel protoglycan from zizyphus jujuba cv. jinsixiaozao

Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller) is a well-known oriental medicinal plant that has various biological activities. In this study, a novel water-soluble proteoglycan (ZSG4b) was isolated from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao and its effect on the complement system was investigated. ZSG4b was extracted with hot water and purified by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. It was eluted as a single symmetrical narrow peak on high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and the average molecular weight was estimated to be 1.4 × 105 Da. ZSG4b contained 83.5% glycan and 9.7% protein. Gas chromatography analysis result indicated that the glycan portion of ZSG4b was composed mainly of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose and galactose in a molar ratio of 13.8:4:3:8. It also contains 29% uronic acid as determined by m-hydroxybiphenyl method. The presence of galacturonic acid was estimated by the increase of galactose content in the carboxyl-reduced ZSG4b. The amino acid composition showed that it was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine and leucine; the molar content of these five amino acids constituted 62.8% of the total amino acids. The β-elimination reaction demonstrated that the protein and glycan were linked by O-linkage. ZSG4b exhibited high anti-complement activity which was increased in accordance with the concentration below 120 μg/mL in vitro.

Structural characterization of a galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharide from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao

Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) have been widely used as a health food and medicinal herb in oriental medicine. In the present study, a novel galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharide (PZMP3-2) was isolated from Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Muzao through hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and purification with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The chemical structures of PZMP3-2 were elucidated by methylation analysis, along with HPGPC, FT-IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, 1D NMR spectroscopy, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Its morphological properties were further characterized by SEM, AFM, and XRD. Monosaccharide compositional analysis of PZMP3-2 revealed the presence of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid at a molar ratio of 1.74:2.00: 1.00:18.69, and the HPGPC data demonstrated an average molecular weight of 58.21 kDa. Structural and linkage analysis by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy suggested that PZMP3-2 was a homogalacturonan (HG)-like pectic polysaccharide branched at C-2 with some Araf and Rhap residues. Such unique structure of PZMP3-2 may indicate distinct bioactivities and further application in food and even clinic.

An alkali-extracted polysaccharide from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao: Structural characterizations and antioxidant activities

An acidic polysaccharide (SAZMP3) was isolated from jujube fruit residues by alkaline extraction and purified with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The structural characterizations of SAZMP3 were determined by high-performance gelpermeation chromatography, gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The results determined SAZMP3 was an acidic polysaccharide mainly contained rhamnose, galactose, and galacturonic acid with a molecular weight of 9.37 kDa and its backbone might mainly be composed of 1,4-α-D-GalAp with side chains of 1,3-β-D-Galp, 1,3,5-linked Araf, 1,2,4-α-L-Rhap and terminals of 1-linked Araf, 1-linked Rhap, 1-linked Galp by methylation and NMR analysis. Besides, SAZMP3 has shown potential antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals suggesting that it is an antioxidant agent, which might contribute to the functional food qualities of jujube fruit.

Microbiome-metabolomic analysis of the impact of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides consumption on colorectal cancer mice fecal microbiota and metabolites.

It is still uncertain whether the consumption of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides (ZMP) alleviates colorectal cancer (CRC) through the gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated the mortality, colon length, inflammatory factors and cecal microbiota, metabolites of healthy and azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in induced CRC mice, consuming ZMP. Fecal-microbiota composition was examined using 16S rDNA sequencing and fecal-metabolome profiles were evaluated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The results showed ZMP consumption prevented CRC mouse colon shortening, decreased their mortality, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased the concentration of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and modulated gut microbiota in their feces. ZMP also increased the richness of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides and Lactobacillus. In addition, among 39 perturbed metabolites, carbohydrate and amino acid production were noticeably altered. Moreover, higher correlations were found between fluctuant gut microbiota and metabolites. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the impact of dietary Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides on host health.

Sulfated modification and biological activities of polysaccharides derived from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jinchangzao

Two polysaccharides JCS-1 and JCS-2 were successfully purified by DEAE-52 Cellulose chromatography from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jinchangzao. Their structures were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Further, eight sulfated derivatives are prepared by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine (CSA-Pyr). Structural analysis revealed that both JCS-1 and JCS-2 were size uniform polysaccharides with the average molecular weight (Mw) of 71.75 kDa and 357.39 kDa, respectively. JCS-1 mainly has galacturonic acid (GalA) composition, and also contains a small amount of galactose (Gal) and arabinose (Ara), and their molar ratio is 39.04:1.26:1.39. JCS-2 was composed of GalA, mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), Ara and Gal, at a molar ratio of 19.87:2.07:1.77:1.65:1.16. Activity studies indicate that both natural polysaccharides and sulfated modified polysaccharides have immunomodulatory activity, while sulfated modified polysaccharides are stronger. Moreover, the sulfated polysaccharides significantly prolonged partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) clotting times, but did not alter prothrombin time (PT) clotting time. The degree of substitution of polysaccharides seemed to be closely related to their biological characteristics. Sulfated modification represents an effective method of enhancing the immunomodulatory and anticoagulant activities of jujuba polysaccharides.

Extraction, purification, characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Linzexiaozao

The extraction process, purification and characterization analyses of polysaccharides (LZJP) in Ziziphus jujuba planted in Linze County, Gansu Province were investigated, respectively. The results showed a maximum polysaccharide yield of 5.72% was achieved at a solid/liquid ratio of 1:20 g/mL for 90 min at 80 °C. Two homogenous acidic polysaccharides (LZJP3 and LZJP4) were purified successively by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. LZJP3 is composed of one polymer with galactose while LZJP4 is made up of two different kinds of polymers with xylose and glucose by size-exclusion chromatograph combined with multi-angle laser photometer (HPSEC-LLS) and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. LZJP3 and LZJP4 were β-pyran polysaccharides with a large number of molecular globular aggregates by FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared) and AFM (Atomic force microscopy) analysis, and the surface morphology exhibited smooth and filamentous staggered extension in the form of rod-like aggregation with SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) determination. Meanwhile, LZJP3 and LZJP4 exhibited antioxidant activities against DPPH, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical and stronger reducing power in vitro with the concentration increasing. The results indicated that LZJPs were worthy of being developed further as a natural antioxidant in food and medicine industries.

Immunomodulatory acidic polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Huizao: Insights into their chemical characteristics and modes of action

Chinese jujube is commonly used in folklore medicine. This study aimed to examine the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of two acidic polysaccharides, HP1 and HP2, extracted and purified from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Huizao (which remains extensively unexplored). HP1 and HP2 had the same monosaccharide species and manganese contents, but differed in their molar rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose and uronic acid contents (7.32 and 35.9%, as galacturonic acid), Mw (68.7 and 111 kDa, respectively), and contents of K, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ca. Both HP1 and HP2 could significantly (P < 0.05) increase spleen and thymus indices, promote serum hemolysin formation, enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages and inhibit footpad edema of mice, with HP2 likely being a more consistent and potent immunomodulator. This study clearly demonstrates the potential of Z. jujuba cv. Huizao polysaccharides as immunomodulators and their associated chemical characteristics and working mechanisms.

Polysaccharide isolated from Chinese jujube fruit (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao) exerts anti-inflammatory effects through MAPK signaling

A peptic polysaccharide (ZJP) was isolated from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao by hot water extraction and chromatographic purification. Structural characterization showes that ZJP has a weight-average molecular weight of 153.3 kDa and consists of galacturonic acid. The linkage type of ZJP was proven to be 1,4-linked D-GalpA by methylation, NMR and MS analysis. The anti-inflammatory effects of ZJP were tested on RAW264.7 macrophages. ZJP was found to significantly suppress nitric oxide (NO) production and decrease levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as COX-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17. Molecular profiling showed that ZJP could inhibit phosphorylation of the signaling proteins p-38 and JNK, but not ERK, revealing ZJP exert anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of NF-κB and p38/JNK MAPK signaling. This study suggests that ZJP can be used to treat inflammatory diseases or as a supplement to health products.

In vitro antioxidative and immunological activities of polysaccharides from Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Muzao

Zizyphus jujuba has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb since ancient time. Polysaccharides have been found to be important bioactive compounds in the jujube. This work was designed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharides purified from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao. Water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted using an ultrasonically assisted extraction method. The purified polysaccharides (HJP) were obtained by deproteinization and decoloration. Three main fractions (HJP1, HJP2 and HJP3) were isolated using DEAE-Sepharose fast flow ion-exchange chromatography. The purified polysaccharides were found to consist of mannose, rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid, glucose and arabinose at various levels for different fractions. The HJP and its three main fractions displayed DPPH radical scavenging activities as well as relatively strong reducing power and HJP had stronger activities than homogeneous compositions. Moreover, the results from in vitro immunological activities studies indicated that HJP could improve the phagocytosis activity of THP-l cells and had effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). In conclusion, the polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao were discovered to have antioxidative and immunological activities.

Structural characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao

Complete structural characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao.

Composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from jujuba by classical and ultrasound extraction

Crude Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Junzao polysaccharides (CZP) were extracted by hot water and ultrasound-assisted extraction respectively. Using a short application of ultrasound, the yield of polysaccharides increased from 6.23 to 7.95%, which represents an increase of about 27.6%. Both CZPU and CZPH were composed of arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and mannose. However, the molar ratio of CZPU was 5.46: 4.96: 5.17: 2.63: 1, while it was 5.46: 4.89: 3.65: 2.54: 1 for CZPH. Furthermore, CZPU had stronger antioxidant activities than CZPH by evaluating in hydroxyl radical and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.

Isolation and structural characterization of a polysaccharide from fruits of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao

A water-soluble polysaccharide (ZP2a) was obtained by extraction with hot water followed by successive chromatographic purification using anion exchange and Sepharose CL-6B columns. A symmetrical narrow peak was obtained on high-performance gel permeation chromatography with an average molecular weight of 120,645Da, which was named ZP2a. ZP2a is composed of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose and galactose in the molar ratio 1.3:1.7:0.3:1. Based on gas chromatographic, infrared spectral, methylation and NMR analyses, ZP2a was structurally characterized as 1,4-d-GalpA residues interspersed with 1,2-l-Rhap and 1,2,4-l-Rhap residues. The branches were composed of 1,5-l-Araf, 1,3,5-l-Araf, 1,3-l-Araf, 1,6-d-Galp, 1,4,6-d-Galp and 1,4-d-Glcp. The branches were attached to the backbone at the O-4 position of Rhap residues.

Textural Characteristic, Antioxidant Activity, Sugar, Organic Acid, and Phenolic Profiles of 10 Promising Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Selections

Ten promising jujubes were analyzed for textural characteristic (hardness), antioxidant activity, sugar, organic acid, and phenolic profiles. Total phenolic content (TP) measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method ranged from 275.6 to 541.8 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g fresh weight (mg GAE/100 g FW). Four sugars (rhamnose, fructose, sucrose, and glucose), 3 organic acids (malic, citric, and succinic acids), and 11 phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, and quercetin) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography in jujube fruits. The results showed that ascorbic acid and proanthocyanidins contents were positively correlated with hardness, and antioxidant activity was well correlated with TP content. Among 10 jujube cultivars, Zizyphus jujuba cv. Qingjianmuzao is good for direct consumption containing high levels of total soluble solids, total sugars, fructose, and glucose, while Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jiaxianmuzao could be an important dietary source of natural antioxidants. Genotype is the main factor influencing the composition of bioactive compounds in jujubes. Zizyphus jujuba cv. Qingjianmuzao is good for direct consumption, while Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jiaxianmuzao could be an important dietary source of natural antioxidants for prevention of diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene and calcium chloride treatments on quality maintenance of ‘Lingwu Long’ Jujube fruit

'Lingwu Long' jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Mill) fruits were harvested at mature-green stages and then treated with 1.0μL L(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 1.0% CaCl2 or their combination. All treatments were stored at room temperature (22 ± 1°C) and 80-90% relative humidity (RH) up for 15days. Results indicated that 1.0μL L(-1) 1-MCP, 1.0% CaCl2 or their combination were effective in terms of senescence inhibition, and the storage life was extended by 6, 4 and 9days, respectively. 1-MCP and CaCl2 treatment had a synergic effect on the inhibition of ethylene production and microbial population of 'Lingwu Long' jujube fruit. The combination of 1-MCP and CaCl2 significantly reduced polygalacturonase (PG) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities. It also maintained higher concentrations of titratable acid and ascorbic acid.

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) on ripening and resistance of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Huping) fruit against postharvest disease

The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on senescence and induction of resistance against postharvest decay in jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Huping) fruit were investigated in this study. The results indicated that, compared to control, 1-MCP at 1 μL L−l depressed ethylene production by 28% and respiration rate by 30% at 24 h after treatment, resulting in effective delay in fruit senescence. 1-MCP treatment was beneficial for maintaining quality of jujube fruit stored both at 25 and 0 °C, retarding decline of firmness, vitamin C, titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids content (SSC) which are important parameters for fruit quality evaluation during the storage periods. Moreover, 1-MCP effectively limited the development of lesion diameter of blue mold rot and significantly reduced the incidence of natural decay. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly induced after 1-MCP treatment. These findings indicate that the induced resistance in jujube fruit by 1-MCP is related with the increase of enzymes involved in scavenging of reactive oxygen species and enzymes associated with phenolics metabolism which produces highly toxic products against pathogen invasion. Our results suggest that 1-MCP has potential effect on maintaining the quality and extending postharvest life of jujube fruit.

Screening of a functional polysaccharide from Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao and its property

Chinese jujube has been used as a kind of Chinese medicinal herb for a long time. In this paper, the polysaccharides from Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao (ZSP), one of the major Chinese jujube varieties, were extracted and purified sequentially so that its water-soluble immunobiological fractions were screened. The crude ZSP was found to dramatically increase thymus and spleen indices in mice, enhance the proliferation of splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages, and have potential anti-complementary activity. Immunobiological tests indicated that two fractions of ZSP, coded ZSP3c and ZSP4b, were the main active components. ZSP3c was rich in pectin with a degree of esterification (DE) of 49%, which may be related to its stronger immunological activity.