Zirconium Telluride Research Articles

Zirconium telluride saturable absorber for Er:YAP dual-wavelength ultrafast laser at 3 μm

A layered Zirconium telluride (ZrTe5) saturable absorber (SA) being employed as the laser modulator at around 3 μm is report. In the passively Q-switched (PQS) experiment, the shortest pulse duration obtained was 169 ns and the corresponding repetition frequency was 446 kHz. Additionally, a passively Q-switched mode-locked (QML) Er:YAP laser emitting at 2.71 μm and 2.73 μm dual-wavelength was demonstrated, using an X-type resonator cavity. The repetition frequency of the mode-locked pulses was 180 MHz, and the pulse duration was calculated to be 800 ps. A SA based on a two-dimensional (2D) material has ever been used to achieve mode-locked laser pulse operation in a solid-state 3 μm laser.

Few-layer ZrTe3 nanosheets for ultrashort pulse mode-locked laser in 1.55 μm region

As a new two-dimensional (2D) material, zirconium telluride (ZrTe3) is a typical charge density wave (CDW) material with strong electrical and optical anisotropy compared with graphene, transition metal disulfides (TMDs), topological insulators (TIs), and black phosphorus (BPs). To date, the nonlinear optical properties of ZrTe3 and its applications in information photonics aspect have not been reported. In this work, the nonlinear optical saturable absorption properties of ZrTe3 nanosheets and their application in passively mode-locked fiber laser are systematically investigated for the first time. The results show that the modulation depth and saturation intensity are 6.5% and 89.87 MW/cm2 at the optical fiber communication band (C band), respectively. In the erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser with ZrTe3 nanosheets as saturable absorber (SA), a stable mode-locked pulse train is obtained with the central wavelength of 1562.12 nm, the 3 dB optical spectral width of 2.07 nm, the basic repetition rate of 3.377 MHz, and the pulse duration of 1.469 ps when the pump power is 65 mW. Moreover, the dynamic evolution process of the optical spectrum and pulse sequence under different pump power are illustrated. All results reveal that ZrTe3 has excellent potential for applying in many fields, including ultra-fast all-optical sampling, optical frequency comb, optical fiber communication, supercontinuum, etc, and provides an intuition of opening new avenues toward various advanced information photonic devices.

Femtosecond nonlinear refraction of 2D semi-metallic redox exfoliated ZrTe2 at 800 nm

Zirconium telluride, a transition metal dichalcogenide, was synthesized by a redox exfoliated method to obtain a 2D monolayer semi-metal. After being characterized for compositional and optical analysis, its third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were studied by the Z-scan technique in the femtosecond (100 fs) regime at 800 nm. Interestingly, in this spectro-temporal regime and in the intensity range exploited, the only third-order NLO effect observed was nonlinear refraction, giving rise to a positive value of the nonlinear refractive index coefficient, n2 = +(4.2 ± 0.3) × 10−16 cm2/W. Based on the calculated band structure and the excitation photon energies employed, the physical origin of the refractive nonlinearity is discussed.

Effects of Erbium on the Properties of Electrochemically-Deposited Zirconium Telluride Thin Films

This work studies the effects of varying erbium dopant percentages on the optical, structural, morphological,elemental, and electrical properties of zirconium telluride thin films deposited via electrochemical deposition technique.The obtained films were characterized using Uv-Visible Spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscope (EDX), and a four-point probe system. XRD analyses showed cubic polycrystalline films with the most intense peak at (111) plane. SEM micrographs revealed spherical balls while EDX spectra confirmed the deposition of basic elements. Good optical features and decreased band gap energies from 1.80 eV to 1.76 eV were observed upon addition of erbium. The electrical conductivities of the films improved significantly upon doping. The deposited films are potential solar cells, and optical materials.

Non-Abelian reciprocal braiding of Weyl points and its manifestation in ZrTe

Weyl semimetals in three-dimensional crystals provide the paradigm example of topologically protected band nodes. It is usually taken for granted that a pair of colliding Weyl points annihilate whenever they carry opposite chiral charge. In a stark contrast, here we report that Weyl points in systems symmetric under the composition of time-reversal with a $\pi$-rotation are characterized by a non-Abelian topological invariant. The topological charges of the Weyl points are transformed via braid phase factors which arise upon exchange inside symmetric planes of the reciprocal momentum space. We elucidate this process with an elementary two-dimensional tight-binding model implementable in cold-atoms setups and in photonic systems. In three dimensions, interplay of the non-Abelian topology with point-group symmetry is shown to enable topological phase transitions in which pairs of Weyl points may scatter or convert into nodal-line rings. By combining our theoretical arguments with first-principles calculations, we predict that Weyl points occurring near the Fermi level of zirconium telluride ($\textrm{ZrTe}$) carry non-trivial values of the non-Abelian charge, and that uniaxial compression strain drives a non-trivial conversion of the Weyl points into nodal lines.

Novel Surface Molecular Functionalization Route To Enhance Environmental Stability of Tellurium-Containing 2D Layers.

Recent studies have shown that tellurium-based two-dimensional (2D) crystals undergo dramatic structural, physical, and chemical changes under ambient conditions, which adversely impact their much desired properties. Here, we introduce a diazonium molecule functionalization-based surface engineering route that greatly enhances their environmental stability without sacrificing their much desired properties. Spectroscopy and microscopy results show that diazonium groups significantly slow down the surface reactions, and consequently, gallium telluride (GaTe), zirconium telluride (ZrTe3), and molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) gain strong resistance to surface transformation in air or when immersed under water. Density functional theory calculations show that functionalizing molecules reduce surface reactivity of Te-containing 2D surfaces by chemical binding followed by an electron withdrawal process. While pristine surfaces structurally decompose because of strong reactivity of Te surface atoms, passivated functionalized surfaces retain their structural anisotropy, optical band gap, and emission characteristics as evidenced by our conductive atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, and absorption spectroscopy measurements. Overall, our findings offer an effective method to increase the stability of these environmentally sensitive materials without impacting much of their physical properties.

Modifying the band-structure and properties of zirconium telluride using phosphorus addition

Layered materials of metal based tellurides such as ZrTe5 have been investigated recently as 3D Dirac semi-metals using ARPES and Landau level spectroscopy. These materials have exhibited exotic transport, topological, diamagnetic and chiral magnetic properties making them potentially useful for spintronics and topological qubits applications. In this line of investigation, we study a novel class of possible substitutional solid solutions of Zr-Te-P from first principle calculations. It was observed that due to the intrinsic disturbance of symmetry in the crystal structure of Zr-Te-P, there are nodes along certain points of the Brillouin zone. In addition, there was also a drastic change in the density of states in the vicinity of the Fermi energy level, leading to altered carrier transport compared to pristine ZrTe. Moreover, crystals of Zr-Te-P were also synthesized in vacuum through condensed system combustion at elevated temperatures. Morphological, structural, compositional, and electrical investigation of the phosphorus modified Zr-Te crystals were carried out comprehensively in this study. Density functional theory (DFT) simulation results and electrical transport observations suggest the potential utility of this novel class of solid solution materials of Zr-Te-P in research frontiers of new Dirac materials and electronic applications.

Origin of contamination and role of mechanochemistry during mechanical alloying: the case of Ag–Te alloys

We show that enhanced reaction of the vial materials with the milled samples can take place during the non-equilibrium processing route of mechanical alloying leading to the introduction of significant contamination. The increase in reactivity could be attributed to the grain size reduction to nanoscale during the milling process. Our attempt at mechanical alloying of elemental silver and tellurium powder using agate and zirconia grinding media to obtain contamination-free silver telluride (Ag 2Te) phase with fine grain size has lead to the evolution of silver silicate (Ag 2SiO 3) and zirconium telluride (ZrTe 2) phases, respectively which contaminate the Ag 2Te phase. On the other hand, no contamination could be observed when tungsten carbide (WC) vial and balls are used. Attempts have been made to rationalize the observations in terms of changes in thermodynamics and kinetics at small length scale.

Reaction of Zircaloy-4 with tellurium under different oxygen potentials

Corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 has been studied under different oxygen potentials and tellurium vapor pressures. The oxygen potential was controlled by buffer over the range of −600 to −430 kJ/mol. Under the condition of oxygen potential of less than −500 kJ/mol with coexisting tellurium vapor, duplex corrosion layers were formed on the surface of Zircaloy-4 specimens, which consisted of zirconium telluride and zirconium oxide. The thickness of corrosion layer was increased with tellurium vapor pressure. For the oxygen potential over −430 kJ/mol, only zirconium oxide was observed on the specimen surface regardless of coexistence of tellurium vapor.

Niobium and zirconium telluride thin films prepared by sputtering

A versatile procedure of sputter deposition, well-adapted for getting a large range of Te/M ratios (with M = Zr or Nb), has led to the synthesis of several highly anisotropic zirconium and niobium polytellurides in thin film form. Upon tuning the two key parameters of the process, i.e., the Te percentage in the target and the substrate temperature during the deposition, preparation of systems ranging from ZrTe0.72 to ZrTe6.7, on the one hand, and from NbTe1.28 to NbTe7.84, on the other, has been achieved. Besides their amorphous or crystalline (with or without preferential orientations) behavior and their relationship to known structural types, the most striking feature of these films is their large departure from the stoichiometry of the bulk MTex reference compounds. This peculiarity, together with the possible changes of composition under annealing, are described and interpreted in terms of variable amounts of Te and M atoms trapped or intercalated within the parent structures.

Formation and filtration characteristics of solids generated in a high level liquid waste treatment process

The filtration characteristics of solids generated in a simulated high level liquid waste (HLLW) were experimentally examined, when the simulated HLLW was processed according to the ordinary way of actual HLLW treatment process. The filtration characteristics of solids depended on the particle size. The phosphomolybdic acid, which was very fine particle with about 0.1 μm diameter, made slurry a “difficult-to-filter” slurry, if the phosphomolybdic acid content (wt%) to the whole solids in a slurry exceeded 50 wt%. On the contrary, the zirconium compounds (zirconium molybdate and zirconium telluride) had positive effect on filtration characteristics because of their relatively large particle size of about 3 to 5 μm. When the zirconium compounds content was above 50 wt%, slurry became a “easy-to-filter” slurry. A centrifugal sedimentation was discussed as a solid/liquid separation technique for very fine particles such as phosphomolybdic acid. The theoretical feed flow rate corresponded to 0.1 μm diameter particles was about 20 l/h at the centrifugal acceleration of about 8000 G.

Main Group Element Size and Substitution Effects on the Structural Dimensionality of Zirconium Tellurides of the ZrSiS Type

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMain Group Element Size and Substitution Effects on the Structural Dimensionality of Zirconium Tellurides of the ZrSiS TypeChwanchin Wang and Timothy HughbanksCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 22, 5524–5529Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00126a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1409Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Hf 2.64Zr 0.36Te 4 and M IxZr 3Te 4 (M I = Na, K, Rb, Cs), new compounds of the Nb 3Te 4-structure type

The synthesis of the pseudo-binary telluride Hf 2.64Zr 0.36Te 4 and new ternary tellurides M I x )Zr 3Te 4 (M I x = Na, K, Rb, Cs; 0.2 < x < 0.5) is reported. The single crystal structures of Hf 2.64Zr 0.36Te 4, K 0.25Zr 3Te 4, and Rb 0.29Zr 3Te 4 have been determined. The structures of these tellurides were refined in the hexagonal space group P6 3/ m (No. 176, Z = 2) with lattice parameters determined from the Guinier powder diffraction data as follows: a = 10.892(1) A ̊ , c = 3.9084(5) A ̊ for Hf 2.64Zr 0.36Te 4 , a = 11.009(2) A ̊ , c = 3.9374(8) A ̊ for Na 0.42Zr 3Te 4 ; a = 11.034(2) A ̊ , c = 3.9340(6) A ̊ for K 0.25Zr 3Te 4 ; a = 11.061(1) A ̊ , c = 3.9278(5) A ̊ for Rb 0.29Zr 3Te 4; and a = 11.100(1) A ̊ , c = 3.9188 (5) A ̊ for Cs 0.35Zr 3Te 4 . All compounds adopt the Nb 3Te 4 structure type, which is built up by edge and face sharing of distorted MTe 6 (M = Zr, Hf) octahedra. MTe 6 octahedra share edges to form zigzag M-M chains running along the c-axis. Distorted MTe 6 octahedra in these zigzag metal-metal chains are further condensed by sharing faces. MM bond distances in these tellurides are quite a bit longer (≈0.5 Å) than those of Nb 3Te 4, as expected for compounds with fewer electrons for metal-metal bonding. Large hexagonal channels are partially occupied by alkali cations in the ternary zirconium tellurides. Four-probe single crystal resistivity measurements (77–300 K) show these ternary tellurides to be metallic with resistivities of 1.2 × 10 −3 Ω- cm (Na 0.42Zr 3Te 4), 2.8 × 10 −4 Ω- cm (K 0.25Zr 3Te 4), 4.9 × 10 −4 Ω- cm (Rb 0.29Zr 3Te 4), and 1.7 × 10 −4 Ω- cm (Cs 0.35Zr 3Te 4) at 273 K. Hf 2.64Zr 0.36Te 4 also shows metallic behavior.

Chemical reactions of Zircaloy-4 and zirconium with (i) dicaesium telluride, Cs 2Te, (ii) caesium tellurite, Cs 2TeO 3, and (iii) tellurium, under different oxygen potentials

Although Zircaloy-4 and Zr foil are inert to solid Cs 2Te at 948 K, reaction occurred when O 2 was admitted from buffers in sealed systems over 168 h. The products consisted of a zirconium telluride (or caesium zirconium telluride) sandwiched between the foil and an outer layer of ZrO 2, thus hindering the release of Te. The depth of corrosion of the foil increased with an increase in oxygen potential. Similar experiments with caesium tellurite, Cs 2TeO 3(s), with and without buffers, caused more extensive corrosion although Zircaloy-4 was more resistant than Zr; the tellurite was reduced to Cs 2Te and Zr was oxidised to ZrO 2. Zircaloy-4 and Zr reacted with liquid Te to form a surface layer of ZrTe plus unidentified phases that seemed to be neither Zr 3Te nor Zr 5Te 4, but Zircaloy-4 was more resistant again than Zr. When oxygen was introduced from buffers, the ZrTe was then converted to ZrO 2. There was some evidence that tellurium in the form of ZrTe was sandwiched again between ZrO 2 and the substrate foil. Increasing the oxygen potential from −914 to −307 kJ mol −1 O 2 increased the depth of corrosion and the extent of ZrO 2 formation.

Reaction of tellurium with Zircaloy-4

Interaction of tellurium vapour with Zircaloy during the initial stage of an accident will lead to retention of tellurium in the core. For reliable estimation of the release behaviour of tellurium, it is necessary to know which zirconium tellurides are formed during this interaction. In this work the reaction of tellurium with Zircaloy-4 has been studied, using various reaction temperatures and tellurium vapour pressures. The compound Zr 1+ x Te 2 is formed on the surface of the Zircaloy in a broad range of reaction temperatures and vapour pressures. It is found that the formation of the more zirconium-rich compound Zr 5Te 4 is favoured at high reaction temperatures in combination with low tellurium vapour pressures.

Chemical reactions of dicaesium telluride, Cs 2Te, and of dicaesium telluride/caesium mixtures with zirconium and with Zircaloy-4

Zircaloy-4 foils, zirconium foils and zirconium powder have been immersed in molten dicaesium telluride Cs 2Te (m.p. 1094 ± 3 K) at 1123 K, in the telluride plus liquid caesium at 1023 K, and in the solid compound Cs 2Te at 1023 K. The components were contained in alumina crucibles sealed by welding under argon into steel capsules. After 168 h the foils were examined by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The zirconium powder was examined by X-ray diffraction only. The molten Cs 2Te (highest temperature) caused the greatest corrosion (50 to 95 μm) but this decreased to ca. 10 μm for the Cs plus Cs 2Te mixture and to 5 μm for solid Cs 2Te at the lower temperature. The corrosion products consisted of a zirconium telluride, Zr x Te y , and/or a ternary Cs 1Zr m Te n phase (by SEM/EDAX) that could not be identified by X-rays. Metallic caesium was liberated at the highest temperature, 1123 K. In the absence of zirconium, there was no thermal dissociation of the corrodant, Cs 2Te, at either temperature. The data have some relevance to the behaviour of fission products in water-cooled nuclear fission reactors.

Deposition and characterization of ZrTe x thin films

Zirconium tellurides ZrTe x , with x = 3 or 5, are highly interesting because of their quasi-one-dimensional crystal anisotropy and their related unusual electronic properties. To our knowledge, thin films of ZrTe alloys have been grown for the first time by sputtering a binary target using a triode configuration. The morphology of the films and their growth characteristics on various kinds of substrates such as polyimide, optical glass, silicon or molybdenum have been studied by microprobe X-ray and standard X-ray diffraction methods. The substrate temperature appears to play a crucial role on the film composition. As-deposited stoichiometric ZrTe 5 thin films present a preferential orientation with respect to the substrate surface, while an annealing procedure is of prime importance to achieve crystallization in ZrTe 3-type films. Other analyses such as Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption edge fine structure reveal the relative instability of these sputtered films, even in air, at room temperature. All results demonstrate the feasibility of preparing films of low dimensional material by the sputtering technique. Reflectivity and conductivity measurements carried out for our first deposits will be discussed in relation to crystal orientation and the nature of the substrate.

Study of the Zr-Te-O ternary system

Phase equilibria in the Zr-Te-O ternary system at 700 ° C have been studied by means of the X-ray diffraction technique. In the isothermal section proposed in the present study, there exists a ternary compound ZrTe 3O 8. Three tellurides, Zr 5Te 4, Zr 1+xTe 2 and ZrTe 3 were confirmed to be stable in this ternary system. All the phases other than TeO 2 were found to be in equilibrium with ZrO 2. A phase stability diagram for the Zr-Te-O system at 700 ° C was constructed using the known and estimated thermodynamic data for the relevant species. The phase relationships experimentally observed were consistent with the thermodynamic restrictions imposed by the stability diagram. From these results, oxygen is considered to reduce the chemical stability of zirconium tellurides, and ZrO 2 appears to be a more stable compound over a wide range of Te 2 and O 2 pressures. At higher oxygen potentials, ZrTe 3 O 8 may be formed instead of ZrO 2.