Zinc Sulfide Materials Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Physical Properties on Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)-based Field Effect Transistor

The paper presents the performance evaluation of physical properties on Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)-based Field Effect Transistor. The most famous III-V compound-based semiconductor devices have several affected to the environment and the toxic contents are directly responded to the society. Due to the lack of technology on nontoxic compound-based semiconductor device fabrications, the novel device with II-VI compound materials are challenging issues for the environments. The specific objectives of doing research on fabrication of II-VI compound-based semiconductor devices in advanced laboratories are to emphasize the numerical modeling of the device structure and designing the FET based on ZnS material, to contribute the mathematical model for physical characteristics of the FET structure and the modification of the device structure will be easily established by using numerical simulation. The mathematical analyses on physical properties of device structure with ZnS material are confirmed and observed the several properties of electrical and electronic characteristics. The detailed implementations for ZnS-based FET devices are performed and evaluated the performance of the developed FET devices. There are two steps analyses in physical properties of ZnS-based FET devices with numerical implementation by MATLAB languages. The results observed in this study could be confirmed with the recent works from several research laboratories and the developed ZnS-based FET devices could be utilized in high performance wide band applications on switching in the power electronics and amplification purposes in modern amplifier design in real world applications.

Zinc sulfide: from supertetrahedral atomically precise clusters to quantum dots

Zinc sulfide clusters Zn10 with T3 symmetry and Zn8 with P1 symmetry are compared with zinc sulfide quantum dots from structures and properties views, which offer new insights for zinc sulfide material advancements.

Advancing broadband light structuring through single-size nanostructured all-dielectric meta-devices

Traditional optical components and most artificially engineered structures (metamaterials) used for light manipulation are usually designed for narrow bandwidth and limited functionalities. Furthermore, bulkiness and inefficiency limit their application for integrated devices. Metasurfaces, the ultracompact counterpart of bulky metamaterials, exhibit an unprecedented ability to manipulate incident electromagnetic waves at a micron scale. Metasurfaces have emerged as promising candidates for light structuring and its potential applications, ranging from high-capacity data communication to particle manipulation. Despite significant advancement in metasurfaces, realizing high-performance metadevices exhibiting a broadband light manipulation capability is still challenging due to the material's intrinsic nature and lack of a more straightforward design methodology. Here, we demonstrated a broadband single-cell driven all-dielectric metadevice platform to realize high-performance phase modulation for light structuring over the broad visible spectrum475−650nm. The building block consists of an intelligently optimized nanoantenna made of unique zinc sulfide material that employs the PB phase to realize single-layered broadband metadevices for structured light generation, ensuring a decent average transmission efficiency ηavg=79.9% over the intended band. To prove the concept, we designed numerous metadevices for structured light generation and numerically investigated each under the illumination of selected visible wavelengths. We envisioned that the presented work could accelerate real-life applications such as high-resolution color imaging, optical communication and sensing, quantum information processing, and micromanipulation.

Broadband single-cell-driven multifunctional metalensing

Metasurfaces are artificially engineered ultrathin photonic components that can be freely designed to exhibit unprecedented capabilities of highly-efficient electromagnetic wave manipulation. The ever-growing demand for miniaturized photonic devices for emerging applications, like imaging, spectroscopy, biosensing, and quantum information processing, consistently requires broadband multifunctional and highly-efficient meta-devices. Recent years have witnessed tremendous advancements in metasurfaces; however, investigating the novel platform to realize broadband metasurfaces that integrate multiple functionalities in a single-layered structure would be an obvious technological extension. Here, we present a broadband single-cell-driven multifunctional metasurface platform capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves over a wide range of visible wavelengths (475−650 nm). A lossless zinc sulfide material exhibiting a sufficiently large refractive index and negligible extension coefficient across the visible spectrum is exploited to demonstrate the state-of-the-art meta-devices. Furthermore, a well-known spin-decoupling technique is implemented to multiplex different optical phenomena into a single-cell-driven structure. For proof of the concept, we demonstrate two meta-devices that provide transverse and longitudinal splitting of different optical phenomena for the visible wavelengths. The presented zinc sulfide material and unique design philosophy to achieve broadband multifunctional meta-devices may find potential applications in polarization and dispersion analyzers, sensing, optical communication, and many more.

Application of thiol capped ZnS quantum dots as a fluorescence probe for determination of tetracycline residues

A new rapid and sensitive fluorescence probe based on zinc sulfide (ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) as an eco-friendly alternative has been produced for the detection of tetracycline (TCy). ZnS QDs have been innovatively prepared via simple aqueous colloidal method with thioglycolic acid (TGA) as a stabilizer and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopiy, UV–Visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The blue shift of the absorption band and bandgap values with respect to that of bulk ZnS materials confirms the quantum confinement effect. IR spectra show the binding of TGA to the surface of ZnS QDs. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of a cubic phase of ZnS. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy shows three emission bands at 405 nm, 442 nm and 483 nm ascribed to electronic transitions involving Zn and S vacancies and interstitial sites. TGA-ZnS QDs is.able to detect TCy in an aqueous medium with a pH compatible with the pH of biological fluids which highlight the flexibility and applicability of this sensor in real media. Regarding TCy detection by QD fluorescence, a linear relationship of fluorescence intensity and TCy concentration is obtained over the wide range of 25–6000 nM, and the limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 0.03 nM. Thanks to its excellent analytical performance, such ZnS QDs fluorescent probe is a promising sensing platform for the analysis of trace TCy in biological fluids. Current probe was applied for TCy quantification in milk samples with superior results.

Evaluation of photocatalytic performances of PEG and PVP capped zinc sulfide nanoparticles towards organic environmental pollutant in presence of sunlight

Advanced oxidation processes triggered by nanoscale materials are promising owing to the in-situ generation of reactive radicals that can degrade toxic organic pollutants. In the present study, zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) cappings were prepared using the chemical precipitation method and characterized thoroughly. Optical and structural characteristics of the capped ZnS nanoparticles were investigated and compared with those of uncapped ZnS nanoparticles. Results showed that PVP and PEG capped ZnS nanoparticles exhibited smaller crystallite size of 1.42 and 1.5 nm, respectively, as compared to uncapped ZnS (1.93 nm). Consequently, band gap energies of capped ZnS nanoparticles were higher which enable them to work as solar photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance of the PEG, PVP-capped, and uncapped ZnS nanoparticles were evaluated against methyl orange (MO) dye and showed 85%, 87%, and 80% dye removal efficiencies, respectively. Degradation rate constant derived using Langmuir-Hinshelwood model revealed faster degradation kinetics bycapped ZnS photocatalysts owing to broader light absorption range. A possible dye degradation mechanism based on the energy levels positions was proposed to explain the route of photocatalytic degradation of MO by ZnS materials. It was inferred that the generation of reactive oxygen species by photogenerated electron-hole pairs facilitate degradation of MO dye molecules under sunlight illumination. It is expected that this work will provide insights into the development of strategies employed to achieve enhanced photocatalysis by nanoscale materials through organic capping.

Defect engineering of zeolite imidazole framework derived ZnS nanosheets towards enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic hydrogen production

In this work, zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) was employed as a sacrificing template for defect engineering of zinc sulfide (ZnS) photocatalysts to overcome their limited light response and stability. Through controlling the feeding concentration of sulfur source, the tunable density of sulfur vacancy was facially realized and accompanied with the transformation into zinc vacancy. The introduction of vacancy sites created impurity bands, which could promote visible light response and facilitate charge transport/separation. As a result, the as-prepared ZnS materials showed promoted light harvesting in visible region and suppressed electron-hole recombination. Especially, due to the synergistic effect of enhanced visible light harvesting and improved charge carrier kinetics, the ZnS-15 sample with abundant sulfur vacancy sites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production with an average rate up to 741.80 μmol g−1 h-1 under visible light irradiation and negligible photo-induced corrosion in the consecutive catalytic runs.

Multichannel filter application of a magnetized cold plasma defect in periodic structure of ZnS/TiO2 materials

In this article, transmission spectra of multilayer structure of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) with defect of magnetized cold plasma (MCP) have been calculated theoretically by using characteristics transfer matrix method. The transmission spectra versus frequency have been analyzed for symmetric and asymmetric structure. Due to have a multiple band gaps in the asymmetric structure, we have taken the asymmetric structure for analysis with the parameters of MCP and the thicknesses of the dielectric materials. It is well known that magnetized cold plasma is an abnormal material because the permittivity changes with applied external magnetic field, and shows tunable photonic band gap for permittivity of the MCP. Now, the transmission spectra of the asymmetric structure versus frequency by inserting one or two magnetized cold plasma layer were analyzed with the variation of incident angles, the parameters of MCP, and the thicknesses of ZnS and TiO2 material. The analyzed transmission spectra of asymmetric structure with the variation of electron density, thicknesses of dielectric materials were obtained better results with defect of two plasma layers as compare to the defect of one layer of plasma. These obtained results reveal that the defect of two magnetized cold plasma layers of one dimensional asymmetric structure of ZnS, TiO2 may be used for the tunable multichannel filter at microwave region.

Nickel–zinc sulfide nanocomposite thin film as an efficient cathode material for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Nickel–Zinc Sulfide nanocomposite (Ni–ZnS) thin film was prepared by RF magnetron co-sputtering method on a stainless steel substrate, which is used as the cathode material for hybrid supercapacitor. The as-prepared Ni–ZnS nanocomposite thin films exhibit a hexagonal structure with uniform morphology. The electrochemical results show that the Ni–ZnS nanocomposite thin film electrode exhibited a higher specific capacity when compared to the ZnS thin film. The Ni–ZnS-3 electrode has the highest specific capacity of 134 C g−1 (67 mC cm−2) at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 with excellent cycling stability (10% loss of its initial specific capacity) even after 3500 cycles. The obtained results reveal that nickel doping has the significant effect on the electrochemical performance of zinc sulfide material and the as-fabricated material can be used as a potential positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitors.

Measurement method for high-temperature infrared optical constants of ZnS crystal materials in a multi-layer structure

An inverse method was used to calculate the optical constants of high-temperature semi-transparent materials in the infrared spectra based on the angle dependent transmittances of multi-layer structure. The radiative transfer model for the multi-layer semi-transparent structure was established. A three-layer structure composed by zinc sulfide (ZnS) infrared optical materials was investigated with a numerical analysis of the radiation characteristics to analyze the effects of the two side layers (defined as optical windows) on the radiation properties of the three-layer structure. The inverse calculations of the optical constants of ZnS materials were carried out based on the total transmittances of the three-layer structure at different incidence angles using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The inverse accuracy for the optical constants was numerically verified. This research works provides a reference for measurements of high-temperature radiation properties of semi-transparent materials in multi-layer structure.

Radiation temperature measurement method for semitransparent materials using one-channel infrared pyrometer.

Semitransparent zinc sulfide (ZnS) crystal materials are widely used as the infrared-transmitting windows for optical instruments operating in long wavelengths. This paper describes a temperature measurement method for high-temperature ZnS materials using the one-channel optical pyrometer based on a theoretical model of radiation transfer in semitransparent plates. Numerical analyses of the radiation properties of ZnS plate are used to optimize the spectral band for the optical pyrometry. The optimized measurement spectral band is based on a trade-off between the measurement radiation intensity and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the ZnS material. The effective waveband emittance of one-dimensional (1D) ZnS plates is analyzed for various experimental conditions (temperatures, thicknesses, and direction angles) for the one-channel infrared pyrometer with the optimized measurement spectral response. The analysis can be used to improve radiation temperature measurements of semitransparent ZnS materials in applications.

热压硫化锌的超精密磨削加工

To overcome the shortcomings of traditional lapping and polishing methods in machining large size aspherical hot-pressed zinc sulfide lenses,a machining experiment on hot-pressed zinc sulfide materials was performed by diamond wheel grinding method..The single-point diamond scratching and orthogonal grinding experiments were carried out to research the ductile regime removal mechanism and subsurface damage during machining hot-pressed zinc sulfide and to obtain optimal machining parameters.The results of micro-indentation experiment show that hot-pressed zinc sulfide materials under a load are easy to produce radial cracks and micro cracks,the toughness value is 2.643842MPa/m1/2 and the critical cutting depth is 1.808μm.Based on the results of single-point diamond scratching,it verifies that hot-pressed zinc sulfide is removed in ductile regime at a smaller cutting depth although much kinds of subsurface damage will appear during machining process.The results of orthog-onal grinding experiments demonstrate that the depth of grinding is a main influencing factor on surface roughness values,which decreases with decreasing depth of grinding,and the best value is 7.6nm.The feed rate of the working table influences the surface figure precision PV values mostly,it offers the surface accuracy(PV)between 0.185μm and 0.395μm.These results show that the roughness of hot-pressed zinc sulfide surface by grinding has been up to nano level.

Characteristics of Radio Frequency-Sputtered ZnS on the Flexible Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Substrate

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin film was deposited on the flexible polyethylene-terephtalate (PET) polymer substrate by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system. ZnS film has a critical thickness range affecting crystal structure where it shows preferred orientation with intensity peak of X-ray diffractometer at 28.4 degrees for ZnS thinner than 200 nm while hexagonal wurtzite and cubic zinc-blend (101) are co-existed for film thicker than 200 nm. Optical band gap energy (Eg) decreases with increasing RF-powers, resulting from increase in film thickness. Eg of ZnS films on PET is 3.68-3.86 eV, which is lower than that of ZnS on the rigid substrate by 0.27-0.28 eV. This is attributed to amount of incorporated oxygen to ZnS material as well as residual strain and disorder of grain boundary. Transmittance of ZnS on PET degrades due to surface defects and complex internal structure. Energy dispersive spectroscopy reveals out that ZnS film does not have a unity of Zn to S ratio, but it is close to stoichiometric composition with increasing thickness.

Structural, optical and chemical analysis of zinc sulfide thin film deposited by RF-mganetron sputtering and post deposition annealing

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films were deposited by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The effects of the process parameters such as deposition time and RF-power, as well as of post deposition annealing under oxygen containing atmospheres, on the material properties of ZnS films have been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals out that the as-deposited ZnS films preferred (002) hexagonal wurtzite and (111) cubic zinc blend (111) at 28.60°, while a thicker ZnS film has additional hexagonal wurtzite (100), (110), and (200) planes coexisting with the preferred oriented-planes, suggesting that the thickness is dependent on the growth of ZnS. After annealing, ZnO phases were detected, indicating island-like grain growth on the surface of the ZnS film. By increasing the deposition time and the RF power, the optical band gap energy (Eg) of the ZnS film changes from 4.13 to 3.87 eV, indicating the presence of lower Eg with thicker ZnS film. The lower Eg (∼3.27 eV) value of the annealed films is attributed to the ZnO transition. Unlike bulk ZnS material (Zn/S∼1.08), deposited ZnS thin film has Zn-rich and S-deficient composition (Zn/S∼1.28). However, the Zn/S ratio is closer to the ideal value when there is a longer deposition time or higher RF-power.

Determination of fracture toughness and bridging tractions from crack-opening displacement measurements in particulate composites of diamond in zinc sulfide

The fracture toughness of zinc sulfide ceramic and a series of ZnS diamond particle composites was studied through measurements of crack opening displacement profiles. Five composites were fabricated using weight fractions of 10, 20 and 30% of 0–1 μm diamond particles, and 10 and 20% of 1–3 μm particles in a ZnS matrix. The cracks were grown using a novel specimen geometry and a loading technique that permitted stable crack growth even in small specimens. The fracture toughness of each material was calculated on the basis of the displacement profiles and the material properties, as opposed to the applied loads and the specimen geometry. The pure zinc sulfide material exhibited nearly ideal brittle behavior, and the toughness measurements agreed closely with other methods. The greatest toughening occurred in the 1–3 μm particle size composites, in which weak bridging tractions (⩽ 100 MPa) over a short distance along the crack (50–100 μm) could explain the reduced displacements near the crack tip. Even smaller size bridging zones (5–10 μm) may have been present in the 0–1 μm particle size composites, but elastic shielding alone can explain the observed toughening. The specimen geometry used here permitted toughness measurements using small specimens (< 5 mm) but is limited to materials having bridging zones that are less than about 250 μm.

Inhomogeneous interface laser mirror coatings

Methods of improving the durability of thin-film laser mirror coatings for 10.6 microm using thorium fluoride, zinc selenide, and zinc sulfide materials have been investigated. The largest improvement in film durability was obtained by using inhomogeneous interface fabrication for all the dielectric-dielectric interfaces and by incorporating cerium fluoride protective overcoating material into the film design. Experimental results are given for enhanced reflectors, polarization-selective coatings, and buried-grating aperture-sharing coatings designed for high-power laser applications.