Zinc Silver Oxide Research Articles

Evaluating fructose content in poultry feed: electrochemical insights

AbstractThe global demand for poultry meat has increased, but consumers have become more picky in their nutritional choices. The fat content of poultry meat has risen since genetic advancement has resulted in higher rates of body weight gain and fat deposition, which are closely linked. The increase in further processing for fast-food poultry items has resulted in larger birds with more body fat. Usually, carbohydrates are used for easy weight gain in poultry. This study focuses on the electrochemical detection of fructose as a feed additive in poultry. The catalyst used was silver–silver oxide–zinc oxide (Ag–AgO–ZnO) and it was prepared by sol–gel method. Further, the surface morphology of the catalyst was analysed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (XRD, FTIR and TEM). Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to find out the effectiveness of this catalyst in detecting fructose and our results revealed a sensitivity of 0.3 M with an electrochemical current of 1 mA cm−2, indicating the effectiveness of the chosen electrochemical approach. And further investigation was carried out to monitor effects of various parameters including scan rate, catalyst loading and fructose concentration. This research contributes valuable insights into assessing fructose levels in poultry feed, with potential implications for optimising nutritional formulations and enhancing overall poultry health. The electrochemical method demonstrates promise as a reliable tool for sensitively analysing fructose in feed additives. Precision and accuracy assessments further underscore the reliability of our electrochemical approach in differentiating fructose content within the poultry feed matrix. Graphical Abstract

Bio-inspired interface engineering of Ag2O rooted on Au, Ni-modified filter paper for highly robust Zn–Ag2O batteries

Flexible zinc–silver oxide (Zn–Ag2O) batteries have attracted extensive attention for comfortable wearable electronics owing to their stable output voltage, inherent safety, and environmental benignity. However, they suffer from inferior specific capacity and poor mechanical stability due to the low utilization of Ag2O cathodic material and weak interfacial adhesion of active material/substrate. Inspired by the nature of the tree root system, we develop an interface-engineered cathode, in which Ag2O nanoparticles are rooted on an Au, Ni co-modified filter paper substrate (CFP) through an electroless plating followed by an in situ electrochemical oxidation. The staggered-stacked Ag2O nanoparticles provide abundant electrochemically active sites and convenient ion diffusion paths, and the unique biological tree-root-like structure of the electrode material creates robust interlocking interfaces. A quasi-solid-state Zn–Ag2O battery assembled with a tree-root-like Ag2O/CFP cathode delivers a high areal specific capacity of 1.08 mAh cm−2 and long-term cycling durability with a capacity retention of 77.3% even after 100 cycles. Moreover, the device presents good mechanical stability under various flexural deformations, including bending, folding, and twisting, and exhibits minimal capacity changes after 1000 bending cycles. These findings suggest that the bio-inspired interface-engineered electrode structure is an efficient approach for developing flexible batteries with excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical properties.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanowires for Developing a Prismatic Zinc-Silver Oxide Battery

Silver nanowires were synthesized by polyol method to be used on the surface modification of silver cathodes in alkaline zinc-silver oxide batteries with the aim of increasing the electroactive area and improving its energy storage capacity. The morphological and structural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV absorption. The modified electrodes were evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry and discharge curves of batteries. The energy storage capacity increased about 53.73% when the modified electrodes with silver nanowires were used.

Silver production from spent zinc–silver oxide batteries via leaching–cementation technique

ABSTRACT Silver recovery from a spent submarine battery was investigated. The effect of different parameters including nitric acid concentration, temperature, solid to liquid ratio (w/v%) and time was studied and results revealed that recovery increased by increasing acid concentration, temperature (up to 55°C) and solid to liquid ratio (up to 40 g/L). Recovery of silver could reach 99.99% under optimum conditions and the activation energy was found to be 22.84 KJ/mol. Moreover, the effect of Cu/Ag ratio (w %), time, pH and temperature on the precipitation of silver from PLS was studied by surface response methodology (RSM).

Free-Standing Poly (Acrylic) Acid / Potassium Hydroxide Based Polymer Electrolyte Membrane As Electrolyte for Printed Zinc/Silver Oxide Batteries

Printable batteries have attracted great attention as an emerging power source for wearable electronics such as RFID tags, implantable medical devices etc. The need for environmentally friendly batteries with high energy density has led to the development of partially printed primary zinc-silver oxide batteries. It has been reported that printed Zn/Ag2O systems have low cost, lightweight and easy processing methods. A free-standing polymer membrane (FSM) made up of poly(acrylic) acid, poly(ethylene)oxide and potassium hydroxide has not been systematically studied for its application as an electrolyte in printed batteries. In this work, we have prepared and characterized FSM for its compatibility to be used as an electrolyte in a Zn/Ag2O systems by employing electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Cyclic voltammetry is used to understand the electrochemical processes going on the electrode, charge-discharge curves are reported to present the specific capacity of the battery. For printed electrodes, ionic conductivity is of the order of 10-3 siemens.cm-1 transference number (Zn+), for Zn|| FSM||Zn (Printed zinc (Zn)) cell structure is 0.247.Further, a comparative study of FSM behavior with printed zinc and the zinc metal foil electrodes is done with an intention to understand the electrochemical behaviour of zinc electrodes in Zn/Ag2O all-solid-state battery device. Specific capacities of 3.604 and 2.495 mAh.cm-2are achieved for batteries having zinc printed and metal foil electrodes respectively. Though printed electrodes demonstrated better specific capacity, its repeatability remains an issue. Further work is being done to address the issue of electrode recyclability and performance repeatability.

Exploring Titanium Material for Developing High Energy/High Power Battery for Strategic Defense Applications

Commercial Pure (CP) grade-2 titanium is a choice material for the construction of Silver Oxide Zinc reserve-battery components like battery containers, cell casings, electrolyte bladder housings, etc. The above-said components are either not directly exposed to electrolyte or have limited duration exposure, e.g., the cell-case is filled with electrolyte just before operational use, by transferring the stored electrolyte from the electrolyte tanks, using pressurized gas. There is a need to widen the application CP grade-2 titanium material for the construction of electrolyte tank-reservoir in reserve batteries, where long storage requirement exists. Therefore, a study was undertaken on the corrosion behavior of CP grade-2 titanium material, with the known concentration of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), as used in reserve battery applications. The samples for the conduct of the experiment were carefully prepared by TIG welding procedure. Material characterization studies were undertaken by macro and microstructural analysis using optical microscope (OM), phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Further, different corrosion studies like immersion test, salt spray test, potentiodynamic polarization studies, and surface morphology studies were undertaken. The results of all the above studies revealed that CP grade-2 titanium material with weld joints if prepared with the standardized procedure, can be effectively used in the construction of electrolyte tanks for Silver Oxide Zinc based Reserve Batteries for meeting strategic defense applications.

Untethered Disposable Health Monitoring Electronic Patches with an Integrated Ag2O-Zn Battery, a AgInGa Current Collector, and Hydrogel Electrodes.

Stretchable electronics stickers that adhere to the human skin and collect biopotentials are becoming increasingly popular for biomonitoring applications. Such stickers include electrodes, stretchable interconnects, silicon chips for processing and communication, and batteries. Here, we demonstrate a material architecture and fabrication technique for a multilayer, stretchable, low-cost, rapidly deployable, and disposable sticker that integrates skin-interfacing hydrogel electrodes, stretchable interconnects, and a Ag2O-Zn (silver oxide-zinc) battery. In addition, the application of a printed biphasic current collector (AgInGa) for the Ag2O-Zn battery is reported for the first time. Surprisingly, and unlike previously reported batteries, the battery capacity increases after being subjected to strain cycles and reaches a record-breaking areal capacity of 6.88 mAh cm-2 post stretch. As a proof of concept, an application of heart rate monitoring is presented. The disposable patch is interfaced with a miniature battery-free electronics circuit for data acquisition, processing, and wireless transmission. A version of the patch partially covering the patient's chest can supply enough energy for continuous operation for ∼6 days.

Sustainable scientific advancements modified Ag2O-ZnO thin films characterization and application of photocatalytic purification of carcinogenic dye in deionizer water and contaminated sea water solutions and synthetic, natural based dye-sensitized solar cells

The manuscript studied the preparation of ZnO as well as Ag2O-ZnO thin films deposited on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis approach at 500 °C. The photocatalytic activity of Ag2O-ZnO nanocomposite material was studied via the Photodegradation reaction of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye under UV-light irradiation in Deionizer water which shows high activity as compared by Contamination of sea water. The Zinc was Zincacetylacetonate (ZnC10H14O5) at the atomic concentration and then dissolved in the ethanol and Ag NO3 (0.1 M) dissolved in ethanol. The effect of silver Oxide-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite material on the structural, surface morphological, electrical and optical properties of Ag2O-ZnO thin films were studied. HR-SEM and HR-TEM image shows exposed that the surface morphology of the films nanoflower shaped structure. The presence of Silver, Zinc and Oxygen are confirmed the presence of peaks, using EDS analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns accepted the successful growth of high quality thin films which is polycrystalline nature. The PL analysis shows in Ag2O-ZnO is certified to the low recombination of electron-hole pairs by transfer of electrons and holes between ZnO and UV–Vis DRS analysis. The photocatalytic activity of Ag2O-ZnO nanocomposite material was studied from Photodegradation study of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye under UV-light irradiation of Deionizer water was high activity that Contamination of sea water. As a reaction of this the material was found to be stable and reusable, which extends to a high antibacterial activity and the electrochemical study from synthetic based and Natural based.DSSCS analysis showed increased current is short circuit by Ag2O-ZnO thin film nanocomposite material was industrial applications.

Effects of Sintering Temperature and Press Pressure on the Microstructure and Electrochemical Behaviour of the Ag2O/GO Nanocomposite

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of press pressure and sintering temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of silver oxide-graphene oxide composite as a novel electrode produced by the powder metallurgy (PM) route. Scanning electron microscopy method used to investigate the microstructure of electrodes and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis method was used for point analysis. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods were used to research the effects of sintering temperature and press pressure on the electrochemical behaviour in the 1.4 wt % KOH solution and electrical discharge test was used for evaluate the ultimate electrical capacity of silver oxide-zinc batteries with electrolyte of the 1.4 wt % KOH solution.

Laser technique in diaphragm cum rupture disc for defence oriented silver oxide zinc reserve batteries

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a novel method of forming a score mark to develop silver based metal diaphragm cum rupture disc using laser micro machining technique. Defense oriented primary reserve type silver oxide zinc batteries utilize metallic diaphragm cum rupture disc with controlled indentation in the battery activation system. The criticality of the score mark to meet the activation parameters calls for a precise and controlled technique for “scoring” like micro machining using laser. The study of laser machining involves various metals, which act as a safety pressure relief system. The uniqueness of the work relates to devising a process for the making of diaphragm, which bursts at a pre-set pressure to allow flow of electrolyte, to activate a battery and not as a mere safety pressure relief system. Detailed analysis of silver diaphragm is performed through dynamic and destructive tests. Investigations through white light interferometer (WLI) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) have confirmed the repeatability of process. A novel method of making diaphragm catering to the requirements is established in this work and full description of the process including various process parameters is presented.

Leaching of Metals from Waste Silver Oxide-Zinc Button Cell Batteries by Aspergillus niger

Leaching of metals from waste button cell batteries was explored in this study. Aspergillus niger spent medium was used for metal leaching to avoid toxicity of metals toward microbial cells. Process parameters including time, temperature, shaking speed, and volume of the spent medium were optimized. We obtained 100% leaching of zinc and silver in six hours at 60 °C and 100 rpm using 15 mL spent medium. The use of spent medium supported the indirect leaching process. The organic acid produced by fungi acts as a lixiviant, aiding the metal leaching in this process.

Effect of temperature and charge stand on electrochemical performance of silver oxide–zinc cell

It is known that the storage conditions influence the performance of a battery. The effect of temperature on the discharge capacity of silver oxide–zinc (AgO–Zn) cells is investigated quantitatively in the present study. 40Ah silver oxide–zinc cells are charged in two step constant current mode up to 2.05V and stored at temperatures in the range of −20°C to 60°C for charge stand periods of 1 day, 7 days and 15 days. Subsequently, the cells are discharged at 1C rate current until voltages of each cell reached 1.2V. Although the discharge capacity of these cells at and around room temperature is reasonable, at temperatures below 0°C the performance is poor. From 40°C to 60°C temperatures, the discharge capacities decreased with charge stand periods. The discharge capacities are not affected by the charge stand periods from −20°C to 30°C. Best performances in terms of the capacity and average midpoint voltage for different charge stand periods are obtained at 30°C. To identify the reasons for the poor performance at sub-ambient temperatures, electrochemical impedance studies are carried out on a fresh cell. The impedance data are analyzed using an equivalent circuit by Zman fitting software and the impedance parameters are evaluated. The resistances corresponding to mid-frequencies and low frequencies of Nyquist impedance plot exhibit a strong dependence on temperatures. The kinetic parameter namely, apparent exchange current density is calculated and discussed.

Facile 3D Metal Electrode Fabrication for Energy Applications via Inkjet Printing and Shape Memory Polymer

This paper reports on a simple 3D metal electrode fabrication technique via inkjet printing onto a thermally contracting shape memory polymer (SMP) substrate. Inkjet printing allows for the direct patterning of structures from metal nanoparticle bearing liquid inks. After deposition, these inks require thermal curing steps to render a stable conductive film. By printing onto a SMP substrate, the metal nanoparticle ink can be cured and substrate shrunk simultaneously to create 3D metal microstructures, forming a large surface area topology well suited for energy applications. Polystyrene SMP shrinkage was characterized in a laboratory oven from 150-240°C, resulting in a size reduction of 1.97-2.58. Silver nanoparticle ink was patterned into electrodes, shrunk, and the topology characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Zinc-Silver Oxide microbatteries were fabricated to demonstrate the 3D electrodes compared to planar references. Characterization was performed using 10M potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution doped with zinc oxide (57g/L). After a 300s oxidation at 3Vdc, the 3D electrode battery demonstrated a 125% increased capacity over the reference cell. Reference cells degraded with longer oxidations, but the 3D electrodes were fully oxidized for 4 hours, and exhibited a capacity of 5.5mA-hr/cm2 with stable metal performance.

Improving performance and cyclability of zinc-silver oxide batteries by using graphene as a two dimensional conductive additive.

In this article, the use of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a high-surface-area conductive additive for enhancing zinc-silver oxide (Zn-Ag2O) batteries is reported for the first time. Specific capacity, rate capability and cyclability are all improved with the addition of 5% thermally reduced graphene oxide to the electrode. It is shown that the rGO morphology becomes more beneficial as the active materials tend toward the nanoscale. The combination results in a better utilization of the active material, which in turn improves the specific capacity of the zinc-silver oxide batteries by ca. 50%, as a result of the more intimate contact with the nano (∼50 nm) electrode particles. The resulting rGO network also creates a high-surface-area conducting template for ZnO electrodeposition upon discharge, significantly reducing the overall particle size of the ZnO deposit, thus inhibiting the formation of dendrites, and increasing the number of achievable cycles from 4 to >160 with a basic cellulose separator. The morphology of the electrodes and its electrochemical parameters are studied as a function of cycling.

Extraction of silver from spent silver oxide–zinc button cells by using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans culture supernatant

Abstract The silver extraction from spent silver oxide–zinc button cell battery was investigated by using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( A. ferrooxidans ) culture supernatant. Parameters such as duration of leaching, volume of culture supernatant, pH, initial shaking speed, and temperature were optimized for the silver extraction. About 98% silver was dissolved in 1 h, at an initial pH of 2.5, 30 °C temperature, 150 rpm shaking speed and by using 50 mL culture supernatant. The use of only culture supernatant for silver extraction indicated that an indirect non-contact leaching was the predominant mechanism for metal solubilization. There was no need for bacteria themselves to be present for the silver extraction. Hence the role of A. ferrooxidans was most likely to regenerate Fe 3+ as an oxidant. The reported method could be considered the first step to recycle spent silver oxide–zinc button cell batteries to overcome pollution problems.

A Single-Domain Formulation for Modeling and Simulation of Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation can help increasing the efficiency, energy and power density of zinc–silver oxide batteries. It is clear that the accuracy of the modeling depends on the assumptions of the model. Among the different types of modeling, the models based on governing equation can give a very good understanding of the involved physical phenomena. Although zinc–silver oxide batteries are very mature, there do not appear to be many existing modeling based on fundamental governing equations. In the present work, a general system of governing equations for this type of batteries is presented based on the single–domain approach. The main advantage of this type of modeling is that it contains a single–domain formulation which is valid on entire cell sandwich, namely porous electrodes, separator, electrolyte reservoir and separator. The presented governing equations are solved numerically and the results are compared and verified with experimental tests.

Effect of electrolysis condition of zinc powder production on zinc–silver oxide battery operation

A research conducted to produce zinc powder through electrolysis of alkaline solutions by using various concentrations of KOH and zincate in the bath. Different current densities were applied for each concentration and then, morphological changes of Zn powder batches were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Afterward, an anode electrode was produced from each pack of powder. Thirty-six Zn–AgO battery cells were prepared totally. Discharge parameters of the cells were examined and time–voltage curves were analyzed. Discharge times were investigated for various conditions of Zn deposition and the proper terms were suggested. It has been seen that increase of KOH concentration and decrease of zincate ion in the bath solution will change the zinc morphology and increase the resultant battery discharge time. The longest time of discharge, before reduction of cell voltage to 1.25 V, was 7.91 min. This result was obtained for Zn powder produced in zincate concentration of 0.5 M, KOH concentration of 11 M and current density of 2500 A/m 2.

Analysis of ac impedance of AgO-Zn cells: effects of state-of-charge, temperature and cycle-life

The ac impedance of commercial silver oxide-zinc cells has been studied in the temperature range −20 to 40 °C at various state-of-charge (SOC) values in conjunction with the effect of charge–discharge cycling. The impedance data in the Nyquist form comprise an inductive part in the frequency region 100–10 kHz, and a capacitive semicircle in the frequency region 10 kHz–10 mHz in the SOC range between 0 and 0.4, or two capacitive semicircles at SOC ≥ 0.4. The impedance parameters have been evaluated by analysis of the data using an equivalent circuit and a non-linear least squares fitting procedure. The inductance has been found to be independent of both temperature and SOC of the cell. The resistance values corresponding to the semicircles of the Nyquist impedance plot, which are attributed to the positive electrode, show a strong dependence on the SOC of the cell. The energy of activation for the charge-transfer reaction has been calculated from the temperature dependence studies. There is a decline in the capacity values of the cells on cycling, while the constant phase elements are found to increase with increasing cycle number. The scanning electron micrographs reveal an increase in particle size of the negative electrode on cycling, which causes the performance of AgO-Zn cells to deteriorate gradually.

Rapid prototyping of micropower sources by laser direct-write

A laser forward-transfer and micromachining process has been developed to fabricate and optimize mesoscale electrochemical power sources, such as primary Zn–Ag2O and secondary Li-ion microbatteries. The laser direct-write technique allows for adding, removing and processing the various material systems required for the fabrication of micropower sources on many types of substrates under ambient conditions. In this work, we demonstrate planar zinc–silver oxide alkaline cell configurations with 1.5–1.55 V open-circuit potentials. The 10 mm2 samples show a flat discharge behavior under constant-current loads and capacities of ∼100 μA h cm-2. Stacked Li-ion cells with 3.80-V open-circuit potentials have also been fabricated and continue to operate after 50 charge/discharge cycles. The 9 mm2 samples exhibit capacities of 110 μA h cm-2.

Laser direct write of planar alkaline microbatteries

We are developing a laser engineering approach to fabricate and optimize alkaline microbatteries in planar geometries. The laser direct-write technique enables multicapability for adding, removing and processing material and provides the ability to pattern complicated structures needed for fabricating complete microbattery assemblies. In this paper, we demonstrate the production of planar zinc–silver oxide alkaline cells under ambient conditions. The microbattery cells exhibit 1.55-V open-circuit potentials, as expected for the battery chemistry, and show a flat discharge behavior under constant-current loads. High capacities of over 450 μA h cm-2 are obtained for 5-mm2 microbatteries.