Zinc Consumption Research Articles

Synergistic Influence of the Addition of Al, Ni and Pb to a Zinc Bath upon Growth Kinetics and Structure of Coatings

In this paper the current knowledge about the influence of alloy additions used in galvanizing baths has been analysed. The optimum concentration of Al, Ni and Pb addition has been established. Tests have been conducted to determine the synergistic influence of the addition of AlNiPb in a zinc bath upon the structure and growth kinetics of coatings. The structure and the chemical composition of coatings obtained on steel with low silicon contents and on Sandelin steel have been developed. It has been determined that the synergistic influence of the AlNiPb addition effectively lowers the reactivity of Sandelin steel and it improves zincs flowing off the product surface which results in decreased zinc consumption and better appearance of the coating. The structure of coatings obtained in a Zn-AlNiPb bath on Sandelin steel is similar to the structure of coatings obtained on low-silicon steel.

Study for prevention of steel corrosion by sacrificial anode cathodic protection

Corrosion of steel tube in sea water was controlled by cathodic protection. Sacrificial anode technique was used. In this technique, weight loss method was used to determine the rate of zinc consumption as a function of temperature, time, pH and solution velocity. Reaction kinetics studies showed that the rate of zinc consumption was first order. Activation parameters were obtained from Arrhenius equation and transition state equation. Two mathematical models were suggested to represent the consumption data. Statistical analysis proved that the second-order multi-terms model was better than the one-term model.

Arsenicosis and Dietary Nutrient Intake Among Men and Women

To determine the dietary intake of nutrients and its correlation with manifestations of arsenicosis and gender a cross-sectional study was conducted in India among two groups of participants, Group 1 (108 cases having skin lesions) and Group 2 (exposed controls, 100 cases not having skin lesions) with exposure to arsenic drawn from geographical areas known to have high level of arsenic in ground water (above permissible limit, i.e. >50 μg/L). For diet survey, combinations of two methods of diet study i.e. weighment of cooked food and the 24-h diet recall were followed. The nutrients in each food items and calorie consumption were calculated. The mean calorie intake of males was significantly less than that of females in both cases and controls. In both the sexes, mean protein consumption was significantly less than that of the controls. In females, intake of most of the nutrients like thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, magnesium, copper and zinc were less in comparison to controls. In both the sexes mean choline intake was lower significantly in comparison to exposed controls. Riboflavin, copper, zinc and vitamin B6 consumption were below the RDAs in nearly 90 % of the study population. The strongest trend in ORs was for protein (4.28). The present study revealed that low socio-economic status along with dietary intake of calorie, protein and micronutrients like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, zinc and choline may have a definite role in increasing the risk of development of arsenicosis.

Forecasting of Zinc Coating Thickness with Artificial Neural Network

Since the competition level among the companies is increasing day by day, meeting customer demands with qualified products and cost reduction are primary goals of each company. And zinc, the main raw material in galvanization sector, is the most important cost item. So it is required to forecast the amount of zinc to be spent. In this study it is tried to forecast the amount of zinc consumption using the artificial neural network (ANN) method. To evaluate the convenience of values hypothesis tests are done; and the results showed that there is no significant difference between the predicted and real outputs statistically.

Dietary zinc depletion and repletion affects plasma proteins: an analysis of the plasma proteome

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a problem world-wide. Current methods for assessing Zn status are limited to measuring plasma or serum Zn within populations suspected of deficiency. Despite the high prevalence of Zn deficiency in the human population there are no methods currently available for sensitively assessing Zn status among individuals. The purpose of this research was to utilize a proteomic approach using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry to identify protein biomarkers that were sensitive to changes in dietary Zn levels in humans. Proteomic analysis was performed in human plasma samples (n=6) obtained from healthy adult male subjects that completed a dietary Zn depletion/repletion protocol, current dietary zinc intake has a greater effect on fractional zinc absorption than does longer term zinc consumption in healthy adult men. Chung et al. (Am J Clin Nutr 87 (5):1224-1229, 2008). After a 13day Zn acclimatization period where subjects consumed a Zn-adequate diet, the male subjects consumed a marginal Zn-depleted diet for 42days followed by consumption of a Zn-repleted diet for 28days. The samples at baseline, end of depletion and end of repletion were pre-fractionated through immuno-affinity columns to remove 14 highly abundant proteins, and each fraction separated by 2DE. Following staining by colloidal Coomassie blue and densitometric analysis, three proteins were identified by mass spectrometry as affected by changes in dietary Zn. Fibrin β and chain E, fragment double D were observed in the plasma protein fraction that remained bound to the immunoaffinity column. An unnamed protein that was related to immunoglobulins was observed in the immunodepleted plasma fraction. Fibrin β increased two-fold following the Zn depletion period and decreased to baseline values following the Zn repletion period; this protein may serve as a viable biomarker for Zn status in the future.

Improvement of the Vietnamese Diet for Women of Reproductive Age by Micronutrient Fortification of Staples Foods and Condiments

BackgroundA micronutrient survey carried out in 2010 among randomly selected Vietnamese women in reproductive age indicated that anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are still prevalent. The objective of this study was thus to analyze the dietary micronutrient intakes of these women, to select the food vehicles to be fortified and to calculate their contributions to meet the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for iron, zinc, vitamin A and folic acid.Main FindingsConsumption data showed that the median intake was 38.4% of the RNI for iron, 61.1% for vitamin A and 91.8% for zinc. However, more than 50% of the women had daily zinc consumption below the RNI. Rice and vegetable oil were consumed daily in significant amounts (median: 320.4 g/capita/day and 8.6 g/capita/day respectively) by over 90% of the women, making them suitable vehicles for fortification. Based on consumption data, fortified vegetable oil could contribute to an additional vitamin A intake of 27.1% of the RNI and fortified rice could increase the intake of iron by 41.4% of the RNI, zinc by 15.5% and folate by 34.1%. Other food vehicles, such as fish and soy sauces and flavoring powders, consumed respectively by 63% and 90% of the population could contribute to increase micronutrient intakes if they are properly fortified and promoted. Wheat flower was consumed by 39% of the women and by less than 20% women from the lowest socioeconomic strata.ConclusionThe fortification of edible vegetable oils with vitamin A and of rice with iron, zinc and folic acid are the most promising fortification strategies to increase micronutrient intakes of women in reproductive age in Vietnam. While rice fortification will be implemented, fortification of fish and soy sauces with iron, that has been proven to be effective, has to be supported and fortification of flavouring powders with micronutrients investigated.

Parenteral Nutrition Order Entry Privileges for Registered Dietitians: Unique Approach to Improve Patient Outcomes

Methods: The National MS Society and The MS Foundation were used for recruitment. Participants completed an online survey, demographic questionnaire including supplementation habits, and the MS Quality of Life-54 (Vickrey et al., 1995). Participants also completed their 3-day food record utilizing MyPyramid Tracker and follow-up inquiry evaluated strengths and weaknesses of MyPyramid Tracker. Results: Participants, (n23) ranged 24 to 64 years old (M 44.3 years). Majority, white (91.3%), married (73.9%) and diagnosed with Relapsing-Remitting MS (87%). Increased consumption of milk, protein, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus and zinc showed a statistically significant positive correlation to overall QOL scores (p 0.05). Participants who met or exceeded their specific Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B6, calcium, zinc and selenium also showed higher statistically significant overall QOL scores than individuals who did not met or exceed the RDA for those micronutrients (p 0.05). Fat consumption (saturated or unsaturated) indicated no significant correlation to overall QOL scores. Conclusions: Dietary intake studies could assist in producing dietary guidelines for individuals with MS, which are absent from the Nutrition Care Manual. Efforts of nutrition professionals could focus on improving the individual’s QOL through specific macro and micronutrient recommendations.

Cadmium removal from industrial effluents by cementation with zinc powder

This work presents the study of the cementation with zinc of a cadmium containing effluent, as an alternative process to chemical precipitation. The effluent, which was produced in the regeneration cycle of the ion-exchange columns of a metal plating waste-water treatment plant, contains: [Cd(II)] = 3500 mg/L; [Cr(III)] = 1230 mg/L; [Cu(II)] = 4575 mg/L; [Fe(II)] = 985 mg/L; [Zn(II)] = 325 mg/L and a pH. To minimise the consumption of zinc it is convenient to carry out the cementation at pH ≥ 4 to obtain an effluent containing 1.5 mg/L of cadmium, 0.1 mg/L of chromium, 0.1 mg/L of copper, 0.3 mg/L of iron and 3850 mg/L of zinc.

Optimisation of a hot-dip galvanising process: minimising zinc consumption with silver additions

The addition of silver to the bath of molten zinc in the hot-dip galvanisation process, affects the morphology and the microstructure of the resulted coatings on the surface of the given steel. The effectiveness of the obtained coatings was controlled by physical and chemical parameters of technical procedure: 1 bath temperature 2 immersion time 3 withdrawal speed 4 addition of silver. Our results showed that there is a serious opportunity to optimise the galvanising process at a minimum thickness playing on the physical parameters and silver addition. It was found that galvanisation of reactive steel with molten zinc and silver produces coatings having four phases (Gamma, Delta, zeta and eta) and characterised by: bright and smooth surface with numerous visible, and small sized spangles.

Genomic analysis, cytokine expression, and microRNA profiling reveal biomarkers of human dietary zinc depletion and homeostasis

Implementation of zinc interventions for subjects suspected of being zinc-deficient is a global need, but is limited due to the absence of reliable biomarkers. To discover molecular signatures of human zinc deficiency, a combination of transcriptome, cytokine, and microRNA analyses was applied to a dietary zinc depletion/repletion protocol with young male human subjects. Concomitant with a decrease in serum zinc concentration, changes in buccal and blood gene transcripts related to zinc homeostasis occurred with zinc depletion. Microarray analyses of whole blood RNA revealed zinc-responsive genes, particularly, those associated with cell cycle regulation and immunity. Responses of potential signature genes of dietary zinc depletion were further assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The diagnostic properties of specific serum microRNAs for dietary zinc deficiency were identified by acute responses to zinc depletion, which were reversible by subsequent zinc repletion. Depression of immune-stimulated TNFα secretion by blood cells was observed after low zinc consumption and may serve as a functional biomarker. Our findings introduce numerous novel candidate biomarkers for dietary zinc status assessment using a variety of contemporary technologies and which identify changes that occur prior to or with greater sensitivity than the serum zinc concentration which represents the current zinc status assessment marker. In addition, the results of gene network analysis reveal potential clinical outcomes attributable to suboptimal zinc intake including immune function defects and predisposition to cancer. These demonstrate through a controlled depletion/repletion dietary protocol that the illusive zinc biomarker(s) can be identified and applied to assessment and intervention strategies.

Effect of zinc supplementation on glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentration in the serum, liver and kidney of rats chronically exposed to cadmium

It was investigated whether the ability of zinc (Zn) to prevent cadmium (Cd)-induced lipid peroxidation may be connected with its impact on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and selenium (Se) concentration. GPx and Se were determined in the serum, liver and kidney of the rats that received Cd (5 or 50mg/L) or/and Zn (30mg/L) in drinking water for 6 months in whose the protective Zn impact was noted (Rogalska J, Brzóska MM, Roszczenko A, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. Enhanced zinc consumption prevents cadmium-induced alterations in lipid metabolism in male rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009;177:142–52). Moreover, dependences between these parameters, and indices of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostane, lipid peroxides, oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol) as well as concentrations of Cd and Zn were estimated. The supplementation with Zn during the exposure to 5mg Cd/L entirely antagonized the Cd-induced increase in GPx activity and Se concentration in the liver and kidney, but not in the serum. Zn administration during the treatment with 50mg Cd/L totally or partially prevented from the Cd-caused decrease in GPx activity and Se concentration in the serum, liver and kidney. At the higher level of Cd exposure, GPx activity in the serum and tissues positively correlated with Se concentration. Moreover, numerous correlations were noted between GPx and/or Se and the indices of lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that the protective impact of Zn against the Cd-induced lipid peroxidation during the relatively high exposure might be connected with its beneficial influence on Se concentration and GPx activity in the serum and tissues, whereas this bioelement influence at the moderate exposure seems to be independent of GPx and Se.

Reduction of zinc consumption with enhanced corrosion protection in hot-dip galvanized coatings: A process-based cost analysis

To improve sustainability in a hot-dip galvanized coating industry, a series of galvanizing techniques have been developed. Here, a relatively novel galvanizing technique developed to reduce zinc consumption and enhance steel's corrosion protection is investigated in relation to the conventional galvanizing technique. A process-based cost modeling (PBCM) is employed to analyze the process's cost effectiveness and to determine the influence of the cost drivers, including part surface area, coating thickness, and raw materials’ costs. The new process, which involves the use of either electrodeposition or electroless-deposition technique, is found economically attractive if the electrodeposition technique is integrated and the pre-coating layer remains thin. The electroless-deposition integrated process shows promise as zinc and nickel prices increase. Cost reduction of the galvanizing process with pre-coating layers is achieved mainly through reduction of zinc consumption and exclusion of the fluxing step.

Protective effect of zinc against cadmium hepatotoxicity depends on this bioelement intake and level of cadmium exposure: A study in a rat model

It was estimated, in a rat model of moderate and relatively high chronic human exposure to cadmium (Cd), whether enhanced zinc (Zn) consumption may prevent Cd-induced liver injury and if the possible protective effect of this bioelement depends on its intake. For this purpose, the structure and function of the liver of the rats that received Zn (30 and 60 mg/l) or/and Cd (5 and 50 mg/l) for 6 months were evaluated. The treatment with Cd led to, dependent on the exposure level, pathological changes in the liver, including enhanced apoptosis and induction of inflammatory and necrotic processes. Moreover, the serum activities of hepatic marker enzymes (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) and the concentration of proinflammatory cytokine – tumor necrosis factor α were increased. The supplementation with 30 and 60 mg Zn/l (enhancing daily Zn intake by 79% and 151%, respectively) partially or totally prevented from some of the Cd-induced changes in the liver structure and function; however, it provided no protection from necrosis, and the administration of 60 mg Zn/l during the higher Cd exposure even intensified this process. At both levels of Cd treatment, the use of 30 mg Zn/l was more effective in preventing liver injury than that of 60 mg Zn/l. The hepatoprotective impact of Zn may be explained, at least partly, by its antioxidative, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory action, ability to stimulate regenerative processes in the liver tissue, and indirect action resulting in a decrease in the liver pool of the non-metallothionein-bound Cd 2+ ions able to exert toxic action. The results provide strong evidence that enhanced Zn consumption may be beneficial in protection from Cd hepatotoxicity; however, its excessive intake at relatively high exposure to Cd may intensify liver injury.

Denitrification of simulated nitrate-rich wastewater using sulfamic acid and zinc scrap

AbstractAn enhanced chemical denitrification process was studied as an alternative treatment of nitrate-rich wastewater which cannot be easily treated using conventional biological methods. To accelerate denitrification and to reduce the conversion to ammonia, nitrite reductants were added. In a batch test with the initial nitrate concentration of 500 mg NO3− -N per L, sulfamic acid and zinc were found to be the best nitrite and metal reductants, respectively. In a column test with the initial nitrate concentration of 500 mg NO3−-N per L, optimum results were experimentally obtained over a zinc scrap column with a 1.0 molar ratio of [NH2SO3H]/[NO3−-N] and the recirculating flow rate of 6 L min−1 at pH 2.5. Approximately 98.8 % of nitrate anions were removed, and the observed reaction rate constant (k) was 0.135 min−1. Zinc consumption was reduced to 46.6 % compared to the procedure without sulfamic acid, and sulfamic acid consumption was reduced to 40 % compared to the results of our previous study. Based on these experimental results, it was concluded that chemical nitrate denitrification using sulfamic acid and zinc scrap is an effective alternative treatment protocol for nitrate-rich wastewater.

Cathodic protection system of copper–zinc–saline water in presence of bacteria

Rate of zinc consumption during the cathodic protection of copper pipeline which carries saline water was measured by weight loss technique in the absence and presence of bacteria. Variables studied were solution flow rate, temperature, time and NaCl concentration. It was found that within the present range of variables; the rate of zinc consumption increases with the increase of all operating conditions. The presence of bacteria increases the zinc consumption. Fourth order multi-term model and one-term model were suggested to represent the consumption data. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to estimate the coefficients of these models, while statistical analysis was used to determine the effect of each coefficient. Both models were representing the data successfully.

The search for risk factors that contribute to the etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) in the Polish population

Abstract Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) has severe long-lasting adverse effects on both physical and psychological development. Although recent years have brought significant improvement in clinical treatment, our understanding of the etiology of this congenital anomaly is lagging. Many genes, genetic pathways, harmful exposures, as well as nutrient deficiencies have been implicated in abnormal palatogenesis. Extrapolating data regarding risk factors for CL/P from different populations is not always straightforward. This review gives an overview of knowledge about both environmental and genetic risk factors in the etiology of CL/P in the Polish population, which was originally presented in research papers by the author and collaborating investigators. The findings suggest a possible association between maternal consumption of α-tocopherol, retinol, zinc, citrulline, and dietary compounds contributing to methyl-group homeostasis and CL/P risk. Polymorphisms in BHMT1 and BHMT2 were significantly associated with decreased CL/P risk in the Polish population. Other interesting findings include associations of CL/P risk with polymorphisms in MTR, PCYT1A, ASS1, SLC 25A13, GSTM1, GSTT1, SUMO1 genes, and 8q24.21 loci. Reviewed research papers indicate interesting pathways and new candidate genes for further investigation, and partly confirm earlier findings according risk factors for orofacial clefts.

Nutrient Intake of Rural Preschool Children in Southwest Nigeria

Stunting, adolescent fractures, and osteoporosis later in life are all public health problems that may be eradicated with adequate nutrient intake in preschool diets. Preschool children’s nutrient consumption was studied using the weighed food intake method. Demographic data were obtained using a questionnaire. A total of 116 preschool children in 9 villages formed the population for the study. Data were analyzed using EPI Info version 3.3.2 and the SPSS software package. The preschoolers’ mean intake of protein (17.0 g) and energy (1068 kcal) was lower than Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO)—recommended intake, and calcium (474 mg) was lower than the Food and Nutrition Board—recommended intake. Zinc intake (9.9 mg) marginally met basal dietary requirements for zinc as recommended by WHO in a low-bioavailability diet. When subjects were separated according to age group, the nutrient intake of protein and calcium increased with age, but it was not statistically different (P < .05). Zinc consumption by children between the ages of 2 and 3 years was statistically lower (P < .05) than the consumption by the children between the ages of 3 to 4 years and 4 to 5 years. The energy intake in children aged 2 to 4 years was significantly lower (P < .05) than the intake of children aged 4 to 5 years. By the end of preschool age, the consumption of all nutrients was low, except for zinc, which marginally met the basal requirement of the subjects.

Nutrient intake and adequacy of batswana elderly

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of nutrient intakes of the elderly in Botswana and to further assess intake by age, gender, and locality and others. The study was a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample in purposively selected urban, semi-urban and rural settings in Botswana. Data collection included self-reported assessments of health status and food intake. Analyses compared demographic strata and health status with the intake and adequacy of self-reported consumption. A total of 99 elderly aged 60 to 99 years completed a 24-hour food recall instrument and in addition, demographic, health status, and cooking responsibilities data were collected from each respondent. Results from the survey show that 14% of the elderly rated their health as good, 76% indicated they were in fair health and 10% in poor health. The mean number of servings of food groups and some individual foods common in the daily diet show that the Grains group was the only food group whose mean intake (7.7 servings /day) was within the US recommended 6-11 servings per day. Fruit consumption was very poor (0.1 servings/day) and differed significantly by locality (p< .01), as the urban elderly had a higher consumption of fruits, but still much lower than the recommended intake. The contributions of protein, carbohydrate and fat to total energy were 15%, 66%, and 22% respectively. Adequate energy intake did differ significantly (p < .049) by selfhealth rating. Mean macronutrient intake differed significant by gender only for saturated fat (p< .038). Micronutrient intake differed by gender for vitamin A (p< .009), calcium (p < .01) and folic acid (p< .027). Consumption of adequate vitamin A was significantly associated with gender and cooking responsibilities. Self-health rating was also significantly associated with adequate consumption of vitamin B12 (p< .027), selenium (p< .001) and zinc (p< .009). In conclusion, Batswana elderly had poor nutrient intake associated with self-health rating, gender, and cooking responsibilities.Key words: Elderly, Botswana, diet, nutrient, health

Study of the anthropometric and nutritional characteristics of adolescents in the city of Valladolid

A description of the anthropometric characteristics of a sample of adolescents from Valladolid and the analysis of dietary intake of the population. Observational study of descriptive cross-field of a sample of 557 adolescents (14-18 years) by probabilistic sampling from 6 public and private, in different districts of Valladolid. We carried out a food frequency questionnaire with anthropometric measurements. The classification of individuals was by calculating the Z-score of body mass index (BMI), the Cole´s cutoff points for BMI and criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Nutritional analysis: probabilistic approach and the nutrient adequacy ratio. Excess weight is similar in both sexes (17%), but there is a 15.2% prevalence of underweight among the women studied, compared to 4.5% in males (p<0.005). 1.3% risk of having metabolic syndrome. Energy consumption is distributed: 30-32% fat, 45% carbohydrates and 16-17% protein. The nutritional deficiency likely reflects consumption in iodine, zinc, vitamins A and E. The prevalence of obesity is close to that of other series, but the prevalence of overweight is lower. It is very important percentage of women with a BMI below normal for their age and sex. There is an excess of protein intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, with a deficit in the consumption of carbohydrates, iodine, zinc and vitamins A and E.

Analysis of steel production in Thailand: Environmental impacts and solutions

Steels were the upstream of various products. The environmental performance of steel can affect those of the downstream products. In this work, environmental impacts of individual steels, i.e. slab, hot-rolled, cold-rolled, hot-dipped galvanized, and electro-galvanized steels, were studied, via life cycle assessment. The impact assessment methods of IPCC 2007 GWP 100a and Eco-indicator 99 (H) were used to cover the impact categories of Global warming potential, Fossil fuels, Ecotoxicity, Minerals, Carcinogens, and Respiratory inorganics. In all categories, the slab showed the lowest impacts and the hot-dipped galvanized steel showed the highest impacts. The main causes of the impacts were attributed to these inputs; steel, energy, and zinc. The emissions from steel production plants showed relatively low impacts. Small amount of zinc input can cause huge environmental impacts. The impacts of Fossil fuels, Minerals, and Ecotoxicity, of 1-kg zinc were 2.9, 116.9, and 39.6 times of those caused by 1-kg cold-rolled steel, respectively. The reduction of zinc consumption and the improvement of zinc production process, in terms of reduction of heavy metal emissions, could largely improve environmental performance of the galvanized steels.