Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Research Articles

Self-regulated learning, self-efficacy and life-long learning: the mediating role of future orientation

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the intricate relations between self-regulated learning, life-long learning and academic self-efficacy, while also evaluating the mediating influence of future time orientation.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing a cross-sectional research design, data were amassed from 2,943 Romanian secondary school students in 11th and 12th grades via structured questionnaires: the self-regulated learning questionnaire, the academic self-efficacy scale, the future orientation scale derived from the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI) and the lifelong learning scale.FindingsThe findings corroborate that self-regulated learning and academic self-efficacy when mediated by future time orientation, bolster life-long learning.Practical implicationsThese results indicate that enhancing comprehension of future time orientation within the educational framework could potentially boost life-long learning.Originality/valueThis work is an original contribution, synthesizing existing literature, empirical findings and theoretical frameworks to advance our understanding of the multifaceted relationships shaping individuals' learning journey throughout their lives. Our focus on the mediating influence of future orientation adds a novel dimension to understanding the mechanisms through which individuals actively engage in learning throughout their lives.

The characteristics and associations between trait and state time perspective in adolescents with depression: a questionnaire and sandplay study.

Time perspective is strongly associated with depression. However, the characteristics and associations between trait and state time perspective in adolescents with depression remain unknown. A total of 211 adolescents with depression (mean age: 14.60 ± 1.69 years) and 215 healthy controls (mean age: 14.66 ± 1.73 years) were selected and assessed using the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory to quantify their trait time perspective. Thirty adolescents were randomly selected from each group to create nine-grid sandplay productions to assess their state time perspective. (1) Regarding the trait time perspective, depressed adolescents scored significantly higher on past negative, present fatalistic, present impulsive, and deviation-balanced time perspective (p < 0.001) and significantly lower on past positive and future (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. (2) In terms of state time perspective, depressed adolescents showed a significantly higher number of squares related to past negative, present negative, and future negative in their nine-grid sandplay productions compared to the control group (p < 0.01).Conversely, they had significantly fewer squares associated with past positive, present positive, future positive than the control group (p < 0.05). (3) Past negative, present fatalistic, and deviation from balanced time perspective traits were negatively correlated with positive state time perspective and positively correlated with negative state time perspective. Past positive and future traits were positively correlated with positive state time perspective and negatively correlated with negative state time perspective. Adolescents with depression are characterized by dwelling on the past, having a severely negative attitude toward the past, being pessimistic about the future, and having a tendency to blame fate or external forces for their problems. In the future, standardized methods for measuring state time perspective should be further explored, as well as the effectiveness of the nine-grid sandplay, for improving time perspective in patients with depression.

Подготовка к выходу на пенсию как процесс: этапы и факторы

The study is relevant due to the complex nature of the retirement experience, which requires mental recovery and future planning. The aim of the study is to explore characteristics of pre-retirement individuals based on their stage in the retirement planning process. Hypothesis: Proactive coping strategies and long-term personality orientation are linked to the retirement planning process. Social and demographic factors (level of education, presence of dependents in the family) are significant in planning the retirement transition. Participants: 202 respondents aged 43-63 years (male = 49%; female = 51%), working and living in different regions of the Russian Federation. Methods (tools): an abridged version of the Stanford “Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory” (F. Zimbardo adapted by T. A. Nestik) was used to study individual differences in time perspective; the Proactive Copying Inventory (E. Greenglass adapted by E. P. Belinskaya, A. V. Vecherin, E. R. Agadullina) was used to study proactive coping strategies; The Process of Retirement Planning Scale (Jack H. Noone, Christine Stephens, Fiona M. Alpass) was used to assess the retirement planning process. Findings. The research demonstrated significant differences in the manifestation of proactive coping strategies at the stages “Ideas about Retirement” and “Preparation for Retirement”. Future orientation was markedly lower at the stages of “Ideas about Retirement” and “Decision to Start the Preparation”. The time perspective of the respondents who were at the stage of “Decision to Start the Preparation” differed significantly from other groups in their fatalism in the perception of the present. The desired age of retirement significantly exceeded the age of the planned retirement. The research revealed the significance of social and demographic characteristics for retirement planning. The main conclusions. The stage “Decision to Start the Preparation” is characterized by the fatalism of the respondents in the perception of the present. Proactive coping strategies manifest themselves at the stages of “Ideas about Retirement” and “Preparing for Retirement”. Such social and demographic factors as presence of dependents in the family and the education level of a pre-pensioner are crucial for retirement planning. Practical application. The results of the study can be utilized in counseling pre-pensioners.

Time perspective and attachment predict perceived stress in Lebanese undergraduates: The mediating role of trait emotional intelligence

BackgroundLebanese university students experience high levels of stress, which are linked to poor academic and health outcomes. Therefore, understanding the psychological predictors of this stress is crucial. The present study examines the roles of emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal factors in predicting perceived stress, namely trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), time perspective, and attachment. MethodsThe sample included 283 Lebanese undergraduate university students aged 18 to 33 years (M = 19.89, SD = 1.87). The main variables were assessed using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire - Short Form, The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, The Revised Adult Attachment Scale - Close Relationships Version, and the Perceived Stress Scale. ResultsPath analysis showed that trait EI mediated the relationship between time perspective and attachment (predictors) and perceived stress (outcome). In particular, the Past Positive and Future time perspectives positively predicted trait EI, while insecure attachment negatively predicted it. In turn, higher trait EI predicted lower perceived stress. ConclusionThe findings help inform theory and application, suggesting that managing stress and mitigating its impact on well-being can be achieved through interventions targeting time perspective, attachment, and trait EI.

Ascertaining the Peculiarities of Athletes’ Adaptation Course to Post-Sports Life

Objectives. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of athletes’ adaptation to post-sport life under modern conditions of reality. Materials and methods. The study involved 36 athletes, Masters of Sports, aged 25 to 40 years, who had finished their professional sports careers in disciplines such as ballroom dancing, artistic gymnastics, football, swimming, and judo. The study used methods of analysis and generalization obtained from scientific-methodical literature and internet data, surveys, and psychodiagnostics: the “Differential Emotions Scale” by C. Izard, adapted by A. Leonova, the “Meaningful Life Orientations” method by D. A. Leontiev, an adapted version of the “Purpose-in-Life Test” (PIL) by James Crumbaugh and Leonard Maholick, as well as the “Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory” (ZTPI) by Zimbardo, P. G., &amp; Boyd, J. N. During the study results’ analysis, the following methods were used: frequency analysis — identification of the frequency of each emotion category (absolute frequencies), and a calculation of percentage values (relative frequencies) for each category relative to the total number of participants. This was also applied to determine the number of athletes belonging to each category of future plans and to define the components of the time perspective; descriptive statistics — calculation of the mean value for each survey scale; these values were used to compare mean values between different scales and to analyze the variability of responses by calculating the standard deviation; percentage calculation. Results. This study examined the post-sport adaptation of 36 athletes using psychodiagnostic methods, thereby uncovering a complex emotional landscape and a variety of future perspectives. The survey results showed that 43% of the respondents had not yet decided what they wanted to become in their post-sports life, indicating significant stress, negative emotions, and physical and psychological problems that require attention and support. A significant portion (40%) of respondents affirmed that they could envisage their future without sports, with 25% choosing to become coaches and 15% interested in sports-related professions. Only 17% of respondents considered their future in other fields. The study also found that 42% of athletes reported having a strongly negative attitude towards leaving professional sports, experiencing feelings such as despair, grief, anger, disgust, and confusion. Another 36% of athletes characterized their emotional state as anxious-depressive, which also requires attention. Meanwhile, 22% of respondents stated a positive emotional attitude towards ending their careers, demonstrating interest in new circumstances and their future, which helps them to transition effectively into new lives. The study results on life orientations revealed that athletes tended to be more focused on past achievements and current goals than on the future, which may complicate their adaptation to post-sports life. Nevertheless, 37% of athletes are oriented towards a positive future and are willing to make efforts to achieve the necessary goals. Therefore, the findings clearly indicate the need for post-sports support and increased attention to the large proportion of former athletes (79%), whose mental health depends on the timeliness and speed of measures taken by specialists. Conclusions. The transition process for athletes after ending their professional careers to a life without sports is defined as individually nuanced, complex, and prolonged; it depends on past career success, is accompanied by stressful situations and negative emotions, and often requires a sudden conclusion to preserve the sense of being a champion.

Deciphering temporal perspectives: A key to happiness and optimism for healthy aging in nursing practices”

BackgroundWith the global population of older individuals increasing rapidly, it is important to understand the factors contributing to their well-being. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between older adults' time perspective and their experiences of happiness and optimism. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on a substantial sample size of 300 older adults from January to March 2023. The study utilized reliable and validated measures, including the Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Arabic Scales of Happiness, Optimism, and Pessimism. ResultsThe study found that older adults with a negative view of the past (PN perspective) had lower levels of happiness (r=-0.374, p<0.01), while those with a hedonistic view of the present (PH perspective) had higher levels of happiness (r=0.266, p<0.01). Additionally, a fatalistic view of the present (PF perspective) was associated with lower levels of happiness (r=-0.178, p<0.05) and optimism (r=-0.168, p<0.05). Negative views of the future (FN perspective) were correlated with lower happiness levels (r=-0.546, p<0.01), while positive views of the future (FP perspective) were associated with higher levels of optimism (r=0.432, p<0.01). ConclusionOlder adults with a balanced time perspective, marked by positive and negative views of the past and an optimistic outlook on the future, reported moderate happiness and optimism. Older adults with a negative view of the past and a fatalistic view of the present tend to have lower levels of happiness and optimism. On the other hand, those who have a hedonistic view of the present and a positive view of the future tend to have higher levels of happiness and optimism. Older adults with a pessimistic outlook toward past experiences or the future may require additional emotional support and targeted interventions to foster a more positive mindset.

Personality Functioning, Narcissism and Borderline Traits in the General Population Predict Deviations from the Optimal Time Perspective

Abstract The aim of this article is to clarify and describe the relationships between levels of personality functioning, pathological personality traits from the borderline and narcissistic functioning, and time perspective (TP). The study was conducted online, and 210 participants completed eight questionnaires: Inventory of Personality Organization, Boredom Proneness Scale, Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, Depressive Experience Questionnaire, and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The results reveal that the pathological personality functioning was consistently associated with a deviation on each dimension of TP and the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) while the higher functioning personality indicator was associated with a balanced time perspective. When accounting for all traits in the regression, pathological personality traits predicted variance of Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Present-Fatalistic, and the DBTP. Borderline and narcissistic traits were associated with the DBTP but demonstrated different time perspective profiles. Borderline traits showed an overall negative TP with a tendency to seek quick and intense pleasure in the present with no regards toward the future. These results show that there can be TP profile differences between borderline personalities, depending on their specific trait profile. Impulsivity plays an important role in how borderline personalities cope with their negative temporalities. Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by a negative past with the ability to recruit the future, while grandiose narcissism denotes an overall more balanced time perspective than their vulnerable counterpart.

Структура временной перспективы участников боевых действий с ампутацией конечностей

The relevance of the reported study results from the need to clearly define the target of psychological impact in combatants with amputated limbs. The time perspective being an integral characteristic ensures the life experience integrity: all life events are intertwined within the boundaries of the past, present and future. The study was aimed to assess the time perspective structure in combatants with amputated limbs. The sample consisted of 78 males aged 20–53 years, who had combat experience and underwent treatment or rehabilitation after getting injured. The study involved the use of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, method for event-based reconstruction of a person’s time perspective by V.B. Nikishina and E.A. Petrash, SR-45 method by P.I. Yunatskevich, infantilism inventory by A.A. Seregin. The factor structure of time perspective in combatants with amputated upper limbs includes the factor of non-reflexive future, factor of limited time perspective, and the situational and behavioral risk factor. In cases of amputated lower limbs, the situational future factor, past orientation factor, and situational and behavioral risk factor are represented. In cases of no amputated limbs, the combatants’ time perspective structure includes the factor of reflexive future perspective, factor of limited present fatalistic, and past orientation factor.

Time Perspective and Motivation to Protective behaviours against Covid-19 in Italian young people

Health Psychology highlights the complexity of factors that influences the individual decision to adopt one, or more, protective behaviours for avoiding diseases and adverse health outcomes. One of the most relevant theory is the Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers, 1975), which has been adopted for identifying the psychological factors involved in many protection behaviours. Another relevant construct for healthy behaviours is represented by the Time Perspective (Zimbardo &amp; Boyd, 1999). This study analysed the relationships between the Protection Motivation Theory applied on Covid-19 and Time Perspective in Italian young people.A group of 130 young people (m. age 26.4; 40 males and 90 females) participated in the study, filling in the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Motivation to Protect against Covid-19 Questionnaire. Three single items furthermore explored the prevailingly sources of information for Covid-19 (social media such as Facebook; traditional media such as TV; specialistic magazines such as Le Scienze) used and a single item tested the level of mistrust in Political Institutions and mass-media and its association with protection motivation, beliefs and perceived vulnerability to Covid-19.Perceived vulnerability to Covid-19 and use of protections and perceived efficacy of protections, show positive correlations with Future Positive; beliefs on Covid-19 vaccine resulted as negatively correlated with Present Fatalistic; a positive correlation between mistrust in political institutions and Present Fatalistic has been found. Social media (such as Facebook, Instagram) and traditional mass media (such as TV) as preferred systems of information are both positively correlated with beliefs on Covid-19 vaccine, perceived vulnerability and use of protections, highlighting the role of new forms of circulation of information, but also the relevance of traditional ones for young people. Perceived vulnerability to Covid-19, perceived efficacy of protections give a positive contribution to the intention to get vaccinated; mistrust in political institutions and media on the contrary reduces the intention to take the vaccine.Results are discussed in relations to preventive interventions on the young population for the improvement of self-awareness of persistence of this virus and consequently the necessity of adopting self-protection, with special attention to vaccination. The relevance of time perspective dimensions for protection suggests to include it in the programs devoted to reduce the risk of contagion.

Research on the correlation between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout.

The number of clinical nurses in China experiencing professional burnout is increasing yearly, posing a serious challenge to the public health sector. Implementing effective intervention strategies is key to reducing the level of occupational burnout. At present, training aimed at alleviating occupational burnout among clinical nurses is very limited, with common training programs focusing on addressing external factors of occupational burnout rather than the internal cognitive issues of clinical nurses. Self-efficacy and future time perspective are both aspects of an individual's internal self-cognition. Meanwhile, the relationship between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout is not clear, and further research is needed to verify this. This study aims to reveal the relationship between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout, and to explore the mediating role of future time perspective between self-efficacy and occupational burnout among clinical nurses, providing a scientific reference for training directions to improve occupational burnout. This study used a cross-sectional design, conducting a questionnaire survey with 529 practicing clinical nurses using the General Demographics Questionnaire (GDQ), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). SPSS software version 26.0 was used to analyze the correlation between variables, and AMOS 26.0 was used to test the mediation effect. Clinical nurses' self-efficacy had a negative predictive effect on occupational burnout (r = -0.503, p < 0.001). Future time perspective showed significant differences in regression coefficients on both the paths of self-efficacy (r = 0.615, p < 0.001) and occupational burnout (r = -0.374, p < 0.001). Future time perspective played a partial mediating role between self-efficacy and occupational burnout, accounting for 33.8% of the total effect. This study suggests a significant correlation between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout. Self-efficacy can directly affect occupational burnout in clinical nurses and can also indirectly affect occupational burnout through the future time perspective.

Partner's problematic social media use, woman's time perspective, and prenatal depression.

Using social media can have negative consequences. The present study aimed to examine how the partner's problematic social media use (SMU) was related to the pregnant woman's time perspective and prenatal depression. The study included 30 pregnant women and their 30 male partners. Research was conducted twice: in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Women completed online measures: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Fatalism scale (ZTPI-Fat), the Dark Future Scale (DFS), and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Men completed the online Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (SMAQ). The woman's depressive symptoms were positively associated with fatalism (r = .35, p < .01 in the first trimester; r = .49, p < .01 in the third trimester) and future negative perspective (r = .33, p < .05 in the first trimester; r = .77, p < .001 in the third trimester). Moreover, in the third trimester, women's depressive symptoms correlated positively with their partners' problematic SMU (r = .36, p < .05) and negatively with their financial situation (r = - .37, p < .05). The results of the mediation analyses showed that the more intensive the partner's problematic SMU, the stronger the pregnant woman's fatalism and, consequently, the stronger her future negative perspective, resulting in more severe prenatal depressive symptoms in the third trimester (indirect effect: β = .16, SE = .09, 95% CI [.021, .393]). Our findings show how important the behavior of the partner is for the mental health of the pregnant woman. The results suggest a possible mechanism explaining the relationship between the partner's problematic SMU and the woman's prenatal depressive symptoms. This mechanism probably consists in increasing the woman's sense of helplessness and loss of control over life, which leads to intensified future anxiety and, consequently, to depressive symptoms. Moreover, we interpreted the results to mean that the partner's time-consuming preoccupation with SMU may make the woman feel emotionally neglected. The lack of support from the partner may give rise to feelings of powerlessness, and may cause depressive symptoms.

Passing the Temporal Borders Across the Selves: Examining the Association Between Time Perspectives, Consideration of Future Consequences and Future Self-Continuity

In the complex landscape of human decision-making and behaviour, several psychological constructs play a crucial role in shaping people's attitudes towards the past, present, and future. This study examines the interplay between how we perceive our future selves, our consideration of future consequences, and our general time perspectives aiming to deepen our understanding of temporal cognition and its implications for human behavior. The study explored how these factors interact and potentially influence our decisions and behaviour. Through a web survey questionnaire data was collected from the university students. Quantitative analyses explored the associations between individuals' levels of consideration of future consequences, future self-continuity, and their temporal orientations as measured by Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory. Results of the study suggests complex associations between these constructs, with individuals' time perspectives and future self-continuity exerting significant influences on consideration of future consequences. By understanding these relationships, gained valuable insights into how individuals make decisions that bridge the gap between their present and future selves and its association with temporal orientations. We discussed implications of the present study on the consideration of future consequences and it provides insights for future investigations.

The effect of the sense of Community on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: the mediation role of a balanced time perspective

PurposeSocial context and time are two dimensions within which our entire existence is embedded. Therefore, prompting a positive set of attitudes and beliefs towards these elements is fundamental for individuals’ psychological well-being. Currently, there is limited understanding regarding the interplay between the sense of community and time perspective in relation to psychological distress. The present study aims, at investigating the effects that the sense of community and time perspective have on the levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Particular attention has been dedicated to testing whether the effect of sense of community on anxiety, depression, and stress is mediated by the deviation from a balanced time perspective.MethodsTo accomplish our purposes, we asked 352 participants to complete an online survey and respond to the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Multi-Dimensional Sense of Community Scale (MTSOCS). From these scales, we obtained the scores for anxiety, depression, and stress as well as a general score for the sense of community and the deviation from a balanced time perspective. We computed three General Linear Mediation Models, one for each scale of the DASS-21.ResultsThe results showed that the relationship between sense of community and psychological distress was mediated by the deviation from a balanced time perspective extending previous findings and enriching the existing literature on time perspective.ConclusionThe results described so far could be applied to build a series of interventions aimed at promoting psychological well-being in the general population. Considering our findings, we suggest that individuals’ health could be promoted by both improving their sense of community, which in turn would decrease their levels of stress, and by restructuring their time perspective when it became dysfunctional and unbalanced.

A time to reflect: deviations from the balanced time perspective are associated with hypomentalization.

Poor mentalization, or lack of capacity to reflect on self and others in terms mental states, thoughts, and feelings, and time perspective biases were both related to mental disorders and lower wellbeing in separate studies. Expanding one prior study, we examined the relationship of mentalization and time perspective, including a measure known as deviations from the balanced time perspective (DBTP) that summarizes time perspective biases across the past, present, and future time frames. A convenience sample of 258 participants responded to a version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) and a six-dimensional version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI). Given recent evidence that the original two-factor structure of the RFQ may need to be reconsidered, we used confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to compare alternative models for RFQ as a first step. In line with several recent studies, the CFA favored a unitary model of RFQ-8 reflecting hypomentalization (or uncertainty). The total score showed significant associations with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, and Future Negative dimensions of S-ZTPI, while hypomentalization was negatively associated with Future Positive. Of major interest, DBTP and hypomentalization showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.64 for latent constructs; r = 0.62 in an adjusted model). Deviations from the balanced time perspective were substantially related to hypomentalization. Further research is required to examine the generalizability of the finding (e.g., to measures of mentalization focused on others) and to provide a better understanding of the theoretical basis of the link. Potentially shared associations in development (e.g., attachment style) and mindfulness, that may influence both time perspective and mentalization is of interest in this regard.

Climate change beliefs, emotions and pro-environmental behaviors among adults: The role of core personality traits and the time perspective.

Climate change and its consequences are recognized as one of the most important challenges to the functioning of the Earth's ecosystem and humanity. However, the response to the threat posed by the climate crisis still seems inadequate. The question of which psychological factors cause people to engage (or not) in pro-environmental behavior remains without a comprehensive answer. The aim of this study is to establish the links between the cognitive (level of knowledge about climate change and degree of belief in climate myths), emotional (various climate emotions, especially climate anxiety) and behavioral aspects of attitudes towards the climate crisis and their determinants in the form of the Big Five personality domains and time perspectives. The stated hypotheses were verified by analyzing data collected in an online survey of 333 adults using knowledge tests and self-report methods, including psychological questionnaires (Climate Change Anxiety Scale by Clayton and Karazsia, Big Five Inventory-short version by Schupp and Gerlitz, and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory by Zimbardo and Boyd), and measurement scales developed for this study (Climate myth belief scale, Climate emotion scale, and Inventories of current and planned pro-environmental activities). The results of stepwise regression analysis demonstrate the importance of the core personality traits and the dominant temporal perspective as determinants of belief in climate change myths, climate anxiety, as well as actual and planned pro-environmental behavior.

Psychological predictors of the time perspective: The role of posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and temporal triggers in a sample of bereaved adults.

The process of coping with loss and trauma is inextricably linked with subjective experiences and perceptions of time. The Time Perspective Framework, suggests that temporal frames influence an individual's actions, judgements, and the decisions that they make. Similarly, time perspective has been linked with psychosocial outcomes of trauma and loss (e.g. posttraumatic stress disorder). The aim of this study is to identify factors that may influence survivor's time perspective in order to determine if posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and temporal triggers (MIT) influenced different time perspective orientations. Data was collected via Qualtrics survey between July 2019 and July 2020. Measures included basic demographic characteristics, posttraumatic stress disorder checklist, posttraumatic growth inventory, an assessment of temporal triggers, and the Zimbardo time perspective inventory. A series of OLS regression analyses were estimated. PTG was positively associated with future time perspective scores, whereas PTSD was associated with an increase in past negative orientation. The endorsement of temporal triggers like markers in time was negatively associated with present hedonistic scores and positively associated with future time perspective scores. Interestingly, PTSD, PTG and the endorsement of MIT were not associated with present time perspective scores. Identifying the relationship between PTSD, PTG, marker in time, and time perspective may offer important insights into treatment modalities that can improve outcomes for bereaved individuals. We discuss limitations of the current analysis and make recommendations for future research.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of 20-Item Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (C-ZTPI-20) in Chinese Adolescent Population.

This study assesses the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (C-ZTPI-20) in an adolescent population. The investigation encompasses a sample of 2634 middle school students from China and aims to evaluate the instrument's reliability, structural validity, measurement invariance, criterion validity, and network structure attributes. First, descriptive analysis revealed satisfactory reliabilities for four out of five C-ZTPI-20 dimensions, with Present Fatalistic (PF) exhibiting relatively low reliability. Moreover, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported the 5-dimensional structure across all samples and sexes, albeit with a modest Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) for girls. Furthermore, measurement invariance analysis underscores unbiased assessment across sexes. Sex differences emerge in the Present Hedonistic (PH) dimension, where boys showed higher scores. Furthermore, criteria validity analysis revealed that Past Positive (PP) and Future (F) were positively associated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, grit, and mental health, while they were negatively associated with neuroticism. Past Negative (PN) and PF showed inverse trends, while PH perspective demonstrated complex, varied correlations with these psychological traits, underscoring the multifaceted nature of time perspectives. Finally, network analysis revealed positive inter-correlations within dimensions and significant edge differences between sexes, particularly in inter-dimension connections. Despite differing rankings, the most central and marginal items remained consistent between boys and girls in network models. These findings contribute to understanding the C-ZTPI-20's effectiveness in assessing adolescent time perspectives and inform interventions promoting psychological well-being and coping strategies.

Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for Marginalized Mexicans

Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for Marginalized Mexicans

The association between the deviation from balanced time perspective on adolescent pandemic mobile phone addiction: the moderating role of self-control and the mediating role of psychological distress.

Few studies have examined the impact that the deviation from balanced time perspective (DBTP) had on mobile phone addiction during the COVID-19 normalization prevention and control phase. Therefore, this study sought to determine the associations between DBTP, depression and anxiety, self-control, and adolescent mobile phone addiction. The moderated mediating model was tested using the SPSS PROCESS model. The sample was 1,164 adolescents from different regional areas of Sichuan, China. From February to March 2020, participants completed the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI), the brief symptom inventory for physical and mental health (BSI-18), the self-control scale (SCS), and the Chinese version of the mobile phone addiction index (MPAI). The DBTP was significantly and positively correlated with mobile phone addiction, depressive and anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship between DBTP and mobile phone addiction, self-control moderated the indirect effect of DBTP on mobile phone addiction, and as the level of self-control increased, the effect of DBTP on anxiety and depression and the effect of depression and anxiety on mobile phone addiction weakened. During the COVID-19 pandemic, DBTP and lower self-control were risk factors for higher mobile phone addiction in adolescents. Therefore, guiding adolescents to balance their time perspective and enhance their self-control could strengthen their psychological well-being and reduce addictive mobile phone behaviors. This research was supported by "Youth Fund of the Ministry of Education" (18YJCZH233): "Research on the plastic mechanism of decision-making impulsiveness of anxious groups in the context of risk society."

Another way to measure balanced time perspective: Development and validation of the Time Perspective Inventory.

The existing scales for measuring balanced time perspective (BTP) have limitations, such as poor-fitting structures or a complex calculation method. Based on previous studies, we conceptualize BTP as an individual's overall positive outlook on the past and future and mindfully living in the present. The present study aimed to develop the Time Perspective Inventory (TPI) for Chinese adults, determine its psychometric properties, and examine a simple calculation method for generating a score to represent BTP. In study 1, a 7-factor structure of TPI - Past Positive, Past Negative, Mindful Present, Present Hedonistic, Present Excessively Task-oriented, Future Positive, and Future Negative - was established through exploratory (sample 1, N = 529) and confirmatory (sample 2, N = 577) factor analyses. Findings supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion-related validity of the TPI. We proposed using the score difference between positive time perspectives and negative time perspectives to calculate the BTP. Findings showed that the correlations between BTP and subjective well-being indicators and anxiety were higher than among individual dimensions of TPI. Study 2 (sample 3, N = 713) compared the effects of the TPI and the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI-C) on well-being indicators and anxiety. Results indicated that the variance of life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety explained by BTP measured with TPI was higher than deviation from BTP (DBTP) measured with ZTPI-C. Together, the TPI yields reliable and valid BTP scores among Chinese adults.