Zhangjiajie National Forest Park Research Articles

The Impact of Aesthetic Expectations and Aesthetic Experiential Qualities on Tourist Satisfaction: A Case Study of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

Aesthetic expectations often constitute the primary focus in marketing nature-based tourist destinations. However, academic research has insufficiently explored the disparity between tourists’ aesthetic expectations and the actual aesthetic quality maintenance in shaping satisfaction. Employing the Expectation Confirmation Theory, this study utilized structural equation modeling techniques to analyze survey data (n = 446). It proposed and tested an Aesthetic Expectation Confirmation Model to examine the relationship between aesthetic expectations, experiential qualities, and tourist satisfaction in the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The empirical findings show that aesthetic expectations have a direct, negative impact on satisfaction, while aesthetic expectation confirmation has a positive direct impact on satisfaction. Moreover, aesthetic expectation confirmation also plays a mediating role in the influence of aesthetic expectations and experiential quality on satisfaction. Specifically, aesthetic expectations indirectly impact satisfaction negatively through aesthetic expectation confirmation, whereas aesthetic experiential qualities have a positive, indirect impact on satisfaction through the same process. These findings offer theoretical contributions to the literature on forest recreation aesthetics and hold practical significance for the planning and management of destination aesthetics.

Variation characteristics, source analysis, and health risk assessment of carbonyl compounds in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of carbonyls in the atmosphere of Zhangjiajie Forest from May 2016 to January 2017 following the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) TO-11 A guidelines, including pollution characteristics, human health risks, and sources. The dominant carbonyl compounds were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone, with average concentrations of 5.94, 1.48, and 4.24 μg/m3, respectively. A seasonal variation was observed in the total carbonyl compound concentrations in the order summer > autumn > spring > winter. The diurnal patterns showed that the concentration of the main carbonyl compounds peaked in the afternoon. The ratios of formaldehyde/acetaldehyde (C1/C2) and acetaldehyde/propionaldehyde (C2/C3) ranged from 2.82 to 5.66 and 0.76–3.14; this indicates that compared with anthropogenic sources, volatile organic compounds emitted from natural sources contributed more significantly to atmospheric carbonyl compounds in the Zhangjiajie Forest. Correlation analysis of the three main carbonyl compounds with common air pollutants revealed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde have similar secondary sources for photochemical reactions. In autumn and winter, acetaldehyde and acetone were affected by fuel combustion and vehicle exhaust emissions. Reverse trajectory, potential source contribution function, and concentration-weighted trajectory analyses revealed that carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere of Zhangjiajie Forest were mainly polluted locally in spring and autumn and influenced by the urban air mass from the northeast in summer and winter. The health risk assessment showed that the lifetime carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exceeded the acceptable level and that long-term exposure to this concentration poses serious carcinogenic risks. The findings of this study shed light on the characteristics of atmospheric carbonyl compound pollution in subtropical forest areas, and provide scientific basis for formulating pollution control measures.

Impact of Tourists’ Perceived Value and Sense of Social Responsibility on the Low-Carbon Consumption Behavior Intention: A Case Study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

People’s increasing attention towards environmental issues and carbon emission level per capita of consumption has made the influencing factors of low-carbon consumption behavior a research hotspot. In this study, a random sample of tourists in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in China were surveyed by questionnaire to examine the impact of tourists’ perceived value and sense of social responsibility on the low-carbon consumption behavior intention. Results suggest that tourists’ perceived value has a direct and significant positive effect on the sense of social responsibility and low-carbon consumption behavior intention. Tourists’ sense of social responsibility demonstrates a significant positive impact on consumption attitude, with the latter having a positive impact on tourists’ low-carbon consumption behavior intention. A sense of social responsibility and the consumption attitude are found to play an important intermediary role between perceived value and tourists’ low-carbon consumption behavior intention. Some suggestions for managing and promoting tourists’ low-carbon consumption behavior intention are also put forward in this paper.

Psychophysiological Effects of a Natural Forest Environment on Chinese University Students Aged 19-25 Years

ABSTRACT Recall of natural environments evokes human psychophysiological response, there is a lack of systematic, comprehensive analysis in existing research. Moreover, the limited experimental conditions lead to various laboratory research, and more field studies are needed. Employing the field research design and relative environmental psychology methods, this research investigates physical and psychological indexes changes of 60 Chinese university students aged 19–25, which include positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), heart rate (HR), heart-rate variability (HRV), concentration (Pa), and relaxation (Pm), and regards the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in China as the experimental site. This study evaluates the psychophysiological effects of the natural forest environment on participates and explores the overall psychophysiological changes, and verifies the positive effect of the natural forest environment on university students. The main findings indicated that the natural forest environment was beneficial for increasing positive affect, decreasing negative affect, affecting HR, and increasing HRV, Pa and Pm. This study adds some basic evidence to a growing theoretical literature emphasizing the role of natural forest environment in psychophysiological restoration.

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Tourism Flows and Network Analysis of Traditional Villages in Western Hunan

Traditional village tourism is an effective path to rural revitalization and an excellent way to preserve traditional sceneries and cultural heritage. However, research on the subject matter has been limited. To address some of the current research gaps, this study used 2372 online travelogues from popular travel websites to explore the spatio-temporal distribution and network structure of the tourism flow in traditional villages in western Hunan using ArcGIS and social network analysis. The main findings are as follows: (1) In terms of time distribution, the tourism flow in traditional villages in Western Hunan is dominated by short-term tourism and shows significant seasonal differences. (2) The spatial distribution forms a double-core and multipoint spatial pattern with “Fenghuang Ancient City—Zhangjiajie National Forest Park” as core. (3) The network of traditional villages in Western Hunan exhibits a “core-periphery” hierarchical structure, with a network density of 0.275. Aside from the attraction and appeal of the twin cores, Furong Town and Tianmen Mountain constitute the core points of the network structure, and the radiation drive of the core nodes is not pronounced.

Nodosilinea hunanesis sp. nov. (Prochlorotrichaceae, Synechococcales) from a Freshwater Pond in China Based on a Polyphasic Approach

A cyanobacterial strain (ZJJ01), morphologically identified as a Leptolyngbya-like species was isolated from a freshwater pond in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China, and it was characterized through a polyphasic study based on morphological, ecological, and molecular data. Morphologically, the strain fits the description of Leptolyngbya well, but under further examination, it formed a distinctive structure, namely nodules, which confirmed that it belonged to the genus of Nodosilinea. The 16S rRNA gene threshold value and 16S rRNA phylogenetic analyses clearly confirmed that the studied strain belongs to the genus Nodosilinea but that it is phylogenetically distinct from the 10 other species of Nodosilinea. Furthermore, The D1–D1’ and Box–B helix of the 16S–23S ITS region of the strain ZJJ01 were also different from those of previously described Nodosilinea species. On the basis of this polyphasic approach, here, we provide a description of the new taxon: Nodosilinea hunanesis sp. nov.

Visitor satisfaction and behavioral intentions in nature-based tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study from Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

Nature-based tourism (NBT) has become a popular tool for developing countries to achieve economic growth by the non-destructive use of their natural resources. COVID-19 has caused severe financial impacts on tourism-dependent areas. Revitalizing NBT is needed for economic recovery in those regions and can also help deal with mental health issues worldwide. Zhangjiajie National Forest Park (ZNFP), the first national park created in China, was selected to examine the important factors that influence visitor satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic and the relationship between satisfaction and visitors' environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) intention. The authors collected 788 onsite and online questionnaires from visitors to ZNFP during June–September 2020. This paper reveals previously underestimated factors and offers practical applications for park development at ZNFP and other NBT destinations. Visitors had a high level of satisfaction with the natural scenery of the park but were relatively dissatisfied with price reasonableness, park services, activities and events, and artificial attractions. Younger visitors, especially students, and well-educated visitors looking for environmental education opportunities tended to have lower satisfaction rates. Visitor satisfaction may have a positive but limited influence on promoting visitors' ERB intentions. We propose group-specific strategies for national park managers to attract more visitors and increase their length of stay.

张家界国家森林公园猕猴行为时间分配、利手性及人猴关系的初步研究

张家界国家森林公园猕猴行为时间分配、利手性及人猴关系的初步研究

Ecotourism Development and the Egocentric Network of Female Residents: A Case Study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

ABSTRACTCommunity-based ecotourism is increasingly recognized as a form of sustainable development designed to promote local livelihood, environmental conservation and culture, and even new social relationships. We combine quantitative and qualitative data to establish a social network of female residents based on an egocentric network perspective for Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The aims are to determine (1) the change of the scale and structure of the female social network in tourist destinations, (2) the causes of these changes and (3) the benefits of these changes for women in tourist destinations. However, this communication network is not functioning perfectly because actors experience a lack of interdependence.

Qing-Hua Fan

Angewandte Chemie International EditionVolume 56, Issue 42 p. 12818-12818 Author ProfileFree Access Qing-Hua Fan First published: 20 June 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201705962AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract “My favorite food is chopped hot pepper. The downside of my job is having too little time with my family ...” This and more about Qing-Hua Fan can be found on page 12818. Qing-Hua Fan The author presented on this page has recently published his 10th article in Angewandte Chemie in the last 10 years: “Asymmetric Hydrogenation of In Situ Generated Isochromenylium Intermediates by Copper/Ruthenium Tandem Catalysis”: T. Miao, Z.-Y. Tian, Y.-M. He, F. Chen, Y. Chen, Z.-X. Yu, Q.-H. Fan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 4135; Angew. Chem. 2017, 129, 4199. Date of birth: September 21, 1966 Position: Professor of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing E-mail: fanqh@iccas.ac.cn Homepage: http://fanqh.iccas.ac.cn ORCID: 0000-0001-9675-2239 Education: 1989 BS, Xiangtan University 1992 MS, Institute of Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 1995–1998 PhD with Professor Albert S. C. Chan, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Awards: 2003 National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars; 2005 State Natural Science Award (Second Class, ranked second) Current research interests: Asymmetric catalysis; supramolecular catalysis; dendrimer catalysts; recyclable catalysts; organogels Hobbies: Mountain hiking; cooking; table tennis My favorite food is chopped hot pepper. The downside of my job is having too little time with my family. My favorite saying is “One is never too old to learn” (Chinese proverb). When I′m frustrated, I go hiking in the mountains. The most important thing I learned from my parents is diligence and persistence. If I could have dinner with three famous scientists from history, they would be Einstein, Darwin, and Galileo. My favorite place on earth is Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, located in the northwest of Hunan Province, China. I chose chemistry as a career because I was enrolled in the Department of Chemistry in 1985 by Xiangtan University. If I were not a scientist, I would be an agriculturalist. My biggest motivation is to discover new molecules with unique functions. I can never resist tasty spicy food. My 5 top papers: References 1“Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Indolines: Asymmetric Hydrogenation at Ambient Temperature and Pressure with Cationic Ruthenium Diamine Catalysts”: Z. Yang, F. Chen, Y.-M. He, N. Yang, Q.-H. Fan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 13863; Angew. Chem. 2016, 128, 14067. (A useful method for the synthesis of a wide range of enantiopure indolines.) 2“Cation-Triggered Switchable Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral aza-CrownPhos”: G.-H. Ouyang, Y.-M. He, Y. Li, J.-F. Xiang, Q.-H. Fan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 4334; Angew. Chem. 2015, 127, 4408. (A simple but “smart” chiral rhodium catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation.) 3“Asymmetric Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of 2- and 2,9-Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines”: T. Wang, F. Chen, J. Qin, Y.-M. He, Q.-H. Fan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7172; Angew. Chem. 2013, 125, 7313. (Transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of heteroaromatic compounds bearing more than one heterocycle.) 4“Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Quinolines Using Phosphine-Free Chiral Cationic Ruthenium Catalysts: Scope, Mechanism, and Origin of Enantioselectivity”: T. Wang, L.-G. Zhuo, Z. Li, F. Chen, Z. Ding, Y.-M. He, Q.-H. Fan, J. Xiang, Z.-X. Yu, A. S. C. Chan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 9878. (Phosphine-free chiral catalysts show unprecedented reactivity and enantioselectivity for a broad substrate scope.) 5“Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Quinolines Catalyzed by Ir(BINAP)-Cored Dendrimers: Dramatic Enhancement of Catalytic Activity”: Z.-J. Wang, G.-J. Deng, Y. Li, Y.-M. He, W.-J. Tang, Q.-H. Fan, Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 1243. (The title complexes proved to be the most efficient reported chiral catalysts for this type of reaction.) Volume56, Issue42October 9, 2017Pages 12818-12818 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Coccomyces neolitseae sp. nov. from Zhangjiajie, China

A fungus found on leaves of Neolitsea levinei from the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Hunan Province, China, is described as Coccomyces neolitseae. A description, illustration, and comments are given for this taxon. The type specimen is deposited in the Reference Collection of Forest Fungi of Anhui Agricultural University, China (AAUF).

Evaluation of landscape effect on natural stone materials from Jinbian stream of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

Analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was employed to develop a systematic evaluation model of landscape effects on natural stone materials from Jinbian stream of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.It would be criteria layer(CL) and indicator layer(IL).CL included four factors,individual beauty,integral beauty,natural beauty and imaginable beauty.IL taken 16 factors,such as shape,color,texture,etc,as index,respectively.The results shown that the weights of CL factors were correlated to their importance as natural beauty(0.650 3),integral beauty(0.233 7),imaginable beauty(0.067 5),individual beauty(0.048 5),and the weights of ecology and natural were higher for both single level sequencing(0.409 2,0.266 1) and comprehensive level sequencing(0.356 2,0.231 7).The overall evaluation had been concluded that it would be better for the natural stones from Jinbian stream to use as stone materials of water-front scenery for visual view effects than to use for the wall or others.

Monkey in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

Monkey in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

Psychological, physiological and behavioural responses of tourists to interactions with rhesus macaques at Zhangjiajie, China

We compared gait, pulse, blood pressure and speech volume of tourists before and after encounters with rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China, relative to the same parameters after the same tourists had visited a control site without macaques. We tested 600 tourists from 38 groups, stratified by age and gender. We also compared the length of stay and number of photographs at each site and elicited tourists' views and emotions through a questionnaire. Behavioural, physiological and psychological indicators all showed positive responses to interactions with macaques. Few previous studies of wildlife tourism have measured human responses in this way.

Assessment of the erosion control function of forest ecosystems based on GIS: a case study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

Erosion control is one of the most important functions of forest ecosystems, and its accurate assessment is useful to illuminate the importance of forest ecosystem services for humans so as to rationally conserve forest resources. This paper examines Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China, to seek practical methods for assessment of the forest erosion control function using a geographical information system (GIS). The results show that the potential and actual amounts of soil erosion are 2.92 million ton and 0.14 million ton per year, respectively, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The total reduction in soil loss reaches 2.77 million ton per year with the existence of a forest ecosystem. The erosion control function of near mature, mature and over mature broadleaf forest is excellent, and natural forest conservation and natural restoration of the degraded forest ecosystem can provide the largest benefits in soil erosion control. Nearly all the near mature, mature and over-mature forest in the park is at the top and in steep mountain areas, and could be rationally cut and utilized by local communities, but extensive timber felling should be strictly prohibited.

Tourism development and the tourism area life-cycle model: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

The conceptual framework of the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) has been frequently examined since it was first proposed by Butler in 1980. However, few studies have applied the concept to national parks and other protected areas. This paper examines the applicability of the model to China's Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. In addition, both external and internal factors affecting the park's tourism development as well as the environmental, social, and economic changes of the area are also discussed. Results indicate that the park has experienced the first four stages as described in Butler's 1980 seminal paper [The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24, 5–12]. Currently, the park is in the consolidation stage. Both governments and the private sector are major players as catalysts for the park's tourism development from one stage to the next. While the local or even regional economy has become increasingly dependent on tourism, the park has also been experiencing noticeable transformation and loss of traditional cultures since its inception in 1982. Finally limitations to the current paper are outlined.

Effects of Recreation on Plants in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

The effects of recreation on the environment of tourism resorts are almost unavoidable, and these particularly affect vegetation. With the greatly increasing number of visitors and the intensive increase in air pollutants released from hotels and restaurants, the plants in Zhangjiajie National Forestr Park have been polluted and seriously damaged. In order to show the effects of recreation on the growth of plants, on the internal chemical components of plant leaves and on the damage degree of tree trunks, controlled experiments were used to investigate and analyze changes in contents of fluoride and SO 2 in the leaves of several tree species, and growth rates of Cunninghamia lanceolata were compared between polluted and non-polluted areas. The degree of tree bark wounding caused by visitors along both sides of the tourism roads was also investigated. The results showed that the contents of fluoride and SO 2 in the leaves of C. lanceolata, Cryptomeria fortunei and Pterocarya hupehensis in polluted areas increased 1.6-16 times in comparison to that of non-polluted areas; the annual diameter increment of C. lanceolata growing near the reception area was reduced 32.3%-57.1% compared with that of the control area; a great amount of scars on the tree trunks along the two sides of the tourism roads in Jinbianxi area and Huangshizhai area were cut by visitors, and these scars were distributed among the part of the trunks 1.2-1.6 m above the ground. The wound degree was mainly related to tree species, smoothing degree of the tree bark, and the distances from tree to the edge of tourism roads and the directions the trunks face. To protect the vegetation in the park, it is vital to improve the park's fuel structure, reduce the amount of reception sites and improve the environmental education of visitors.

Assessment on and Perception of Visitors' Environmental Impacts of Nature Tourism: A Case Study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China

This paper examines trampling impacts on vegetation and soil as well as visitors' perception of these impacts in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. Results indicate that visitor usage is proportionate to trampling impacts, with the two most used trails–Yellowstone Village Trail and Gold Whip Stream Trail–having the highest values in Soil Impact Index (SII) and highest rate of scarred trees. Vegetation and soil near 'Treasure Box for Celestial Books' are the most impacted with the Impact Vegetational Index (IVI) being 87.50% and SII being 2.27, respectively. This spot has the highest level of unacceptability. However, visitors' perceptions of the impacts on their hiking satisfaction are not always consistent with the actual physical deterioration. The unacceptability level for 'Gold Whip Crag' was much higher than 'The General Rock' despite the latter having higher IVI values than the former. It is argued that visitors' perceptions of recreation impacts could be influenced by the interaction of IVI, SII, and the size of the area impacted. Other factors such as visual sensitivity and social elements could also have an effect on visitors' judgements. Finally, this paper proposes management strategies for improving the park's visitor and environmental management.

Assessment of impacts of visitors’ activities on vegetation in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

In three scenic spots (Golden Whip Crag, General Rock, and Treasure Box for Celestial Books) of Zhangjlajie National Forest Park, four sample plots were selected to investigate the number of tree skin scars camaged by visitors and the quantity and species of vegetation. The analysis results indicated that trees located along the sides of roads are seriously cut by visitors, especially in Yellowstone Village and Gold Whip Stream areas. The wounded degree was mainly related to tree species, smoothing degree, and the distance from tree to the edge of roads. The impacting degree of tourism activities on vegetation, was confirmed by impact Vegetation index (l VI). On the three most visually impacts sites, the range ofl VI value varied from 59.4% to 87.5%. This showed that the vegetations of the sides of the trails were impacted seriously. To these problems, some suggestions are proposed for the park’s management on visitors.