Zetasizer Nano Research Articles

Nano-chitosan as a bio-enhancer for improving insecticide formulations: A study on indoxacarb and methomyl against cotton leafworm

This study was designed to improve the effectiveness and safety of two commercial insecticides, Camvaal EC 15 % (indoxacarb) and Nudrin SP 90 % (methomyl), against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) through nanotechnology. Insecticide nanoemulsions were enhanced using nano-chitosan as a natural biopolymer. Nanoformulations of Camvaal and Nudrin were synthesized and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Zetasizer Nano instruments. The insecticidal efficacy against the 4th instar of S. littoralis larvae revealed that the nano-formulations were more effective than the commercial formulations. LC50 values decreased from 0.049 to 0.009 mg/L for Camvaal and from 20.82 to 4.97 mg/L for Nudrin, indicating 81.63 and 76.09 % increased efficiency, respectively. Semi-field persistence studies established higher residual activity of the nano-formulations with LT50 values extending from 16.75 days (commercial) to 40.66 days (nano-formulation with chitosan). Cytotoxicity tests on human skin cells showed that nano-chitosan effectively lowered the toxicity of the insecticides with mortality percentages of 10 % for Camvaal and 12.30 % for Nudrin nano-formulations at 1000 μg/mL, compared to 100 and 73.20 % for the commercial products, respectively. These results reveal that nano-chitosan can be used as a bio-enhancer for the formulation of safer and more effective insecticides for sustainable pest control in agriculture.

Exploration of the Topical Nanoemulgel Bearing with Ferulic Acid and Essential Oil for Diabetic Wound Healing

Aim: To investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and diabetic wound healing properties of the novel topical formulation [Ferulic acid-loaded nanoemulgel (DLMGO-G)]. Methods: Ferulic acid nanoemulsion developed with lemongrass oil is investigated in diabetic wound healing. Further nanoemulsion is incorporated into 1% carbopol® 934 to obtain the DLMGO-G. Nanoemulsion was characterized for particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) was obtained by Malvern Zetasizer (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern, AL, USA), and morphology by TEM (JEM 1400, JOEL, Akishima, Japan). Furthermore, in vitro cell line and in vivo studies were carried out. Results: The developed nanoemulsion showed a globule size of 28.04 ± 0.23 nm and PDI of 0.07 ± 0.01. The morphology of nanoformulations by TEM confirmed the spherical and uniform nature. Further, the nanoformulation in in vitro cell line experiments revealed that the IC50 value was increased by 1.52 times compared to the drug solution. The treatment groups have shown that fibroblast morphologies were spindle-shaped, suggesting that nanoformulation was compatible with the cells and developed normally on nanoformulation. It also reduced ROS with improved internalization more than the control group. The in vitro wound healing model also revealed that nanoformulation had better wound healing activity. In the in vivo diabetic wound studies on male SD rats, the levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-22, and IL-1β declined significantly when treated with DLMGO-G. IL-10 levels significantly increased compared to the diseased group, and MMP-9 levels were remarkably decreased compared to the diseased group. Furthermore, histopathological studies showed the regeneration and granulation of tissues. Conclusions: Thus, these findings indicate that FA-loaded nanoemulgel greatly accelerates the healing of wounds in diabetic rats.

Hypoxia-treated adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes enhance the therapeutic effects on unilateral ureteral obstruction mice.

The exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) had therapeutic effects. However, whether the exosomes derived from hypoxia-treated AMSCs could improve renal functions in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice remains unclear. The exosomes were characterized using a transmission electron microscope and Western blot. Its size distribution was determined using the Zetasizer Nano ZS analysis system. The differentiation ability was assessed by alkaline phosphatase and oil red staining. Consequently, the function of exosomes in inhibiting inflammatory factors was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and apoptosis inhibition was evaluated by Western blot. Finally, the function of exosomes to ameliorate kidney fibrosis using qPCR, Western blot, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining. The cultured AMSCs could differentiate into osteoblast and adipocyte. Meanwhile, the cultured AMSCs could effectively secrete the exosomes, which were characterized with around 110 nm diameter and surface marker expression. Exosomes derived from hypoxia-treated AMSCs improved renal functions in UUO mice. The mechanism exploration revealed that exosomes could decrease the TNF-α and IL-6 and inhibit cell apoptosis. Finally, the fibrosis-associated protein was reversed, and the renal dysfunctions were ameliorated in UUO mice. The exosomes derived from the hypoxia-treated AMSCs have a better effect than those from normal AMSCs in ameliorating renal dysfunctions in UUO mice.

Sustainable barrier coatings for paperboard packaging: Effect of VeoVa-10 on 2-EHA and MMA containing water-based emulsions

Developing environmentally benign barrier coatings may provide a sustainable alternative to the packaging sector and facilitate minimizing the consumption of single-use plastics in packaging. The synthesis of seven different water-based (W/B) emulsions was achieved via seeded emulsion polymerization using 2-Ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and a varying amount of vinyl ester of Versatic™ acid 10 (VeoVa-10) to impart the hydrophobic properties. Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) was used as an initiator. Antifoaming agent and biocide were also added to improve the application and shelf-life of these coatings. The coatings were evaluated by conducting various analytical tests, including pH measurement, viscosity assessment, determination of solid content, measurement of drying time, evaluation of gloss, water absorption testing using Cobb's Test, and assessment of oil and grease resistance via the Kit Test. The coatings were also analyzed using advanced characterization techniques, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer Nano ZS, and contact angle analysis. The results indicated that as the amount of VeoVa-10 increases in barrier coatings, the coated paperboard demonstrated improved moisture and oil/grease resistance compared to the control paperboard (uncoated). Furthermore, the coatings were also applied on paperboard trays and stored at 0 °C and 90 °C to confirm their practical usefulness, a careful examination after an hour showed no leakage/seepage of hot and cold water through the coated trays, unlike the uncoated ones. Barrier coatings offer sustainable and eco-friendly options that could positively impact the packaging industry, helping reduce environmental footprints while enhancing packaging performance.

Cancer immunogenic cell death via pyroptosis with CXCR4-targeted nanotoxins in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cytotoxic agents have shown limited benefits in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mediated in part by the lack of targeting. As cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are capable of delivering various biologically active molecules into cells, including protein, peptides, small chemo-drugs, and nucleic acid with or without targeting, we developed T22-PE24, a CXCR4-targeted self-assembling cytotoxic nanotoxin, to effectively induce HCC pyroptosis. T22 incorporating enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or PE24 was purified from DE3 bacterial cells and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, the Zetasizer Nano®, and SEC-HPLC. The internalization effect of T22-EGFP was detected by flow cytometry system (FCS) in CXCR4+/LM3(CXCR4-) HCC cells. The CCK8, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, Western blot, and nude mice HCC models were used to estimate the cell viability of T22-PE24. The complete-immunity HCC tumor-bearing mice model was used to assess the immune response of T22-PE24. The round shape under transmission electron microscopy, 49.4nm hydrodynamic diameter, and -33.33mV zeta potential indicated that T22-PE24 self-assembled into nanoparticles. T22 incorporating EGFP selectively internalized in CXCR4+ HCC cells and showed no accumulation in CXCR4-knockout HCC cells. The T22-PE24 nanotoxin induced HCC pyroptosis via the caspase-3/GSDME signaling pathway and suppressed tumor growth in the absence of histological alterations in normal organs. Using the complete-immunity HCC tumor-bearing mice model, we found that T22-PE24 nanotoxin effectively induces the global reprogramming of cell components of the immune tumor microenvironment, leading to enhanced antitumor effects compared to those observed in immunodeficient mice. Our findings demonstrate the activation of the innate immune response in HCC by inducing pyroptosis with T22-PE24 nanotoxin treatment and support an implementation of this strategy for HCC treatment.

Resveratrol‐Loaded Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Strategy for Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy

AbstractThe AgNPs‐Rsvl complex was investigated for its anti‐cancer effects on human breast cancer cell lines. The UV–vis spectrophotometer was used to perform synthesized AgNPs‐Rsvl binding analyses. The size and morphology of the AgNPs were determined by field emission gun‐transmission electron microscopy (FEG‐TEM). The surface chemical signatures of AgNPs nanocomposites were assessed using FT‐IR spectroscopy, and the zeta potential (ζ potential) of various AgNPs colloids was measured using the Zetasizer Nano ZS analyzer. Cell proliferation was analyzed using the XTT method and cell apoptosis was analyzed using the AnnexinV‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/PI method. The effects of resveratrol were evaluated on human breast cancer cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7). As a result of flow cytometry, a decrease in viability was observed in the MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and an increase in early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic values was observed. Resveratrol arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase but when used with AgNPs, the cell cycle arrests at the S phase. The combination of resveratrol and AgNPs exhibited a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, with MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells being the most sensitive to AgNPs‐Rsvl. Resveratrol and AgNPs arrested the cell cycle and increased apoptosis, indicating their potential use in breast cancer treatment.

Oral administration of encapsulated catechin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles improves cognitive function and neurodegeneration in an aluminum chloride-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanoparticles (NPs) on cognitive function in an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate nanocarriers were synthesized through ionotropic gelation (IG) method. Physio-chemical characterization was conducted with the Zetasizer Nano system, the scanning electron microscope, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments were performed over 21 days on six groups of male Wistar rats. The control group, AlCl3 treated group, Catechin group, nanocarrier group, treatment group 1 (AlCl3 + Catechin), and treatment group 2 (AlCl3 + nanocarrier). A behavioral study was done by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. In addition, the level of oxidative indices and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was determined by standard procedures at the end of the study. AlCl3 induced a significant increase in AChE activity, along with a significant decrease in the level of Catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the significant effect of AlCl3 was observed on the behavioral parameters of the MWM test. Both forms of Catechin markedly improved AChE activity, oxidative biomarkers, spatial memory, and learning. The present study indicated that the administration of Catechin-loaded Chitosan-Alginate NPs is a beneficial therapeutic option against behavioral and chemical alteration of AD in male Wistar rats.

Abstract 495: Targeting undruggable transcription factor HOXB13 in metastatic prostate cancer by CRISPR/Cas13d-based nanoparticle therapy

Abstract Background: The oncogenic transcription factor HOXB13, which is highly expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), has been shown to promote CRPC growth and metastasis. However, HOXB13 is considered untargetable by traditional small-molecule-based drug design. Gene therapy is critical alternative strategy with potential to directly target such traditionally undruggable genes. Methods: Selective cell in organ targeting (SCORT) nanoparticles for precise delivery of nanoparticles to metastatic cancer cells in an organ were constructed and characterized by the NanoAssemblr Spark, Zetasizer Nano ZS, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); Cas13d mRNA with pseudouridine modification was synthesized using in vitro transcription; Hemi-spleen injection of CRPC cells was performed to build CRPC liver metastatic models; RNA-seq was employed to evaluate off-target effects of Cas13d targeting. Results: By incorporating a prostate cancer-specific E3 aptamer to functionalized lipid-like nanoparticles (FTT5 LNP-E3), we have successfully constructed SCORT nanoparticles that enable preferential delivery of mRNAs to metastatic CRPC cells in the liver, as opposed to various normal cells in the surrounding liver tissue. We demonstrated that Cas13d-pre-gHOXB13 mediates highly effective and specific HOXB13 mRNA knockdown in CRPC cells. Significantly, systemic treatment of SCORT nanoparticles carrying Cas13d-pre-gHOXB13 mRNA decreased HOXB13 expression in the metastatic tumors, inhibited metastasis, and prolonged survival of mice bearing androgen receptor (AR)-positive (AR+) or negative (AR-) tumors. Notably, long term (6 and a half weeks) administration of SCORT nanoparticle-Cas13d-pre-gHOXB13 did not significant alter body weight, hepatic and renal function, chemokines and cytokines, and other factors, effectively highlighting its safety. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that undruggable oncogenic transcription factors can be targeted using nanoparticle-delivered gene therapy based on CRISPR/Cas13 RNA-targeting. The SCORT-CRISPR/Cas13d system is a highly flexible technology that would impact the larger field of translational science by allowing the design of Cas13d-based, cancer cell-specific delivered nanoparticles targeting other previously-undruggable oncogenic transcription factors in metastatic prostate cancer and other solid tumors. Citation Format: Zhifen Cui, Furong Huang, Kun Fang, Jingyue Yan, Yufan Zhou, Jeffrey Everitt, Yue Zhao, William Hankey, Zhong Chen, Hongyan Wang, Victor X. Jin, Yizhou Dong, Qianben Wang. Targeting undruggable transcription factor HOXB13 in metastatic prostate cancer by CRISPR/Cas13d-based nanoparticle therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 495.

Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid-Lysine Nanogels Containing Serratiopeptidase to Control Biofilm Formation

Remarkable resistance of bacterial biofilms to high doses of antimicrobials and antibiotics is one of their main challenges. Encapsulation of proteolytic enzymes is one of the suggested strategies to tackle this problem. In this regard, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of biocompatible hyaluronic acid- Lysine nanogels containing serratiopeptidase (SRP-loaded HA-Lys nanogel) was assessed against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains. SRP-loaded HA-Lys nanogel was prepared using dropping method and optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design. These formulations were studied for physical characterization, release profile, stability, bioactivity, and anti-biofilm effects. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and surface charge were measured by Zetasizer Nano ZS. The average particle size and zeta potential of the optimum sample were 156 nm and -14.1 mV, respectively. SRP release showed an initial burst followed by sustained release and the highest release was around 77%. Enzyme biological activity data revealed the higher efficiency of free SRP compared to SRP-loaded HA-Lys nanogel. The time-kill assay showed that both forms of SRP-loaded HA-Lys nanogel and blank HA-Lys nanogel showed significant antimicrobial activity against examined bacteria in comparison to the free enzyme. The obtained results demonstrated improved anti-biofilm efficacy and down regulation of tested biofilm genes for both SRP-loaded HA-Lys nanogel 100% and blank HA-Lys nanogel 100% compared to SRP 100%.

Treatment Promotion of Osteoporotic Fractures by microRNA-320 Nanocapsules Through Stimulating Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

We aimed to explore the mechanism underlying microRNA-320 (miR-320)’s role in osteoporotic fractures. miR-320 nanoparticles were prepared and their characterization was detected by Zetasizer Nano and triethylamine (TEA). miR-320 nanoparticles were interacted with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Then we conducted MTT to assess cytotoxicity in BMSCs and determined genes expression. A mouse fracture model was established and treated with miR-320 nanoparticles or pore nanoparticles. The release of miR-320 and the bone repair at the fracture site were detected. Treatment of Ceramic matrix composites (CMCS) (miR-320) sensitive to Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) released miR-320 to bone defect, which promoted the transcription of osteogenic genes and stimulated the osteogenesis. Finally, treatment of miR-320 nanoparticles facilitated bone repair of mouse osteoporotic defect. MMP-sensitive nanocapsules loaded with miR-320 can promote osteogenic potential and stimulate fracture repair, providing insight into novel treatment against osteoporotic fracture.

Enhancing antibacterial efficacy and accelerating infectious wound healing in rats using biogenic metal nanoparticles from marine Bacillus subtilis

IntroductionMicroorganisms originating from the marine environment, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae, are deliberately employed in the production of nanoparticles on account of the wide array of bioactive compounds they produce.MethodsCell-free aqueous extracts of marine Bacillus subtilis (CBPPR1) were used to synthesise AuNPs (CBPPR1AuNPs) and AgNPs (CBPPR1AgNPs). Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments) zeta size and zeta potential, field emission and transmission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM and HR-TEM), UV-visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and EDAX were used to characterize biogenically synthesized nanoparticles (NPs). Their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The anticancer efficacy of CBPPR1Au and AgNPs was investigated in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29, HT-116). CBPPR1AgNPs formulation was studied in vitro and in-vivo rat models. The assessment focused on its efficacy in wound healing and antibacterial capabilities, comparing them against a commercial product. To determine the effectiveness of CBPPR1AgNPs in wound healing, a cutaneous wound model was employed, which included infection with S. aureus.Results and discusionCBPPR1Au and AgNPs significantly inhibited the growth of S aureus at MIC of 125 µg (CBPPR1AuNPs) and 62.5 µg (CBPPR1AgNPs) respectively. FE-SEM and HR-TEM observations confirmed that NPs caused bacterial cell leakage, damage, and shrinkage. Cancer cell viability was reduced upon treatment with increasing concentrations of CBPPR1Au and AgNPs, and apoptosis was increased in cells treated with CBPPR1Au and AgNPs relative to untreated cells (p < 0.001). CBPPR1Au and AgNPs showed significant cytotoxic activity against HT-29 (15.5 M) and HT-116 (62.5 M) cells. In-vivo experiments on rats showed minimal pus formation in groups CBPPR1AgNPs (62.5 µg/ml) G2, CBPPR1AgNPs (125 µg/ml) G3, and silver sulfadiazine G4, indicating the effective control of infections. CBPPR1AgNPs-treated wounds showed complete closure, whereas untreated G1 wounds remained unhealed. Histopathological analysis showed no adverse effects of CBPPR1AgNPs on kidneys and livers of rats. These findings suggest that CBPPR1AgNPs play a pivotal role in wound healing because of their potent antibacterial properties.

Preparation and characterization of nisin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with DNase I for the removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms.

Listeria monocytogenes biofilms represent a continuous source of contamination, leading to serious food safety concerns and economic losses. This study aims to develop novel nisin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) functionalized with DNase I and evaluate its antibiofilm activity against L. monocytogenes on food contact surfaces. Nisin-loaded CSNPs (CS-N) were first prepared by ionic cross-linking, and DNase I was covalently grafted on the surface (DNase-CS-N). The NPs were subsequently characterized by Zetasizer Nano, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibiofilm activity of NPs was evaluated against L. monocytogenes on polyurethane (PU). The DNase-CS-N was fabricated and characterized with quality attributes (particle size-427.0±15.1nm, polydispersity [PDI]-0.114±0.034, zeta potential-+52.5±0.2mV, encapsulation efficiency-46.5%±3.6%, DNase conjugate rate-70.4%±0.2). FT-IR and XRD verified the loading of nisin and binding of DNase I with chitosan. The DNase-CS-N caused a 3 logcolony-forming unit (CFU)/cm2 reduction of L. monocytogenes biofilm cells, significantly higher than those in CSNPs (1.4log), CS-N (1.8log), and CS-N in combination with DNase I (2.2log) treatment groups. In conclusion, nisin-loaded CSNPs functionalized with DNase I were successfully prepared and characterized with smooth surface and nearly spherical shape, high surface positive charge, and good stability, which is effective to eradicate L. monocytogenes biofilm cells on food contact surfaces, exhibiting great potential as antibiofilm agents in food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Listeria monocytogenes biofilms are a common safety hazard in food processing. In this study, novel nanoparticles were successfully constructed and are expected to be a promising antibiofilm agent in the food industry.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUEOUS COLLOIDAL INFUSIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS CONTAINING HUMIC ACIDS

Objective: Study of physical and chemical activity of biologically active substances containing humic complexes (HCs). Comparison of various preparations available on the market. Development of a modern express method of quality control. Methods: Preparations containing HCs manufactured by Biotechnology System, BIODORON, Faberlic, etc. Built-in flux density sensor TES-92 (TES Electrical Electronic Corp., Taipei, Taiwan), which was used to determine the flux density of radio thermal emission in the gigahertz range. Zetasizer Nano ZSP (Malvern Panalytical, Worcestershire, UK) was used to determine the size of nanoparticles in preparations containing the HCs and MP with humic acids (HAs). Results: In the course of experiments for studying the intrinsic radiothermal emission of HAs preparations, differences were found between HAs from different manufacturers; for example, HAs produced by a biotechnology system with a flux density of 35±5 µW/m2 at 37 °C differs several times from similar preparations produced by other companies. When diluting HAs from Biotechnology System 10, 100 and 1000 times, the emissivity of the preparations is preserved. Also, with the expiration of the 2 y shelf life of the preparation, as stated by the manufacturer, a sharp drop in emissivity of 20 times is observed. Conclusion: The radiothermal activity of HAs preparations revealed during the experiments allows the developing a method that can be utilized to control the quality of manufactured products, as well as control the expiration dates of preparations without opening the primary package.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ДЗЕТА-ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ПЛЕНКООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЯ НА ОСНОВЕ НЕОТВЕРЖДЕННОГО КАЛИЙ-НАТРИЕВОГО ЖИДКОГО СТЕКЛА ОТ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ЕГО СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИХ

One of the important tasks of modern production is the development of such finishing protective and decorative coatings that do not adversely affect the environmental situation. In this connection, the market reorientation from organically dilutable paint and varnish materials to water-based paint and varnish materials is becoming more and more obvious. Such paint and varnish materials for protective and decorative purposes include paints produced on the basis of liquid glass. On the basis of liquid glass are produced silicate facade paints with improved performance and fire protection properties, which are resistant to ultraviolet radiation and sharp temperature changes, they are more durable, environmentally friendly, they have a lower cost compared to acrylic, polyvinyl acetate, water dispersion paintwork materials. At present in scientific and technical literature there are numerous publications devoted to silicate coatings on concrete, ceramic surfaces, paving slabs, slate. However, despite the large number of patented formulations, there are no publications on the coating composition-colloidal properties relationship in the periodic literature. In the present study, the zeta potential of film formers based on potassium liquid glass and latex, potassium-sodium liquid glass and latex was determined to determine the stability of uncured solutions. The studies were carried out using a dual angle particle size analyser Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern. The measurements were performed in a U-shaped cuvette with gold electrodes at pH = 7.4 and temperature 25oC. As a result of experiments it was found that the most stable are uncured film formers based on potassium liquid glass and latex with the addition of sodium liquid glass. The developed recommendations will allow manufacturers of silicate paints to improve their quality with simultaneous reduction of production cost.

Development of Polymeric Micelles for Combined Delivery of Luteolin and Doxorubicin for Cancer Therapy.

Background: Luteolin (LUT) is a bioactive compound with several pharmacological activities including anticancer effect. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug that have proven to be effective in treating various types of cancers. Polymeric micelles (PMs) containing biologically active materials have emerged as prospective dosage forms with high drug-loading, which can add therapeutic benefit to the poorly water-soluble compounds and novel chemical entities. PMs are effective in delivering several drugs, such as anticancer drugs, antifungal drugs, flavonoids and drugs targeting the brain. The aim of the current study is to develop PMs for LUT and DOX as a combined delivery system for cancer therapy. Methods: PMs were prepared using 2.5% of each of LUT and DOX with varying compositions of Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, Vitamin E (TPGS), Poloxamer 123 and Gellucire 44/14 at room temperature. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, were achieved using Zetasizer Nano particle size analyzer and the sizes were further confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prepared PMs were further characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An MTT assay was performed on breast cancer (MCF-7) cells and liver cancer (HepG2) cells to determine the cytotoxic effect of the different PMs formulations. Results: PMs were successfully developed and optimized using 74.3% Poloxamer 407 with 20.7% Vitamin E (TPGS), and 70% Poloxamer 407 with 25% Gellucire 44/14, respectively. The droplet size and polydispersity index were found to be 62.03 ± 3.99 nm, 91.96 ± 5.80 nm and 0.33 ± 0.05, 0.59± 0.03, respectively for PMs containing TPGS and Gellucire 44/14. Zeta potentials of the PMs containing TPGS and Gellucire 44/14 were recorded as -2.27 ±0.11mV and -7.78 ± 0.10 mV, respectively. The PMs showed a spherical structure with approximately 50-90 nm range evident by TEM analysis. The PXRD spectra of PMs powder presented the amorphization of LUT and DOX. The FTIR spectra of LUT-loaded and DOX-loaded PMs were identical, suggesting consistent PMs composition. The MTT assay showed that the representative combined drug loaded PMs treatment led to a reduction in the viability of MCF-7 and HepG2 cells compared to drug free PMs and pure LUT, DOX alone. Conclusions: PMs with LUT and DOX exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against breast and liver cancer cells and could thus be an important new pharmaceutical formulation to treat cancer.

Anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effect of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on gingival fibroblasts and macrophages

BackgroundRecurrent aphthous stomatitis has a complex and inflammatory origin. Among the great variety of medications it is increasingly common to use herbal medicines due to the adverse side effects of chemical medications. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamaldehyde and the lack of studies related to the effectiveness of its nano form; This study investigates the effect of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on the healing rate of recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesions.MethodsIn a laboratory experiment, cinnamaldehyde was converted into niosomal nanoparticles. The niosome vesicles diameter and polydispersity index were measured at 25°C using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Panalytical technologies: UK) and Zetasizer Nano ZS system (Malvern Instruments Worcestershire: UK). After characterizing these particles, the (2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) [XTT] assay was used to assess the toxicity of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on gingival fibroblast (HGF) and macrophage (THP-1) cells. By determining the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β cytokines using ELISA kits, the level of tissue repair and anti-inflammatory capabilities of these two substances were evaluated.ResultsThe size and loading rate of the cinnamaldehyde nanoparticles were established after its creation. The optimized nanovesicle exhibited the following characteristics: particle size of 228.75 ± 2.38 nm, PDI of 0.244 ± 0.01, the zeta potential of -10.87 ± 1.09 mV and the drug encapsulation percentage of 66.72 ± 3.93%. PDIs range was between 0.242–0.274. The zeta potential values at 25°C were from -2.67 to -12.9 mV. The results of the XTT test demonstrated that nano cinnamaldehyde exhibited dose-dependent toxicity effects. Moreover, nano cinnamaldehyde released more TGF-β and had better reparative effects when taken at lower concentrations than cinnamaldehyde.ConclusionNano cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde are effective in repairing tissue when used in non-toxic amounts. After confirmation in animal models, it is envisaged that these substances can be utilized to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Silver nanoparticles-resistance of HeLa cell associated with its unusually high concentration of α-ketoglutarate and glutathione

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is known as one of the most valuable metal nanoparticles in antibacterial and anticancer application. AgNPs-resistant bacteria has been documented, but it is unclear whether cancer cells can also escape the anti-cancer effect of AgNPs. In this study, we aimed to investigate this phenomenon and its underlying mechanism. The antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of AgNPs were measured in the presence of HeLa cell metabolites. The status of AgNPs in the system associated with metabolites were characterized by UV-Vis, Zetasizer Nano ZS, and transmission electron microscopy. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to reveal the metabolites components that bind with AgNPs. HeLa cells were injected intraperitoneally to establish the tumor-bearing mice model, and the stability of AgNPs in mice serum was analyzed. The results manifested that HeLa cell metabolites inhibited the anticancer and antibacterial effects of AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner by causing AgNPs aggregation. Effective metabolites that inhibited the biological activity of AgNPs were stable in 100 ℃, insoluble in chloroform, containing sulfur elements, and had a molecular weight less than 1 kDa in molecular weight. There were 115 compounds bound with AgNPs. In vitro experiments showed that AgNPs aggregation occurred only when the concentration of α-ketoglutarate (AKG) and glutathione (GSH) together reached a certain threshold. Interestingly, the concentration of AKG and GSH in HeLa cellular metabolites was 10 and 6 times higher than that in normal cervical epithelial cells, respectively, which explained why the threshold was reached. Furthermore, the stability of AgNPs in the serum of tumor-bearing mice decreased by 20% (P < 0.05) compared with the healthy mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HeLa cells escaped the anti-cancer effect of AgNPs through the synergistic effect of AKG and GSH, suggesting the need to develop strategies to overcome this limitation.

Microbial reduction of synthetic Biogenic Iron Oxides containing various amounts of Organic Carbon and Silica

Iron oxides formed in close association with bacteria are referred to as biogenic minerals (BIOS). Both the organic part of BIOS and the iron oxide particles affect the net surface charge of those iron-organic carbon aggregates and offer reactive sites that can immobilize many soluble contaminants (Warren and Haack 2001) making BIOS a contender in bioremediation technologies. However, before using BIOS in bioremediation, it is essential to understand the interactions of impurities such as organic matter and other minor components (including silica) (Dyer et al. 2010). This project involves the synthesis of Biogenic Iron Oxides (BIOS) using various silica contents and different soluble alginate concentrations (as an analogue for bacterial exopolysaccharides) close to natural environmental conditions. The mineralogical, chemical and physical composition of the synthesized samples was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano instrument. The various samples (mainly ferrihydrite) were then reduced in the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, a well-known iron reducing bacterium. All microbial reduction experiments (see Table 1) with different types of BIOS were performed under anoxic conditions. Results indicate that the ratio of organic matter and silica to Fe (III) in BIOS affects the reduction rate. It is proposed that alginate binds to iron oxide particles and protects them from reduction. However, samples in presence of high concentration of silica (i.e.,&amp;gt; 0.05) showed structural disorder which likely prevented nucleation of well ordered ferrihydrite, which in return increased their rate of reduction. In addition, higher reduction rates of ferrihydrite were reported at higher concentrations of silica in BIOS, even in the presence of alginate.

Assessment and usability of Jatropha biodiesel blend with phenolic antioxidant to control NOx emissions of an unmodified diesel engine.

The excessive utilization of fossil fuels has worsened global warming and exacerbated the levels of air pollution in the environment, forcing us to consider alternative fuels for compression ignition engines. The current research aims to explore the possibilities of renewable fuels outperforming diesel fuel in terms of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative fuel. The major drawback of biodiesel is the significant rise in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The main novelty and objective of this research is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio diesel engine using DPA antioxidant additive. For this investigation, diesel, Jatropha biodiesel (B30) and 100 ppm of phenolic antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) blended with B30 have been used as fuel named B30+DPA100. From experimental outcomes, the inclusion of diphenylamine to B30 blend resulted in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) being reduced by 8.86% and 4.12%, respectively, compared to B30. Simultaneously, there was a 1.11% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTHE). The B30+DPA100 fuel blend demonstrates effective control over NOx and other emissions. The emissions of NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke from the B30+DPA100 blend have shown a reduction of 6.8%, 5.34%, 7.86%, and 15.67%, respectively, when compared to diesel. However, there has been an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) by 7.8%. One notable advantage of the B30+DPA100 blend is the significant decrease in NOx emissions. Additionally, the cylinder pressure for B30+DPA100 has been lowered by 4.93% compared to B30. On the other hand, the net heat release rate (NHR) has experienced a 1.72% increase. The particle size of different elements present in the crankcase oil has been calculated by Zetasizer Nano. The analysis revealed varying particle sizes for different elements in the crankcase oil: aluminum (2.724 μm), chromium (2.78 μm), iron (2.423 μm), and lead (2.587 μm).

ARRHENIUS KINETICS IN THE EVALUATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL TINCTURES

Objective: To develop a method for identifying tinctures by assessing their biological activity at different temperatures based on Arrhenius kinetics. Methods: The tinctures of anti-inflammatory and cardiotonic actions were chosen for the Spitotox-test. Chromatographic ethanol (HPLC grade, 99.8%, Fisher Scientific, UK) and deionized high-resistance water (18.2 MΩ cm, Milli-Q, Millipore) were used to prepare 70% water-alcohol extractant. The dispersity of the infusions and solvents was evaluated by LALLS (Malvern, UK) (micrometer range) and DLS (nanometer range) (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern, UK) methods. Results: The observed (obs) values of activation energy ( °bsEa) of ligand-receptor interactions of infusoria Spirostomum ambiguum and components of tinctures with regard to the extractant: water volume ratio was ranked in descending order of toxicity: motherwort (1:10; 87±13 kJ/mol)&gt;calendula (1:7; 103±18 kJ/mol)&gt;eucalyptus (1:7; 159±5 kJ/mol)&gt;valerian (1:5; 135±6 kJ/mol)&gt;hawthorn (1:4; 113±20 kJ/mol). The found values of activation energy were included in the previously created library for the construction of the correlation diagram « °bsEa-LD50», which allowed to assess the toxicity of tinctures in comparison with other pharmaceutical substances. Conclusion: The method for assessing the biological activity of tinctures was developed by Arrhenius kinetics. The values of activation energy °bsEa of ligand-receptor interactions can be used for the identification of tinctures.