Zero Generation Research Articles

Does potato seed system working effectively in Nepal?

The present study analyses the gaps and issues in the production and distribution system of potato seeds in Nepal. Households’ survey combined with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KII) were carried out to collect the information. Gross benefit and descriptive statistics were employed for the analysis of the data. Results revealed that National Potato Research Program (NPRP) and some private companies were responsible for the zero generation Pre-Basic Seeds (PBS) production. National Centre for Potato, Vegetables and Spice Crops Development Program (NCPVSCDP) collects the seed demand and helps in potato seed certification at the farmers’ level. The current production is inadequate to meet the demand. As the present potato productivity is 16.72 mt ha-1 which is less than projected by National Seed Vision (NSV), reducing the yield gap is one of the important ways to meet the demand. The Gross benefit per hectare of first-generation basic potato seed (BS1) was NRs 14, 66,667 ($ 12,759) and second-generation basic potato seed (BS2) was NRs 9, 20, 667 ($ 8,009). However, the potato seed system is not working effectively in Nepal. Therefore, the adoption of improved potato varieties should be extensive through a strong mechanism for maintaining the full seed cycle and its proper distribution. Further, it is equally important to change the perception of farmers by showing the comparative benefit of growing ware potato and seed potato.

Comparison of Different Mobile Wireless Technology (From 0G to 6G)

Networks and the value they provide. Mobile wireless technology has evolved from Zero Generation (0G) through the first, second, and third-generation systems during the last several decades to increase Quality of Service (QoS), efficiency, and performance. There is now a shift to implementing fourth-generation (4G) systems. Shortly, mobile devices will have access to 4G and 5G networks. 1G technology made mass mobile wireless communication possible. Since analog technology was superseded by digital in the 1990s, two-generation (2G) wireless communication has evolved tremendously. New converged networks that simultaneously handle voice and data transmission are emerging due to 3G technology's focus on voice communication. Currently, "5G" isn't being used in official situations. 5G research aims to expand the WWW, dynamic ad hoc wireless networks, and more. People have been involved in the Mobile Wireless Generation from one generation to another.

Acid-reinforced ionic cross-linking of sodium alginate/polyamidoamine dendrimer blended composite membranes for isopropanol dehydration through pervaporation

Extreme swelling of hydrophilic polymer such as sodium alginate in aqueous liquid mixture separation processes has always been a problem that needs to be resolved. Herein, the ionic interactions between polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and sodium alginate (SA) were improved by using simple aqueous acidic solution after obtaining the dense composite membranes. The zero generation PAMAM dendrimer (G0) used has four terminal primary amine reactive groups (P4). The acid-reinforced ionic cross-linked (ARIC) membranes gave an impressive water stability even at high water content in feed of 90 wt% during the separation process. The composite membranes were characterized accordingly for their chemical and physical properties. Also, the efficiency of the ARIC process was evaluated by separating alcohol/water mixtures through pervaporation at varying feed concentration and temperature. Impressively, the membranes treated with sulfuric acid resulted to a smaller free volume size compared to hydrochloric acid revealed by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). This means that a lower swelling degree for the sulfuric acid-treated membranes giving better separation efficiency even at high water feed composition. The best pervaporation separation performance was observed in separating 70/30 wt% isopropanol/H2O aqueous solution at 55 °C. It has a permeation flux of 6.59 kg m−2 h−1 and a 99.97 wt% water content in permeate. The membrane, SA-P4-H2SO4/PVDF also exhibited good stability for 552 h maintaining a water concentration in permeate above 97 wt%.

Analysis of the Influence of AVC Reactive Power Optimization on Line Loss in High Proportion New Energy Area

In order to effectively reduce line loss, this paper analyzes the impact of AVC reactive power optimization in high proportion new energy areas on line loss under typical mode, and calculates the impact of new energy output on line loss when net load changes, and summarizes the law of AVC reactive power optimization in high proportion new energy areas and the impact of new energy output changes on power grid line loss. The research results show that the line loss rate of the main grid and the line loss rate of each partial voltage tend to decrease in the three modes of new energy generation, small generation and zero generation.

Comparative Analysis of Thermovision Images of Healthy Young Men with Different Terms of Adaptation to Conditions of the North

Introduction. The correlation between skin temperature and cutaneous blood flow is a factor that influences thermal imaging of the body in response to thermoregulation. The objective of our study was to identify features of thermal images of young male permanent residents of the Russian North belonging to different generations. Materials and methods. Thermography was carried out using a thermal imaging camera (FLIR SC620 thermal imager, Sweden), providing long-wave (7.5–13 μm) imaging with a thermal sensitivity of 0.1 °С. Quantitative analysis of thermovision images was performed for eight sites of the body captured from the front and back in a sitting position. We examined 90 young healthy men aged 17 to 21 years, permanently residing in the Magadan Region. Depending on the duration of adaptation to extreme conditions of the North, all subjects were divided into four groups: adapting migrants (“zero generation”) and those born in the North in the first, second and third generations. Results. We established a significant increase in skin temperature at all measured body sites in the series from adapting migrants (“zero generation”) to the natives in the first to third generation. The maximum differences were observed for the average temperature of the forehead, abdomen, and lower back, reaching 0.97, 1.04, and 0.98 °C, respectively. It should be noted that the young men of the city of Magadan had a higher average skin temperature than those living in optimal climatic and geographical conditions of Central Russia and Eastern Europe. The smallest difference (0.43 °С) was registered for breast temperature between the migrants and representatives of the third generation. Conclusions. Our findings prove compensatory and adaptive physiological changes occurring in the body over time to reduce adverse effects of the cold environment. This reorganization of the body is achieved through optimization of the thermoregulatory mechanism and changes in vegetative skin vasomotor responses.

Trisubstituted Triptycenes: Toward the Preparation of Three-Dimensional Dendrimers

A synthesis of benzyl trisubstituted triptycenes is described. These triptycenes are precursors for producing a first generation (G1) poly(triptycylether) dendrimer, a derivative of known poly(arylether) dendrimers. The molecule necessary for the further elaboration into the eventual dendrimer is a carboxylic acid ester triptycene terminated with two ether substituents on another ring; the zero generation (G0). The synthesis begins with formation of the Diels-Alder adduct of benzoquinone and methyl 2-anthroate. This adduct is aromatized under basic conditions and the resulting anion trapped with a benzyl halide as an electrophile to form the trisubstituted triptycene. Access to the trisubstituted system is obtained through a highly improved, efficient and chromatography free preparation of anthracene derivatives, mainly methyl 2-anthroate.

Divergent selection for fat index in Pannon Ka rabbits: genetic parameters, selection response

<p>The objective of this study was to estimate the response to selection for total body fat content of rabbits measured by computer tomography (CT). A divergent selection experiment was performed using Pannon Ka rabbits, which were previously selected for number of kits born alive. The so-called zero generation consisted of 351 Pannon Ka rabbits, from which the index, total body fat volume (cm<sup>3</sup>) divided by the body weight (kg), was measured. Rabbits with low and high fat index values were selected to form the parent groups of the lean and fat lines, respectively. The lines consisted of 55-72 females and 35-47 males, depending on the line and generation. After three generations, the rabbits were evaluated by means of a single trait animal model. The fat index showed a moderate heritability estimate (0.28±0.03). The magnitude of the common litter effect was small (0.10±0.02). The breeding values averaged per generation provided slightly asymmetrical responses. Based on the results, the divergent selection was successful in confirming that CT is a very suitable method for performing selection for body composition traits.</p>

Kinetic and equilibrium study of (poly amido amine) PAMAM dendrimers for the removal of chromium from tannery wastewater

Abstract Water gets polluted by industrial effluents, mainly composed of heavy metals and organic materials. Water soluble heavy metals can be taken up by living organisms. Chromium mainly occurs in the form of chromate and cationic hydroxo complexes in water. Apart from conventional methods of heavy metal removal, there are some novel approaches such as using dendrimers for removal of heavy metal. Dendrimers are extremely branched nano sized polymers with a three-dimensional symmetry around a core that imparts poly functionality. PAMAM (poly amido amine) dendrimers having ethylene diamine as core and methyl acrylate as repeating unit was divergently synthesized. Characterization of PAMAM dendrimers was evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Zero generation dendrimers have amine terminal groups, showed intense amide group peak at 1596.76 cm−1. The λ max value was 278 nm. SEM exhibited spherical shape for full generation while needle like structure for −0.5 generation. Evaluation of chromium removal from wastewater has been done by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The data revealed that optimal removal of Cr occurs at dendrimer concentration of 5 mL, Cr concentration of 300 ppm, contact time of 2 min and pH 7. The synthesized dendrimers have effectively removed Cr from tannery wastewater.

Features Exterior of Cattle of Breed Limousian in the Period of Their Acclimation in the Conditions of the Northern Trans-Ural

The paper presents a characteristic of the exterior features of the specialized limousin meat breed bred in the conditions of the Tyumen region. Studies were conducted on first-calf cows of different generations of animals. At the same time, the introduced animals belong to the zero generation, their descendants to the 1st generation, and the grandchildren belong to the 2nd genetic-ecological generation. In the process of research, it was that the acclimatization process left its mark on the manifestation of the main breeding and productive qualities of the studied livestock generations. One of the manifestations of which was a certain grinding of cows of the first generation. The obtained results of the exterior assessment of cows of different generations showed that the best exterior development was observed in cows of the second and zero generation. So, in cows of the first and second generations there was a decrease in measurements of the chest, estimated by the chest index by 1.1–3.1 % (P> 0.999), with an increase in the proportions characterizing the development of meat qualities of animals by 6.2–6.6 % (P> 0.999). Adaptation to new conditions confirms the development of such indices as the typical physique and severity of type, which, when changing generations, had an increase dynamic.

Grandparents on the move: a multilevel framework analysis to understand diversity in zero‐generation care arrangements in Switzerland

AbstractAmong the various forms of transnational grandparenting is the engagement of the so‐called zero generation – the transnationally mobile parents of adult migrants – in caring for their grandchildren abroad. It constitutes a distinct kind of intergenerational solidarity within transnational families. By taking migrant families in Switzerland as a case in point, in this article we attempt to broaden the existing research by adopting a comparative, qualitative approach towards understanding the commonalities and differences of childcare organization involving grandparental support in European and non‐European transnational families. By taking into account the main objective and the temporality of grandparents' visits in Switzerland, we identify six different types of childcare arrangements. While these arrangements are shaped by the discriminatory Swiss migration regime, several other institutional, familial, and individual factors help to promote or impede them, or to change their dynamics. Thus, we introduce an innovative, multi‐level, analytical approach towards studying the various ways in which the parents of adult migrants of different nationalities take part in the transnational circulation of care.

A Migration Project in Retrospect: The Case of the Ageing Zero Generation in Emirdağ

In the twentieth century, Emirdağ (Turkey) witnessed extensive emigration and is now home to the ‘zero generation’: a group of elderly people who stayed behind when their children moved abroad. We investigate how these elderly people, with at least one child who left the country, evaluate their situation as they have grown older. Using fieldwork observations and in-depth interviews, we found that this group mainly associated the migration of their offspring with loneliness and exclusion from society, due to separation from their children and changes in the traditional family culture. The respondents clearly note a shift in the social position of family elders in Turkish culture, from highly respected to being ignored and looked down upon. While this change in status might be experienced by all elderly inhabitants of the region, feelings of distress were reinforced by an emerging discourse which suggests the migration project is a failed enterprise. The constraints their children experience in the immigrant country have led the zero generation to rely less on them and become more dependent on their own resources. Future research on ageing, migration and transnational care should focus on the different ways in which migration systems evolve, and the long-term effects on social inclusion of all generations.

A computational study of PAMAM dendrimer interaction with trans isomer of picoplatin anticancer drug

In this study, the interaction of zero generation (G0) of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer with trans isomer of Picoplatin anticancer drug (AMD) has been investigated by density functional theory. According to the structure of dendrimer and drug, two types of dendrimer cavities that can interact with the drugs can be formed in drug-loaded PAMAM dendrimer in which AMD drug can be located inside the PAMAM cavities through Cl and NH3 heads. The results have indicated that the interaction of PAMAM dendrimer with picoplatin anticancer drugs is physisorption. Relevant information about geometry, adsorption energy and molecular orbitals and quantum molecular descriptor, the most stable site for drug loading corresponds to the core of the dendrimer. The PAMAM-AMD complexes have shown a significant improvement of structural and electronic properties according to the results obtained from different arrangement of PAMAM G0-AMD complexes; a [G0-AMD (Cl-1)] complex is the preferred adsorption arrangement. As a result, it seems that the zero generation PAMAM dendrimer being combined with the AMD drug is suitable for use in drug delivery.

Morphofunctional indicators demonstrated by young students resident in Russia’s Northeast

The specific climatic and geographical conditions of the northern territories of Russia, the relatively small workforce, as well as intensive migration processes require a specific approach with regard to northern regions and, particularly, to the healthcare of the young generation residing in the territory. This study was aimed at exploring the body functionality of the young inhabitants of Russia’s Northeast considered as a human rescource for the future in relation to their period of residence in Magadan oblast. Based on the study of cardiovascular, biochemical, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, psychophysiological characteristics, as well as respiratory system and gas exchange parameters, a comparative examination was carried which involved 1,560 male students aged 17–21. Depending on their period of residence in Magadan oblast, the examined subjects were divided into three groups. Group 1 was presented by newcoming settlers, whites by origin (adaptants), who had migrated from the Central-European or Asian areas of Russia and lived in the northern region for at least 5 years (the zero generation). Group 2 was made up of those young males born and living in Magadan oblast (the 1st generation), whites by origin, who were children of immigrants to the area. Finally, group 3 was representatives of the 2nd generation born and living in Magadan oblast, whose parents were representatives of the 1st generation. We found that people with a longer term of residency in the north had become more optimized in cardiovascular functioning (demonstrate decrease in arterial pressure and more effective myocardial performance), less stressed in external respiration with simultaneous decrease in exhaled heat loss, had normalised lipid metabolism shown through a reduced percentage of deviations in lipidograms as well as the index of atherogenicity and higher functioning of the central nervous system. Besides, having experienced severe climatic conditions they have formed their specific region-related metabolic profile featuring lowered lipid metabolism values and high blood glucose which can be caused by changes in nutrition of city residents. It should be concluded that discovered tendency of adaptive changes demonstrated by north-born young white males enables us to consider it as formation of a new population of inhabitants of the North having the best functional abilities for optimal adaptation to the specific ecological and climatic conditions.

Spatio-temporal variation in wave power and implications for electricity supply

Wave energy resources are intermittent and variable over both spatial and temporal scales. This is of concern when considering the supply of power to the electricity grid. This paper investigates whether deploying arrays of devices across multiple spatially separated sites can reduce intermittency of supply and step changes in generated power, thereby smoothing the contribution of wave energy to power supply. The primary focus is on the southwest UK; SWAN wave model hindcast data are analysed to assess the correlation of the resource across multiple sites and the variability of power levels with wave directionality. Power matrices are used to calculate step changes in the generated power with increasing numbers of sites. This is extended to national and European scales using ECMWF hindcast data to analyse the impacts of generating power at multiple sites over wider areas. Results show that at all scales the step change in generated power and the percentage of time with zero generation decreases with increasing numbers of sites before plateauing. This has positive implications for performance of electricity grids with high levels of renewable penetration.

Transnational ageing and the ‘zero generation’: the role of Moroccan migrants’ parents in care circulation

ABSTRACTThis paper emphasises the impacts of international migration on old-age perceptions and norms within transnational families, and, specifically, analyses the roles of the zero generation, defined as the parents of first-generation migrants, both as non-migrant counterparts to their children abroad and as older migrants themselves. Transnational caregiving research has demonstrated that for many migrants and their families care arrangements must be negotiated across national borders, yet the agency of transnational older adults has been largely neglected. Based on qualitative fieldwork conducted from 2011 to 2013 in Liège, Belgium, and Oujda, Morocco, the present paper examines the circulation of care between Moroccan adult migrants and their ageing ascendants. This paper exposes the duality of migrants’ ascendants as caregivers and recipients, asserting, firstly, that receiving care is not synonymous with passivity, and that, secondly, migrants’ ascendants are also the initiators of transnational practices. In both roles, this paper underlines mobility as a strategy used by migrants’ parents to maintain intergenerational solidarity across national borders, but that this care mobility is limited by macro-level migration policies, here exemplified by the Belgian migration regime.

Cross-border mobility and long-distance communication as modes of care circulation: insights from the Peruvian ‘zero generation’

ABSTRACTThe contribution of older family members in the sending countries to the well-being of transnational families has only recently come more into the focus of research. Cross-border mobility and long-distance communication are two central modes through which the members of this ‘zero generation’ engage in transnational family life. By applying the framework of care circulation, this paper seeks to discuss the influence of cross-border mobility and long-distance communication on older Peruvian non-migrants’ engagement in transnational family care arrangements. The paper shows, first, that political and economic factors, as well as communication infrastructures, shape the patterns of the older Peruvian non-migrants’ involvement in transnational caregiving over time. Second, it shows that cross-border mobility and long-distance communication are key means of living up to expectations of parents and grandparents being present, but are often beyond the older people’s control. Finally, it shows that these older family members create different forms of co-presence based on their professional and religious capabilities not only to provide care and support, but also as a coping mechanism.

Yeast Replicator: A High-Throughput Multiplexed Microfluidics Platform for Automated Measurements of Single-Cell Aging.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism for replicative aging studies; however, conventional lifespan measurement platforms have several limitations. Here, we present a microfluidics platform that facilitates simultaneous lifespan and gene expression measurements of aging yeast cells. Our multiplexed high-throughput platform offers the capability to perform independent lifespan experiments using different yeast strains or growth media. Using this platform in minimal media environments containing glucose, we measured the full lifespan of individual yeast cells in wild-type and canonical gene deletion backgrounds. Compared to glucose, in galactose we observed a 16.8% decrease in replicative lifespan accompanied by an ∼2-fold increase in single-cell oxidative stress levels reported by PSOD1-mCherry. Using PGAL1-YFP to measure the activity of the bistable galactose network, we saw that OFF and ON cells are similar in their lifespan. Our work shows that aging cells are committed to a single phenotypic state throughout their lifespan.

The Supports of Weighted Unranked Tree Automata

We investigate the supports of weighted unranked tree automata. Our main result states that the support of a weighted unranked tree automaton over a zero-sum free, commutative strong bimonoid is recognizable. For this, we use methods of Kirsten (DLT 2009), in particular, his construction of finite automata recognizing the supports of weighted automata on strings over zero-sum free, commutative semirings. We also get an effective construction of a finite tree automaton recognizing the support of a given weighted unranked tree automaton for zero-sum free, commutative strong bimonoids where Kirsten's zero generation problem is decidable. In addition, we give a translation of nested weighted automata into weighted unranked tree automata for arbitrary commutative strong bimonoids. As a consequence, we derive analogous results for the supports of nested weighted automata. Finally, we give similar results for the supports of weighted pushdown automata.

DFT study of structure, IR and Raman spectra of dendrimer with P[dbnd]N[sbnd]P[dbnd]S linkages and its complexation with gold

The Fourier transform IR and Raman spectra of the zero generation dendrimer G1 with two PNPS linkages and four terminal aldehyde groups have been recorded. The optimized geometry of low energy isomer of G1 have been calculated by density functional (DFT) method at the PBE/TZ2P level of theory. DFT is used for analyzing the properties of PNPS linkages. DFT results for the structure of G1 are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for different parts of G1. The global and local reactivity descriptors have been used to characterize the reactivity pattern of the core function and terminal group. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis has been applied to comparative study of charge delocalization. Our study reveals that the softness and electrophilicity of sulfur atom in the core of the dendrimer G1 is higher than that of sulfur atoms and of the dendron G2. Thus PNPS linkage has a high electron density on sulfur which allows the regiospecific complexation of gold, whereas the other PS groups do not react this way. This explains why PN bond in PNPS linkage is much more stable than isolated PN bonds, which are easily hydrolyzed.

The Migration and Well-Being of the Zero Generation: Transgenerational Care, Grandparenting, and Loneliness amongst Albanian Older People

This paper focuses on the so-called ‘zero generation’: the parents of first-generation migrants who are initially left behind in the migrant country of origin and who may subsequently follow their children in migration or engage in transnational back-and-forth mobility. We challenge the prevailing optic on the left-behind older generation that sees them as dependent and in need of care, and stress instead their active participation both in migration and in the administration of care and support to their children and grandchildren. Drawing on interviews with mainly zero-generation Albanians, and also some first-generation migrants, in various geographical contexts – Albania, Italy, Greece, and the UK – we trace their evolving patterns of mobility, intergenerational care, well-being, and loneliness both in Albania and abroad. In telling the often-overlooked story of the zero generation, we highlight both their vulnerability and agency in different circumstances and at different times, shaped by family composition and the ageing process