Zero Adjustment Research Articles

Impact Of Maternal Factors on Birth weight In Salah- Aldeen general Hospital/Tikrit City

Birth weight is a crucial determinant of the developmental potential of the newborn. Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth. The range of normal is between 2.5 and 4.5 kilograms (5.5 and 9.9 lb). On average, babies of south Asian and Chinese heritage weigh about 3.26 kilograms (7.2 lb). Abnormal newborn weights are associated with negative effects on the health and survival of the baby and the mother. World Health Organization has defined low birth weight as birth weight less than 2,500 grams. Giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant is influenced by several factors. This study aimed to identify key determinants that influence the frequency of normal and low birth weight in Salah Al-Deen general Hospital in Tikrit city-Iraq . This study is a Cross- sectional study, was conducted in obstetric department in Salah Al-Deen general hospital during the period from 1st Feb to the 31st of August 2020. The study sample included full term babies (gestational age 37-42 week) chosen by using a convenient sampling method selecting 197 delivered babies with their mothers. Data collection done by face-to-face interview, using the structured questionnaire developed by the researcher include the following information: Information regarding the mother included demographic variables, reproductive health, medical and obstetrical history and antenatal care visits, use of ferrous sulfate and other supplements during pregnancy. Birth weight was measured at birth, to the nearest 50 g, with the nude infant lying on the available scale. Zero adjustment of the scale was frequently done to ensure accuracy of the readings. Birth weight was categorized into two as low birth weight (birth weight < 2500 grams), and normal birth weight (birth weight ≥ 2500 grams) . The current study showed that prevalence of low birth weight was (2.4%), macrosomia (15.6%) and normal birth weight was (82%). The study showed that the low birth weight was higher among primigravida (3.4%), than multigravida women (1.7%) and that the low birth weight was higher among 1st and 2nd birth order (3.4%), (6.7%) respectively while it was (0%) among the 3rd baby order. Previous history of Diabetes Mellitus was associated with 0(0%) low birth weight babies and (2.6%) of those women without Diabetes Mellitus had low birth weight babies. Those with history of iron deficiency anemia was more prone to had babies with low birth weight (3.1%), versus those without history of iron deficiency anemia (1.3%). Those with history of hypertension more prone to had babies with low birth weight (4%), versus those without history of iron deficiency anemia (2.2%). The current study showed that those with ferrous sulfate supplements had lower proportion of babies with low birth weight (1.2%), versus those without supplements (7.7%), this relation statistically significant . This study has demonstrated that the younger maternal age, mother with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and irregular antenatal care had babies with lower birth weight. Previous history of low birth weight also is a predisposing factor for low birth weight.

An Implementation Method for an Inductive Proximity Sensor with an Attenuation Coefficient of 1

In order to achieve long-distance measurement, a bridge differential inductance detection circuit is employed; on this basis, an automatic zero adjustment technique for sensors using an integral–proportional-integral controller is proposed in this work to achieve consistent product production and efficient installation and debugging, and the mathematical model of the bridge differential inductance detection circuit is established to effectively design the controller parameters. Furthermore, an implementation method for an inductive proximity sensor with an attenuation coefficient of 1 is also proposed based on the bridge differential inductance detection circuit by querying the proximity distance table in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to detect multiple target metal objects at the same inductive distance. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method is correct and effective.

Features of testing and selection of implant-valves to reduce intraocular pressure

Introduction. The progress of microelectronic technology and its associated element base stimulates its widespread introduction into various spheres of human activity. By using micro miniaturization, we get new devices and systems with increased reliability and extended functional and operational capabilities and improved metrological parameters. This fully applies to the field of medical instrumentation and bioengineering, especially in the field of ophthalmology new devices and sys, is characterized by the wide use of implants ranging from lens replacement to radiated (at 914 MHz) microchip (size 1.2x2.4 mm) to measure and regulate eye pressure, only goes through laboratory testing. One of the most severe diseases in ophthalmology is glaucoma of the eye, which leads to an increase in intraocular pressure, most of which leads to a loss of human vision and is the second most frequently occurring. The most effective method of treatment is eye surgery, which is the patient's last chance to keep his eyesight, an implant (valve) to regulate the pressure within 9-21 mm Hg. The obligatory preoperative procedure should be the control of the operation parameter and determination of parameters, the opening pressure, closing pressure, and reproducibility of the characteristic at reactivation, which will contribute to the efficiency of performed operations.Analysis of known research results. There are known several methods of implants testing for workability, which can divide into two directions: methods with the use of earth gravity by lifting the tank with saline solution to the graduated height with using of measuring bar or analog or digital manometer and method of hardware creation of excess pressure. The disadvantages of the considered methods and devices for their realization are the considerable inaccuracy and insufficient sensitivity, as well as the difficulty of recording the moment of valve actuation, which depends on the operator's professionalism and, correspondingly, some subjectivity in determining the implants' parameters, which reduces the effectiveness of determining their suitability for use.Purpose of work description of an automated system. Taking into account the revealed disadvantages the authors set a task to develop a simplified measurement scheme with increasing sensitivity, accuracy and objectivity of implant parameters determination and their effectiveness by determining their suitability for use in medical-surgical practice. For the realization of the target, the authors developed a structural scheme of the automated system for measuring and controlling the parameters of the intraocular pressure regulation implants on the basis of the microsystem technology elements. The system contains a computer, a microcontroller, with a control impulse generator, a unit of discrete (step-by-step) pressure increase with 0.025 ml/step, a microelectromechanical pressure sensor, resistive liquid sensor, analog-to-digital converter, and two feedback lines to the microcontroller, with a microelectromechanical pressure sensor and liquid detector. The algorithm of the system operation is developed, which implies checking the system in the "zero adjustment mode" and the mode of measuring and controlling the implant parameters "testing mode". It is showed that the error of determining the system pressure parameters does not exceed 0,5%.Experimental verification of system operation. There are three possible cases in which the implant is opened earlier and there is a risk of hypotension to the patient's eye, and later there is a risk of hypertension and works in the normal pressure zone. The authors give graphs of such measurements, as well as a graph of the reproducibility of the characteristics of the non-defective implant.Conclusions. Thus, the proposed system provides: -- simplification of the circuit with the simultaneous possibility to automate the process of preoperative verification of different implant types; -- allows increasing of sensitivity, accuracy of measurement and objectivity of implant parameters determination; -- determining their suitability for use in medical surgery by fluid output parameters, opening pressure, closing pressure, and reactivation characteristics that will improve the efficiency of the operation; -- reduction of implant testing time, which is limited to 2-3 minutes, and the ability to store parameter information in both electronic (computer) and paper form.

Effect of Stolt f-k migration filters on ground penetrating radar imaging

Background: Some filters such as (Stolt F-K Migration) and complimentary filters (Time –Zero Adjustment,Background Removal, and Band –Pass) are used to study the effectiveness, digital filters, and to enhance the qualityof radar grams. This filter considered one of the advanced processing filters in general. Materials and Methods:Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a device that transmits short pulses of electromagnetic energy with pulse durationabout 1 ns to 20 ns with a high-frequency range from 10 MHz to 1000 MHz in the ground by a transmitting antenna.The input analogue signals digitized and quantified using an analogue-to-digital the converter in order to be ready forprocessing in the computer to create images called the radar gram. Results: The important feature focused on makingvisible the weak signals and improves certain components required to interpret the data. Conclusions: Applying StoltF-K Migration filter on profile GPR cretaceous limestone rock detected at a depth of 3.75m. Whereas, applying thefilter to the same profile of water pipe at a depth (0.632m)near the road for the faculty of pharmacy at the directionfrom north to south. When applying the filter) to the same profile of difference in the thickness of pavement layerswhich consist of a foundation layer and a layer of asphalt.

Focus on test and measurement

Focus on test and measurement

A Novel Method of Zero Offset Reduction in Hall Effect Sensors with Applications to Magnetic Field Measurement

The paper presents a novel method to reduce the zero offset in Hall-Effect based magnetic measurement with single power supply. This method consists of a coarse zero compensation and a fine zero adjustment afterwards. By using the proposed method the zero output offset of Hall Effect sensors under using single power supply can be controlled within 0.2%. This method can be applied to all Hall Effect sensors with analog output and other similar sensors, which are powered with a single voltage or current source.

A Research of Multimode Microbending Optical Fiber Pressure Sensors Based on Different Gasket Structure

Microbending optical fiber pressure sensor is designed with the sensing unit based on multimode fiber in this paper. It consists of the pressure gasket, the microbending regulator and the metal clamp with fine adjustment structure. The measuring range of the sensor could be adjusted by choosing different gasket. When pressure acts on the fixture, a little displacement may occur, and luminous flux of the fiber will be lost after going through microbending part. According to the principle of light field detection, the pressure measurement can be achieved by detecting the loss of light intensity caused by different load. The basic structure of the sensor and its sensing mechanism are well introduced in this paper. In addition, for improving the effectiveness of the Microbending optical fiber pressure sensors, we set up mechanical zero adjustment and the maximal displacement limitation in order to avoid sensor breakdown caused by excess displacement.

Differential-mode atomic polarimetry with pulsed lasers: high-precision zero adjustment

We discuss the precise zero adjustment of a balanced differential-mode polarimeter containing an atomic sample for dark-field detection of a small atomic parity-violation anisotropy odd under reversal of an applied E field. Our sample is endowed with an E-even parity-conserving anisotropy, possibly large, but oriented to produce no imbalance. An imbalance arises both from defects in the preparation of the sample and from small probe-beam anisotropies coupling with those of the sample. An adjustment procedure allows identification and reduction of each defect. The residual E-even imbalance is maintained at the noise level by active compensation.

Basic Study on Measurement of 2-D Surface Profile. (2nd Report: Measurement Error Analysis).

Recently, several differential methods have been developed to cancel datum errors of the scanning stages in the measurement of straightness and sectional surface profiles. Some of these methods are being extended to the case of 2-D surface profile measurements. Although datum errors are removed by the differential calculation of the sensor's outputs, some other measurement errors remain, and some new errors are introduced into the results of the measurement because more than one sensor is used to construct a differential measuring probe. In this paper, some of the measurement errors of the 2-D differential methods presented in the previous report are evaluated by analysis of the transfer function and the differential output of the software datum. Zero adjustment errors caused by misalignment of the sensors zero outputs are also analyzed, and a self-correction method for compensating zero adjustment errors is presented.

Estimation and Improvement of Accidental and Systematic Errors in Profile Measurements Using Software Datum.

It is important for precision profile measurements in on-machine conditions to construct some accurate datum for scanning. A kind of inclination method using three or more displacement sensors was proposed recently for this purpose. However, its characteristics in relation with the spatial frequencies of the profile have not been considered precisely. The z-directional resolution power of the method has not been strictly estimated. In the present paper a new and general expression of the multiprobe methods, including the inclination method, is derived to estimate the errors in relation to spatial frequencies. In all these methods, a similar datum of the parabolic curve is introduced by data processing, which is called the software datum. The influence of accidental errors is theoretically clarified in relation to the spatial frequency of the probed profile. The meaning of zero adjustment of the sensors for software datum of the scanning method is also clarified. A procedure for achiering good zero adjustment is also presented.

An improved method for recording blood pressure in the tethered monkey

Existing tethering systems intended for continuous recording of blood pressure incur two major problems: 1) vertical movements of the animal in the cage produce a significant error in measured pressure introduced by the change in distance between the pressure transducer and the highest point of the infusion system and 2) the necessity for repeated zero adjustment of the pressure transducer requires sedation of the animal and disconnection of the catheter. Continuous infusion and a one-way valve in the infusion line in proximity to the pressure transducer will eliminate the error of measurement related to vertical movement of the animal. A remotely controlled, two-way solenoid valve can close the catheter line and open the pressure transducer to atmospheric pressure, thereby permitting repeated zero adjustment without sedation of the animal and disconnection of the catheter. Eliminating the need to disconnect the catheter will significantly reduce the risk of adventitious infection.

Size at Birth in Najran, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT The number of live births at King Khaled Hospital in Najran was 1,436 during a one-year period. The age of the mothers ranged between 14 and 47 years. The lowest abortion and stillbirth ra...

Infrared gas analyzer with automatic zero adjustment

Automatic zeroing apparatus zeroes an infrared gas analyzer automatically upon the occurrence of preselected conditions to indicate zero in the absence of absorption of infrared radiation by a gas mixture being analyzed. The gas analyzer has a sample cell (11) for containing a gas mixture to be analyzed. Infrared radiation directed through the sample cell (11) is detected at a preselected wavelength to produce a detection signal. A signal processor outputs a signal systematically related to the difference between the detection signal and a reference signal. For zeroing the sample cell (11) is filled with gas substantially nonabsorbent of infrared radiation at the respective characteristic wavelength. A comparator produces an error signal when the output signal differs from zero. A gain control (DAC 21) automatically controls the signal level of the detection signal to reduce the output signal substantially to zero with the nonabsorbent gas filling the sample cell (11). The preselected conditions may include the passage of a predetermined time and a temperature drift beyond a predetermined limit.

Infrared gas analyzer with automatic zero adjustment

Infrared gas analyzer with automatic zero adjustment

Optimum design of a microwave interferometer for plasma density measurements

Theoretical and practical problems arising in the application of microwave interferometry to density measurements on transient plasmas are discussed. The conditions for unambiguous measurements in a density range as wide as possible are analysed. It is shown that the initial zero adjustment of the interferometer bridge recommended in most text books is the worst possible choice of initial conditions when the aim is high initial sensitivity at low densities. The analytical expressions needed for unambiguous evaluation of any phase shift from a few degrees to several times pi (counting fringes) are derived. It is pointed out that, in cases of strong intensity variations of the microwave beam transmitted through the plasma, accurate evaluation of the phase shift is possible only by using the exact analytical expressions instead of approximate formulae. The practical design of the interferometer circuit and its inherent error sources due to reflections and non-ideal component properties are discussed. The results are applied to an interferometer operating at 80 GHz used on a pulsed plasma experiment. Examples of measurements are given and the evaluation of the phase shift and plasma density is discussed in detail. The minimum measurable phase shift is 2 degrees and the range of linear densities that have been measured is integral nedx=3*1015-3*1018 m-2, with L= integral dx//0.1 m approximately=0.1 m.

Differential automatic zero-adjusting amplifier

A method is described for building a low-voltage-drift differential dc amplifier featuring automatic zero adjustment, a high input impedance, and a bandwidth of 10 kHz. This is achieved by an asymmetric two-step process between the input signal and ground. Bandwidth can be extended by the use of a second amplifier during the ground-sampling time. The amplifier can be made with standard electronic components. A major advantage of this method is that an existing amplifier can easily be converted into a low-voltage-drift amplifier by adding the essential elements of the described automatic zero-adjusting amplifier to its input stage. To illustrate the method a practical example is constructed featuring a drift of 0.2 microV/ degrees C.

Integrator for aortic and pulmonary artery flow signals, with automatic zero adjustment and beat-to-beat mean flow computation.

An analogue device is described which offers the opportunity to obtain from aortic and pulmonary artery flow signals, on-line, the following quantities: the heart period, stroke volume, and mean flow, all on a beat-to-beat basis. The apparatus corrects for flowmeter drift and prevents accumulation of errors during systole. Extensive tests on reliability are performed.

Automatic Interferometer with Digital Readout for Refractometric Analysis

The paper describes an interference refractometer for liquids and gases which operates automatically and reads out in digital or analog form. A compensating technique using white light is used for measurement. Zero adjustment is achieved by rotating the compensator and capturing the zero-order white light fringe by photoelectric means. Measurement of the path difference compensated by the compensator is based on electronic interpolation and counting of interference fringes by optointerferometric means, a time division multiplex technique with pulse amplitude modulation being used to obtain the electrical fringe signals.

A simple type of burette with automatic zero adjustment.

A simple type of burette with automatic zero adjustment.

D.C. Amplifiers with Automatic Zero Adjustment and Input Current Compensation

When output and input of a d.c. valve amplifier with amplification factor μ and input-voltage zero error z are connected to each other, establishing a negative-feedback system, the resulting input-output voltage equals z with an error ≈ z/μ. This voltage is used to charge a capacitor which is then inserted in the input circuit, reducing the zero error from z to ≈ z/μ. For continuous operation (recording), the process is repeated at suitable intervals, thus eliminating the effect of zero drift. A similar method is described to compensate the amplifier input current (i.e. grid current + leakage). One possible application is a megohmmeter in which the reading is directly proportional to the resistance.