Zealand Citizens Research Articles

Food security during nuclear winter: a preliminary agricultural sector analysis for Aotearoa New Zealand.

We aimed to estimate the current dietary energy content of food exports for Aotearoa New Zealand and food security during "nuclear winter" scenarios following a nuclear war. From published sources we estimated dietary energy available from the major domains of food exports, with adjustments for wastage. The impacts on food production in New Zealand during three nuclear winter scenarios were based on those published in Nature Food in 2022 and from an earlier New Zealand Planning Council study. Current major food exports are equivalent to 3.9 times current dietary energy intakes for all New Zealand citizens i.e., 34,100 kJ (8150 kcal) per person per day. Exported dairy products were estimated to be able to provide 338% of this energy intake, followed by exports of meat (34%), fruit (8.6%), alcohol (4.8%), marine products (4.6%) and vegetables (2.7%). During the various nuclear winter scenarios considered (minimal to severe), food production available from diverted exported foods was estimated to still be 3.6 to 1.5 times current daily energy intakes. Nevertheless, the agriculture sector could be at risk of various levels of collapse from lack of imports (e.g., diesel, fertiliser, pesticides, seeds, and machinery parts) and from socio-economic collapse, including if the financial system collapsed. This analysis suggests that this country could theoretically have excess food production capacity, even after a severe nuclear winter scenario. But this benefit could be very short-term if the agricultural system was not made more resilient to potential lack of international trade and socio-economic collapse in a post-catastrophe setting.

Leopard Seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in New Zealand Waters Predating on Chondrichthyans

Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) are top-order predators that prey on a wide variety of species including crustaceans, cephalopods, fishes, birds, and pinnipeds. While multiple diet studies have been conducted worldwide, there are no previous accounts of leopard seals predating on chondrichthyans. As part of a wider study on the diet of leopard seals in New Zealand (NZ) waters, researchers and citizen scientists recorded 39 observations of predation and collected 127 scats (166 total records) between 1942 and 2019. Predation on chondrichthyans was detected in 23.1% (n = 9) of observations of predation and 7.1% (n = 9) of scats (the latter via morphological examination and DNA sequencing). From both observations of predations and scats, three chondrichthyan species or genus were identified; elephantfish (Callorhinchus milii), ghost sharks (Hydrolagus spp.) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). While this is the first published record of leopard seals feeding on chondrichthyans, the relatively high frequency of occurrence within our NZ records, and that certain individuals appeared to target this type of prey, indicates that these species could constitute a substantial, or important, part of the diet for some leopard seals in this region. As chondrichthyans form an important part of the NZ marine ecosystems, our recognition of an additional top-order predator of these species contributes to understanding the overall health of, and future impacts of predators on, the wider NZ marine ecosystem.

Welcome Home, Prodigy

Drawing from the author’s childhood confusion over whether ‘prodigal’ means profligate or prodigious, this intervention anticipates the politicisation of returning New Zealand citizens. Written during lockdown, the intervention contrasts predictions of a great repatriation and pundits’ nationalistic revelling in the country’s success at containing the virus with the history of the ‘coming home’ essay and song. Stephen’s argues for a pre-consideration of the emotional states that might be provoked by the returnee. That pre-consideration is aimed at drawing the returnee into the collective, not for the sake of an enlarged spirit of the nation, but for the advancement of Left collective action.

Comfortably Numb: A Short History of New Zealand Muslim Discourse and Thought

This article intends to sketch a history of some of the principle ideas, themes and values buttressing New Zealand Muslim thought and Weltanschauung. The argument is predicated upon the hypothesis that in defining religious and spiritual identity one of the most vital aspects to be taken into consideration are the multiple differences in epistemological, methodological and ontological assumptions as we try to comprehend the primary sources of religious knowledge and practice. In the first section of the article, the general heuristic and methodology of describing and demarcating the identities of Muslims, or ways of being a Muslim in New Zealand, in an existential sense, is presented. The second part discusses research that has detected and delineated Muslim identity among New Zealand citizens. The third section attempts to present an elucidation on some of the main topics underpinning the worldview of local Muslims, including the precepts of religio-communal authority, autonomy and agency, and ideas related to the conceptualisation and interpretation Islamic traditions.

Emotional Public Sphere: Sentiment Analysis of Tweets after New Zealand Mosque Shooting

Two mass shootings took place on 15 March 2019, in Christchurch, New Zealand. Fifty-one Muslims were killed and 40 others were injured. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern addressed the nation and described the attacks as “one of New Zealand's darkest days”. Ardern's efforts to reassure Muslims as part of New Zealand and enforcing tougher laws to tackle terrorism are appreciated nationally and internationally. This research aims to examine public sentiments towards the attacks and the political management of the crisis. Western media and politicians are criticized for dehumanizing Muslims and stigmatizing them as terrorists. However, Ardern's reaction to this terrorist attack was remarkable in reassuring social cohesion and ensuring Muslims as genuine New Zealand citizens. Thus, studying public emotions towards the attacks and their political management can provide us with fruitful insights concerning political management to the emotional public sphere. To achieve the research aims, data collected from the hashtag #ChristChurch from Twitter, one month after the attacks, through Python programming language and analyzed using Meaning Cloud. The results indicated polarised sentiments, mostly, around negative and positive sentiments. In the conclusion, an interpretation provided for the research results and some insights for future research discussed concerning studying public sentiments post terrorist attacks.

Longitudinal Associations of Mental Disorders With Physical Diseases and Mortality Among 2.3 Million New Zealand Citizens

Excess risk of physical disease and mortality has been observed among individuals with psychiatric conditions, suggesting that ameliorating mental disorders might also be associated with ameliorating the later onset of physical disability and early mortality. However, the temporal association between mental disorders and physical diseases remains unclear, as many studies have relied on retrospective recall, used cross-sectional designs or prospective designs with limited follow-up periods, or given inadequate consideration to preexisting physical illnesses. To examine whether mental disorders are associated with subsequent physical diseases and mortality across 3 decades of observation. This population-based cohort study used data from the New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure, a collection of nationwide administrative data sources linked at the individual level, to identify mental disorders, physical diseases, and deaths recorded between July 1, 1988, and June 30, 2018, in the population of New Zealand. All individuals born in New Zealand between January 1, 1928, and December 31, 1978, who resided in the country at any time during the 30-year observation period were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from July 2019 to November 2020. Nationwide administrative records of mental disorder diagnoses made in public hospitals. Chronic physical disease diagnoses made in public hospitals, deaths, and health care use. The study population comprised 2 349 897 individuals (1 191 981 men [50.7%]; age range at baseline, 10-60 years). Individuals with a mental disorder developed subsequent physical diseases at younger ages (hazard ratio [HR], 2.33; 95% CI, 2.30-2.36) and died at younger ages (HR, 3.80; 95% CI, 3.72-3.89) than those without a mental disorder. These associations remained across sex and age and after accounting for preexisting physical diseases. Associations were observed across different types of mental disorders and self-harm behavior (relative risks, 1.78-2.43; P < .001 for all comparisons). Mental disorders were associated with the onset of physical diseases and the accumulation of physical disease diagnoses (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.98-2.03), a higher number of hospitalizations (IRR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.39-2.48), longer hospital stays for treatment (IRR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.62-2.79), and higher associated health care costs (b = 0.115; 95% CI, 0.112-0.118). In this study, mental disorders were likely to begin and peak in young adulthood, and they antedated physical diseases and early mortality in the population. These findings suggest that ameliorating mental disorders may have implications for improving the length and quality of life and for reducing the health care costs associated with physical diseases.

Exploring preference for, and uptake of, rural medical internships, a key issue for supporting rural training pathways

BackgroundImproved medical care access for rural populations continues to be a major concern. There remains little published evidence about postgraduate rural pathways of junior doctors, which may have strong implications for a long-term skilled rural workforce. This exploratory study describes and compares preferences for, and uptake of, rural internships by new domestic and international graduates of Victorian medical schools during a period of rural internship position expansion.MethodsWe used administrative data of all new Victorian medical graduates’ location preference and accepted location of internship positions for 2013–16. Associations between preferred internship location and accepted internship position were explored including by rurality and year. Moreover, data were stratified between ‘domestic graduates’ (Australian and New Zealand citizens or permanent residents) and ‘international graduates’ (temporary residents who graduated from an Australian university).ResultsAcross 2013–16, there were 4562 applicants who filled 3130 internship positions (46% oversubscribed). Domestic graduates filled most (69.7%, 457/656) rural internship positions, but significantly less than metropolitan positions (92.2%, p < 0.001). Only 20.1% (551/2737) included a rural location in their top five preferences, less than for international graduates (34.4%, p < 0.001). A greater proportion of rural compared with metropolitan interns accepted a position not in their top five preferences (36.1% versus 7.4%, p < 0.001). The proportion nominating a rural location in their preference list increased across 2013–2016.ConclusionsThe preferences for, and uptake of, rural internship positions by domestic graduates is sub-optimal for growing a rural workforce from local graduates. Current actions that have increased the number of rural positions are unlikely to be sufficient as a stand-alone intervention, thus regional areas must rely on international graduates. Strategies are needed to increase the attractiveness of rural internships for domestic students so that more graduates from rural undergraduate medical training are retained rurally. Further research could explore whether the uptake of rural internships is facilitated by aligning these positions with protected opportunities to continue vocational training in regionally-based or metropolitan fellowships. Increased understanding is needed of the factors impacting work location decisions of junior doctors, particularly those with some rural career intent.

Assisted dying in New Zealand: what is known about the values underpinning citizens’ positions?

ABSTRACT In New Zealand, aiding and abetting a person to commit suicide or euthanasia even with consent, is unlawful. The introduction of a third Bill on assisted dying to the House of Representatives following a high profile court case, afforded an opportunity for examining how assisted dying is discussed in the public sphere. Social media postings include the voices of citizens who may not participate in formal public consultation processes. Contributors’ posts reveal deeply held socio-cultural values, as well as tensions about the relationship between citizens and the apparatus of government. In this article, we report on a discourse analysis of a selection of social media postings to illustrate the values that underpin the positions taken by contributors to these fora. These illustrate what many New Zealand citizens perceive to be at stake. The social media debate over how we should die reveals deeper issues about the nature of the society we want to live in, and the relationship between the State and citizens.

Understanding New Zealand’s consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions: an application of multi-regional input-output analysis

Consumption- and production-based accounting approaches for national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions provide different insights to support climate policymaking. However, no study has yet comprehensively assessed the consumption-based GHG emissions of the entire New Zealand’s economy. This research, for the first time, quantified New Zealand’s GHG emissions using both consumption- and production-based accounting approaches and considered the policy implications for adopting a consumption-based approach over a production-based approach. A global multi-regional input-output (MRIO) analysis was undertaken to calculate the consumption- and production-based GHG emissions of New Zealand for the year 2012. The MRIO analysis was based on the Eora database, which accounts for 14,839 industry sectors from 189 countries. Given the sectoral classification of each country is quite different and in order to ease interpretation of the results, the industry sectors of each country were classified and aggregated into 16 key sectors, and GHG emissions were calculated for those key sectors. The MRIO analysis showed that New Zealand’s consumption- and production-based GHG emissions in 2012 were 61,850 and 81,667 ktCO2eq, respectively, indicating that the country was a net exporter of GHG emissions in 2012. The dominant contributors to the consumption-based GHG emissions were the other services and construction key sectors (each representing 16% of consumption-based emissions), followed by food and beverages (14%), transport and equipment (12%) and financial and trade services (11%), whereas the dominant contributor to the production-based GHG emissions was the agriculture key sector (representing 52% of production-based GHG emissions). The results of the study provided two key insights to support climate mitigation activities and policymaking. First, the consumption- and production-based accounting approaches results have different rankings for the most dominant sectors contributing to New Zealand’s GHG emissions. Second, only the consumption-based accounting approach enables the quantification of the embodied emissions in New Zealand’s trade activities, and it indicated that a large proportion of GHG emissions are embodied in New Zealand’s trade activities. These insights, therefore, have important implications for future policies that could positively influence the consumption patterns of New Zealand citizens and the production structure and efficiency of New Zealand’s trade partners. This research quantified New Zealand’s GHG emissions using both consumption- and production-based accounting approaches. Given the two accounting approaches provided different insights, both approaches should be used in a complementary way when developing climate policies. However, implementation of a consumption-based accounting approach to support development and implementation of climate policies and instruments requires further consideration.

A Food Secure New Zealand

Currently not all New Zealand citizens are able to access sufficient food to meet their dietary needs for an active healthy life. Taking a community psychology orientation broadens the focus beyond individual experiences of insufficient food to the wider social context, including the reorganizing of resources in a more equitable manner. Based on our research we recommend a Universal Fresh Food Supply as a bold and innovative solution to food insecurity that is congruent with both community psychology values and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero hunger.

‘I Am a New Zealand Citizen Now—This Is My Home’: Refugee Citizenship and Belonging in a Post-colonizing Country

Abstract In this article, we explore how a collaborative painting project with former refugee and host-society participants highlighted tensions regarding legal versus everyday citizenship in New Zealand, while also providing opportunities for strengthened social bridging and enhanced senses of belonging. Through a series of five painting workshops, participants explored how concepts of home, belonging and public visibility were imagined, normalized and contested within everyday practices of inclusion and exclusion. This process enabled individuals to connect through common emotions and experiences, and extend their social networks, generating a sincere sense of welcome and support within the group. Fostering such empathy was a key step towards enhancing integration for newcomers. Yet, participants also acknowledged that refugee resettlement does not occur in a space free from history and power and that, to develop a more inclusive understanding of everyday citizenship in New Zealand, post-colonial and current immigration conversations ought to be pursued simultaneously.

Using Twitter network to detect market segments in the airline industry

The use of social media is increasingly considered a state-of-the-art practice for marketing campaigns. Researchers have investigated various social networks and media platforms to capture the behavior and characteristics of customers. This paper analyzes the official Twitter account of an airline company, Air New Zealand, to explore its market segments. To detect the communities of customers, we develop a network clustering method, which reveals the community classes of the network, along with a text mining analysis on each community detected by the cluster analysis. The results of the network analysis demonstrate that the social network of customers in the airline industry follows Pareto's principle that is similar to scale free networks. The findings of network clustering indicate Air New Zealand is essentially followed by New Zealand citizens. The local accounts are categorized into four communities: (1) lambda New Zealand citizens, (2) management, marketing, and digital media companies, (3) tourism and dining sectors, and (4) New Zealand sport players; while the global accounts fall into two communities: (1) worldwide celebrities and (2) the travel and aviation industry. The community detection method developed in this research is beneficial for marketing and customer strategy purposes as it enables airline companies to detect the categories of passengers interested into the brand. It also allows them to identify the potential sources for advertising by seeking out exceptionally connected customers who have high degrees of centrality.

The Anzac Iliad: Early New Zealand School Journals and the development of the citizen-child in the new dominion

The New Zealand School Journal was established in 1907 to provide reading material across the primary school curriculum. Linked to reforms of the school curriculum, the School Journal aimed to introduce curriculum content relevant to New Zealand children. With the outbreak of the First World War, however, the School Journal became harnessed to the war effort, becoming entrenched in civic instruction and an upsurge in imperialism. Inclusion of patriotic reading material strongly reflected notions of self-sacrifice and reinforced concepts of the dutiful citizen-child. This article explores how preparation for war, and portrayal of war, fostered a particular notion of New Zealand’s developing identity and the role that the citizen-child had to play in the new dominion. Literary integration of subjects and genres, collapses of time and location, along with juxtaposition of items within the School Journal, particularly through the use of the Anzac story, solidified this emergent New Zealand identity. The School Journal, as de facto curriculum, became complicit in the creation and maintenance of the Anzac myth as a basis for the ideal New Zealand citizen through annual commemorative issues of the School Journal, culminating with Anzac Day as a newly created national holiday in 1923.

Framing the Border: Securing Mobility and Representing the Nation

Airports are spaces where mobility is experienced in a number of ways. Often described as a non-place (Augé 1995) where anonymous individuals circulate, the airport also operates as a site of national security where all passengers must be identified. International airports in New Zealand, as gateways to an island nation, offer a compelling site for analysing the ways in which movement across the border is regulated. Media representations of passenger movement through Wellington International Airport and Auckland International Airport produce particular conceptions of citizenship and national identity. This paper will discuss how media discourses surrounding Wellington and Auckland airports position passengers in particular ways in relation to the nation, focusing on the representation of passenger movements which interpellate both New Zealand citizens and foreigners alike.

THE DARKER DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES: DISCRIMINATION AND ELDER ABUSE

Older people who are discriminated against or abused often experience it over and above other forms of marginalisation which renders them doubly vulnerable. This presentation will provide results from the New Zealand Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NZLSA). Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach has formed the conceptual basis of the theoretical framework of this research programme (Sen, 1999). Two survey waves of a national random sample in excess of 3,000 older New Zealand citizens aged between 50 to 86 years have been carried out, which include a scale for discrimination and a screening scale for abuse alongside various questions and other scales on health, well-being and social connections. The results demonstrated statistically significant negative relationships between both discrimination and abuse on one hand, and health, well-being and social connections on the other. The human rights and policy implications of these findings will be explored.

Assembling the Antipodes: migration, finance and territoriality across Australia and New Zealand

ABSTRACTAssembling the Antipodes: migration, finance and territoriality across Australia and New Zealand. Territory, Politics, Governance. Australia and New Zealand’s historically close cultural and economic ties have deepened since the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s. This paper develops an exploratory account of an emerging form of Antipodean territoriality that contributes another exemplar to interpretations of how public authority and private interests coalesce in the governance of space. Drawing on publicly available empirical material on contemporary migration and financial flows across the Tasman Sea and concepts from assemblage thinking, it is argued that these flows are stabilized through different institutional adjustments and enmeshments with cultural norms in both territories. Australian banks now supply financial capital to undergird a property (real estate) boom in New Zealand, the profits from which are returned to Australia. Concurrently, there has been mass migration of New Zealand citizens to Australia facilitated by the Special Category Visa, who are in turn replaced by mass migration into New Zealand. This research reveals how Australian-located power and interests exert a, albeit fragile and mutable, spatial reach into New Zealand territorial space to regulate, at a distance, migration into Australia while simultaneously legitimating the logics of financial extraction.

Preferred practice location at medical school commencement strongly determines graduates' rural preferences and work locations.

To identify factors influencing whether Australian medical graduates prefer to, or actually, work rurally. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from Medical Schools Outcomes Database (MSOD) using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Twenty Australian medical schools. Australian or New Zealand citizens and Australian permanent residents who completed MSOD questionnaires between 2006 and 2013. Preferred and actual work locations 1 (PGY1) and 3 (PGY3) years postgraduation. Of 20784 participants, 4028 completed a PGY1 or PGY3 questionnaire. Self-reported preference for rural practice location at medical school commencement was the most consistent independent predictor of whether a graduate would have a rural location preference at PGY1 (odds ratio (OR) 6.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.91-7.51) and PGY3 (OR 7.95, 95% CI 4.93-12.84), and work rurally during PGY1 (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.88) and PGY3 (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.30-2.64). The effect of preferred practice location at medical school commencement is independent of, and enhances the effect of, rural background. Graduates of graduate-entry programs or with dependent children were less likely to have worked rurally during PGY1 and PGY3 respectively. The most consistent factor associated with rural preferences and work location was students' preferred location of practice at medical school commencement; this association is independent of, and enhances the effect of, rural background. Better understanding of what determines rural preference at medical school commencement and its influence on rural workplace outcomes beyond PGY3 is required to inform Australian medical school selection policies and rural health curricula.

PACIFIC ISLANDER RADIO AND MUSIC IN AUCKLAND

This paper looks at the emergence of radio broadcasting aimed at the Pacific Island populations. There are now larger populations of people from micro-states like the Cook Islands and Niue (whose I 7 people are New Zealand citizens) in South Auckland there than in their tiny home territories..

Discrimination Based on SCV Holder Immigration Status: The Systemic Removal of Rights from New Zealanders in Australia

In 1973 the Governments of Australia and New Zealand announced a ‘complete open door policy’ between the two countries. Today, Australian citizens in New Zealand still enjoy virtually identical rights to those that a New Zealand citizen is entitled to. The rights of New Zealand citizens in Australia, on the other hand, have not fared nearly so well with the passage of time.This account documents the progressive undermining of the rights of New Zealand citizens in Australia in 3 distinct phases: Australia’s implementation of the TTTA from 1973 to 1994; the conversion of New Zealand citizens onto the SCV and its effects between 1994 and 2001; and the worsening situation as a consequence of the Howard Government’s 2001 changes.

Examining trans-Tasman migration of new immigrants to New Zealand from the People's Republic of China: A quantitative approach

‘Back-door’ migration refers to the entry of overseas-born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long-term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans-Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand-born citizens, the trans-Tasman migration of China-born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged ‘back-door’ migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans-Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time.