Zanjan City Research Articles

Evaluating the impact of Zanjan city’s economic drivers on the quality of life in peri-urban villages: a case study of Do Asb and Payin Kouh villages

The interplay between urban centers and peri-urban villages plays a pivotal role in rural development, particularly in the economic dimension. Analyzing these relationships and their influence on the progress and prosperity of peri-urban villages, coupled with capacity building, empowerment, and the integration of urban-rural management, is essential to reduce disparities and promote spatial justice, aligning with the sustainable development of rural areas. This study aims to assess the effects of Zanjan city's economic drivers on the livability quality of Do Asb and Payin Kouh, two peri-urban villages situated in Zanjan city. Employing a descriptive-analytical and practical approach, the study's statistical population comprises the aforementioned villages in Zanjan city. A sample of 219 households was selected from among the sample population based on Cochran's formula. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, including the use of questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics (multivariate regression) were employed for data analysis, along with descriptive statistics (averages) and geographic information systems to analyze land use changes. The research findings unveiled a robust correlation (0.87) between the quality of life in peri-urban villages and the economic drivers of Zanjan city. This indicates a significant and positive relationship between Zanjan city's economic drivers (independent variable) and the quality of life in peri-urban villages (dependent variable). Among the examined variables, communication flow for purchases, with a coefficient of 0.28, contributed most to the variance analysis of the quality of life in peri-urban villages. In contrast, the investment flow of urban residents in village economic activities and the flow of money exchange had relatively lower coefficients of 0.13 and 0.14, respectively. Thus, the research underscores the considerable impact of Zanjan's economic drivers on enhancing the quality of life in peri-urban villages and highlights the pivotal role of rural-urban links in fostering sustainable rural development.

Examining the relationship between life regulation, rumination and experiential avoidance with the level of symptoms and severity of depression in male students of the first year of high school

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotion regulation rumination and experiential avoidance with the level of symptoms and severity of depression in male high school students of the first year. The method of the descriptive research was correlation type and the statistical population included all male students of the first period of secondary school in Zanjan city in 2014-01. The sampling method in this research was simple random and the sample number was 60 students. The measurement tools used in this research were emotion regulation questionnaire, attitude towards addiction and rumination and experiential avoidance. Pearson's test was used to analyze the data, and SPSS statistical software was used for this purpose. The results showed that with a confidence level of 0.05% and with a confidence level of 0.95, there is a relationship between attitude towards drugs and physical health ( r =-0.18), exercise and wellness ( r =-0.24 ), weight control and nutrition. ( r =-0.19 ), disease prevention ( r =-0.22 ), mental health ( r =-0.13 ), spiritual health ( r =-0.31 ), social health (-0.19) = r ), environmental health ( r = -0.18 ) and self-efficacy ( r = -0.34 ), there is a significant negative relationship ( p < 0.05 ). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that emotion regulation and rumination and experiential avoidance are negative influencing factors in students' attitude towards drug use and better than drugs and rumination and experiential avoidance to students. to be given.

The Effect of Media Distractions on Women During Breastfeeding and Infant Care: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: In modern world, the pervasive use of media technologies has seen a significant increase across various domains. The study aimed to assess the level of distraction among lactating women during feeding and infant care, along with exploring associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 120 lactating mothers who visited comprehensive health centers in Zanjan City in 2023. The inclusion criteria were lactating mothers older than 18 years, who were within 42 days postpartum. A multistage sampling method was used for participant selection. Data were gathered using a standard maternal distraction questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a confidence level of 95%. Results: The study found that smartphone use (69.7%) was the most common source of distraction for mothers during breastfeeding, while reading books (17.5%) was the least distracting. In addition, 85% of mothers watched television while caring for their babies (except during breastfeeding), and a significant percentage used landline phones (92.5%) and mobile phones (79.2%). It was noted that older mothers tended to be less distracted during feeding or baby care compared with young mothers. Furthermore, maternal attention during baby feeding increased with higher education levels and having more children (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that young mothers with lower levels of education experience significantly high levels of distraction while caring for their babies or breastfeeding. Given the substantial availability of media products, interventions are needed to raise mothers' awareness about the importance of maintaining eye contact with their babies and implementing strategies for managing distractions.

Evaluation of the Social and Economic Base in the Spatial Distribution of the Diabetes Prevalence: A Case Study of Zanjan City

Evaluation of the Social and Economic Base in the Spatial Distribution of the Diabetes Prevalence: A Case Study of Zanjan City

Comparing Emotional Reactivity and the Ability to Control Thought in Studentswith and without Sleep Disorder in Zanjan City in 2022

Introduction: Sleep disorder is a condition characterized by disturbed patterns or behaviors related to sleep, and failure to meet this physiological need can compromised human life. The purpose of this research is to compare emotional reactivity and thought control ability in students with and without sleep disorder in Zanjan city.&#x0D; Methods: This was a descriptive and causal-comparative research. 100 people (50 people with sleep disorder and 50 people without sleep disorder) were selected using random sampling method from the students of Payame Noor University Zanjan city in 2022. To collect data, the questionnaires of insomnia and hypersomnia screening by Zomer et al., thought control ability by Luciano et al. and emotional reactivity by Knock et al. were used. To analyze data, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variancethrough SPSS version 26 software were used.&#x0D; Results: Findings showed that there was a significant difference between students with and without sleep disorder regarding the components of emotional reactivity and the ability to control thoughts (P&lt;0/05). Also, there was no significant difference between the emotional reactivity of male and female students (P&lt;0/05), and there was a significant difference in the ability to control their thoughts between male and female students (P=0/001).&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings showed that people with high emotional reactivity and lower thought control ability have more sleep disorders. Therefore, it is suggested to improve personal and social performance of students by identifying and eliminating personal and environmental factors governing sleep status of people, as well as providing appropriate educational programs.

Phylogenetic analysis of Acanthamoeba isolated from soil samples and nasal cavities of patients with malignancy: a public health concern in the northwest of Iran.

The genus Acanthamoeba is reported from various environmental sources and can cause multiple complications, including chronic amoebic aeratitis and amoebic granulomatous encephalitis. This study investigated the presence and genotyping of Acanthamoeba in the soil of parks and patients with malignancies referred to health centers in Zanjan city, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 200 soil samples were collected from amusement parks in Zanjan city from September 2017 to May 2018. Samples were cultured on 1.5% non-nutrient agar, and the Acanthamoeba genus was identified using the morphological method. PCR was performed on all positive environmental samples, and six microscopically positive clinical samples belonged to our previous study. DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA was performed to analyze the genetic pattern of some PCR-positive isolates. Microscopic results showed that 96 (48%) soil samples were positive. PCR confirmed all positive cases of clinical samples and 84 soil samples. Out of the PCR-positive samples, 20 soil samples and five clinical samples were sequenced successfully. All soil isolates belonged to the T4 genotype, and three and two clinical samples belonged to T4 and T5 genotypes, respectively. : The presence of Acanthamoeba in both the environment and clinical samples of Zanjan city suggests paying greater attention to the infections caused by it.

The identification of primary school students who are gifted in science

ABSTRACT Emphasizing the identification of individuals with exceptional abilities in understanding school science is of great importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate students’ cognitive abilities to identify those with special talents in primary school science. The statistical population of the study included all male and female fourth-grade students in Zanjan City, Zanjan Province, Iran during the academic year 2015–2016. A total of 300 students (150 girls and 150 boys) were selected for the study. The analysis demonstrated strong correlations of 0.675, 0.681, and 0.674 between academic achievement and the combined scores of three key cognitive abilities (scientific reasoning, reading comprehension, and problem-solving) across the entire sample, as well as within the female and male subgroups. Our finding indicated a good overlap in the frequency of gifted individuals (5% of the sample) in both academic achievement and cognitive ability tests, particularly in the three mentioned components. In future research, the effect of the educational environment on the development of gifted students with low academic achievement can be studied.

Geographic pattern of the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in Zanjan (Iran).

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious public health issue and refers to physically, sexually and psychologically harmful behaviors as well as emotionally controlling behaviors and financial abuse that occur in the form of marriage or cohabitation. Knowing the current situation of the IPV prevalence against women and high-risk areas in the Zanjan city, Iran, can help policymakers to establish better health programs for risk reduction. This population-based cross-sectional study consisted of married women aged 18-55 years living in Zanjan city in 2021. 760 married women covered by 19 urban comprehensive health service centers (UCHSCs) were selected by the stratified systematic random sampling method. The prevalence of IPV against women was measured in four types: psychological, physical, sexual, and economic. Mean (SD) age of the women was 35.49 (8.76) years. 606 women (79.7%) experienced one type of IPV. The highest and lowest IPV prevalence against women were psychological (76.6%) and economic (12%), respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of psychological violence were observed in CUHSCs 2 and 17, physical violence in CUHSCs 1 and 14, sexual violence in CUHSCs 2 and 17, and economic violence in CUHSCs 2 and 8, respectively. The severity of violence was higher among self-employment or workers husbands, with low monthly household income, and among younger women. The IPV rate in the target population is high, and the highest rate is related to psychological violence. These results highlight the need to intervention in the society and high-risk women for policymakers of the health system.

Identification of Urban Worn-Out Textures and Prioritization of Organizing Strategies through Remote Sensing Performance and BWM Method Combination: (A Case Study: Zanjan City)

The growing trend of urban population has led to an increase in worn-out urban textures. Although various policies have been proposed to organize these textures, past data such as detailed and comprehensive plans in Iranian cities have afforded to achieve desirable results. For this purpose, Landsat satellite images taken on December 8, 2019 were used. Hence, this study tried to provide the latest method of information on urban worn-out textures with a new method and identify areas prone to becoming dysfunctional textures. For this purpose, Landsat 8 satellite images (December 2020) have been used. In this regard, in order to analyze the ENVI environment, two methods have been used: (1) The command of emissivity; (2) the calculation of the normalized and emissive vegetation cover index NDVI (Esfandiari, Darabad Fariba, Raoof Mostafazadeh, Amirhesam Pasban, and Behruoz Nezafat Takleh. 2022. “Integrating Terrain and Vegetation Indices to Estimate and Identify the Soil Erosion Risk Amoughin Watershed, Ardabil.” Journal of Spatial Analysis and Environmental Hazarts, 9(1): 77–96.) represents the reflection of solar energy from the earth’s surface, which indicates the types of vegetation conditions. To calculate the temperature of the city surface, LST (earth surface temperature in remote sensing refers to the heat measured by a radiometer in a momentary field of view) ( Pirnazar et al. , 2018 ). as well as to express the consequences of worn-out textures from the Driving forces-Pressure-State Impact-Response (DPSIR) model. Also, the best–worst method (BWM) is one of the newest and most effective multi-criteria decision-making techniques, which is used to weigh the factors and decision criteria and determine the priority of decisions ( Sadeghi Darvaze et al. , 2019 ) has been used to express the preference of the solutions for the organization of worn-out textures. Finally, the geographic information system (GIS) which refers to a set of hardware, software, geographic data and human resources that is used to collect, analyze and apply all geographic information ( Mirzapour , 2019 ) has been used to express numerical calculations and display maps. The results of examining the surface temperature of the land using two emissivity and emissivity commands (Figs. 2 and 3 ; Tables 9 and 10 ) showed that the surface of Zanjan city is divided into five classes in terms of worn-out conditions, in which the first class with the lowest recorded temperature of the graph was the most worn-out part of the city and corresponded to the initial cores of the city. It includes 9.6% of the city’s area, but the second class consisting of 10% of the city’s worn-out area was ranked second. Also, the results of the BWM method refer to citizen participation, regeneration with an economy-oriented approach, accurate identification of urban worn-out textures and exposed areas of the city (as a high authority in organizing the urban worn-out textures of Zanjan).

Developing a spatio-temporal interactions model for car crashes using a novel data-driven AHP-TOPSIS

We have proposed a data-driven method for spatio-temporal analysis of car crashes based on the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) procedure in the Zanjan city, NW Iran which are recorded in the period 2019–2020. A combination of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used in this paper to accurately identify the spatio-temporal interactions exist in car crashes. A data-driven AHP-TOPSIS procedure is arranged based on assigning proper weights to the time series related to the peak of accidents. On the other hand, for spatial analysis, the Kernel Density Estimation method was used to create the continuous-value maps of different traffic accidents and then classified using Natural Breaks Classifier. In fact, the proposed methodology can be used to identify car crash hotspots by considering spatio-temporal interactions as well as addressing exaggerated weightings arising from knowledge-driven modeling. By using the spatio-temporal interaction maps in which the location and time of crashes are considered, simultaneously, it is possible to provide a new scientific strategy for identifying car crash hotspots which can lead to better traffic management, improved allocation of resources, and enhanced prevention regulations.

Association of Sleep Disorders with Pregnancy Outcomes During the Third Trimester

Background: Pregnancy is a significant cause of sleep disorders, leading to adverse effects on the health of the mother and fetus. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the association of sleep disorders with pregnancy outcomes during the third trimester. Methods: Following a descriptive-analytical approach, 100 pregnant women referring to the prenatal clinic of Mousavi Hospital of Zanjan City from April to September 2021 were recruited by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, filled by mothers, and a researcher-made checklist on pregnancy outcomes. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 24, and the significance level was considered at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 32.43 ± 4.6 years and, 46 (46%) participants were at the age of 36 years and older, 62 (62%) participants were nulligravid, and 65 (65%) participants were nulliparous. There was a significant association between study outcomes (low birth weight, intrauterine growth delay, preterm, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and gestational diabetes) and sleep disorders (P-value = 0.001). Conclusions: It seems that sleep disorders result in adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, further studies are needed to extend our knowledge.

Spatial Analysis of Realization of Creative City Indicators in Urban Neighborhoods (Case Study: Zanjan City)

Spatial Analysis of Realization of Creative City Indicators in Urban Neighborhoods (Case Study: Zanjan City)

Molecular Typing of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Clinical Specimens by ERIC-PCR and MLVA.

Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative and oxidase-negative bacterium, is a major cause of nosocomial infections, leading to high mortality rates in hospitalized patients. The use of 2 prominent molecular typing methods (i.e., enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction [ERIC-PCR] and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat [VNTR] analysis [MLVA]) for genotyping A. baumannii isolates has proven to be an effective approach in assessing the clonal relation of these isolates and managing their outbreaks. A total of 100 A. baumannii isolates were collected from immunocompromised patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital in Zanjan City, Iran. Their antibiotic resistance ability (especially aminoglycoside resistance) was studied by disc diffusion tests. The genetic typing of A. baumannii was studied using ERIC-PCR and MLVA methods. All isolates were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics and regarded as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Additionally, 32% of the isolates were resistant to all antibiotics tested, and 91% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The increased rate of aminoglycoside-resistant A. baumannii in ICU patients, with an increased incidence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes of aac (6')-Ib, ant (3″)-I, and aph (2″)-Id. ERIC-PCR has likewise shown an increased level of diversity in A. baumannii isolates. According to the ERIC-PCR patterns, isolates were classified as 4 clusters, while according to the MLVA patterns, isolates were classified as 9 distinct clusters. ERIC-PCR and MLVA assays serve as useful genotyping methods to assess the genetic variety or clonal relatedness of A. baumannii isolates.

Correlation of Dietary Macro- and Micro-Mineral Intake with Seminal Plasma Quality/Quantity and Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Infertile Compared to the Normal Men: a Case-Control Study.

Male infertility is a global public health issue, but studies on the correlation between the dietary components and sperm quality showed inconclusive results due to the heterogeneous population with different dietary habits and environmental stimuli. Herein, the correlation of dietary macro- and micro-mineral intake was evaluated with quality/quantity and oxidant/antioxidant status of seminal fluid in infertile compared to the healthy men. One hundred twenty men attending to the infertility clinic of Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan City were enrolled. Seminal fluid was extracted, and groups were categorized into the infertile (non-standard) and normal (standard) groups based on the WHO, 2020 criteria. Food frequency questionnaire was completed. Seminal malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by ELISA kit based on the manufacture's instruction. An independent sample t-test was used to determine differences between the two groups, and linear regression model was used to determine the effect of each dietary macro/micro mineral intake on these parameters. Adjusting for all parameters, dietary selenium increased 3.7-folds the seminal TAC level (p=0.04) and decreased sperm with non-progressive motility by 2.4-folds (p=0.04). Higher manganese intake increased the sperm count by 7.8-folds (p=0.005). Dietary copper decreased sperm vitality and increased sperm with slow motility (OR= -1.7, 95% CI= -59.8, -9.9; p=0.007). Dietary zinc (OR=1.24, p=0.01) and iron (OR=1.5, p=0.02) showed a positive effect on sperm vitality. None of macro and micro minerals showed a significant effect on the seminal MDA level. Daily intake of adequate amounts of micro and macro minerals improves sperm quality and increases the antioxidant capacity of the seminal fluid; however, copper showed a negative correlation that must be evaluated in future studies.

Oral Health Literacy and Its Determinants in Young Couples.

Objectives: Oral health literacy (OHL) is an interplay of cultural, social and individual factors and plays an effective role in public health promotion. This study aimed to assess OHL and its socioeconomic and demographic determinants among young couples. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 828 adults between 15 to 35 years in 2018 in Zanjan city. Data regarding their OHL were collected by using a 17-item Oral Health Literacy-Adult Questionnaire (OHL-AQ) that was filled out by a combination of self-report and interview. OHL was categorized as adequate, marginal, and inadequate. The effects of age and gender as demographic variables, and floor area per person as a proxy of financial status on OHL were also assessed. Data were analyzed using the linear and multinomial logistic regression models. Results: The mean OHL score was 7.86±3.83 out of 17 in equal number of males and females. Only 21% of the couples had adequate OHL. The socioeconomic, but not demographic variables had significant correlations with the qualitative and quantitative variables of OHL even after controlling for the effect of confounders. A correlation was particularly found between inadequate OHL and years of education [odds ratio:6.00; 95% CI: 3.86-9.28); P<0.001]. Conclusion: Socioeconomic factors had independent correlations with inadequate OHL. Participants with higher levels of education, those living in urban areas, and individuals with better financial status had higher levels of OHL and lower odds of inadequate OHL.

Health literacy and nutrition literacy among mother with preschool children: What factors are effective?

Children's obesity behaviors are associated with parents' low health literacy. Nutrition Literacy (NL) is an essential component to enhancing nutrition quality, as well as health and well-being. The study's objective was to determine health literacy (HL) and NL among mothers with children preschool children (under 7 years old in Zanjan city, Iran).Participants in this cross-sectional were 162 mothers with preschool children referred to Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital's pediatric clinic in Zanjan, Iran, during July and August 2022. The sample technique was convenient. In IBM SPSS 20 software, a two-step cluster analysis, the Chi-square\\ Fisher exact, and Man-Whitney tests were used.HL and NL had a mean ± SD of 71.26 ± 15.84 and 71.78 ± 11.86, respectively. The two-step cluster analysis identified two clusters, with mothers in cluster 1 (n = 141) having sufficient HL and NL and mothers in cluster 2 (n = 21) having insufficient HL and NL. Cluster 1 mothers were older, had a college degree, lived in a city, were employed, and had a better financial situation. They obtained health and nutrition information from the Internet, either alone or in conjunction with other sources.Based on clustering analysis, it was observed that the low level of education, living in the village and being a housewife of the mothers, is related to the low level of HL and NL. By increasing the level of education of mothers, it is possible to help protect children from malnutrition or overfeeding in the future. Also, providing suitable job opportunities for mothers can help in this matter.

The Effects of Good Urban Governance in Achieving Resilience of Informal Settlements in Zanjan City, Iran

The growth of urbanization created new challenges for local governments to match UN sustainable goals such as being resilient and inclusive. These goals are most unlikely in informal settlements characterized by vulnerability and rejection. This study investigates the relationship between good urban governance and the resilience of informal settlements in Zanjan City, Iran, using criteria such as participation, equity, effectiveness, accountability and security as independent variables. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the effect of the independent variable on the resilience of informal settlements in Zanjan. The results showed that all variables have a significant relationship with the dependent variable. The results of multivariate regression analysis indicated that the three variables of participation, effectiveness and accountability had a significant effect. However, the other two variables, equity and security, had a less significant effect on resilience. Five indicators of the Urban Governance Index can be used as a guiding tool for managing informal settlements.

The Relationship Between Attachment Symbols, Attachment Styles and Self-Differentiation with Marital Intimacy

Intimacy is a basic human need and is recognized as an important process in the development of friendly relationships. Given the importance of this structure in marital relations, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-differentiation, attachment symbols and attachment styles in the prediction of marital intimacy of marital couples in Zanjan city. The research method was correlation. All married couples living in Zanjan city in 2018 formed the statistical population of this study. The final sample consisted of 278 people selected by stepwise cluster sampling. The instruments of the Bagarozzi intimacy scale (2001), self-differentiated R-DSI revised questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver (1995), attachment style questionnaire and Hazen Attachment Symptom Questionnaire (1987). Non-parametric correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intimacy with security and support. There is a positive and significant relationship between rational intimacy with support. There is a positive and significant relationship between sexual intimacy with adjacency and support. There is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intimacy with security. There is a positive and significant relationship between the aesthetic intimacy with security. There is a positive and significant relationship between social-entertainment intimacy and proximity. There is a positive and significant relationship between the overall score of intimacy with proximity, security, and support. Pearson correlation showed that Pearson correlation indicated that there is a negative and significant relationship between the avoidant attachment style and the total score of intimacy and the components of social recreational intimacy and emotional intimacy. There is a negative and meaningful relationship between the attachment style of social-communicative intimacy. There is a negative and significant relationship between the ambivalent attachment style and the general score of intimacy and the components of social intimacy-emotional and emotional intimacy. The results of regression analysis indicated that only anxiety attachment style could predict marital intimacy among attachment styles and self-differentiation dimensions (R2 = 0.02). The findings of this study can be used to develop and implement educational and therapeutic programs in order to increase marital intimacy of couples. Key words: self-differentiation, attachment styles, marital intimacy, married couples

Study of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an early marker of acute kidney injury following contrast agents

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common illness among hospitalized patients, which increases mortality and morbidity rate. Creatinine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are the most commonly conducted biomarkers of AKI. Objectives: The aim of current study was to assess NGAL as an early biomarker for AKI diagnosis following contrast agents. Patients and Methods: To follow the aim of the present case-control research, 165 individuals were entered the study; 80 patients were selected from Valiasr hospital of Zanjan city, and 85 healthy individuals were enrolled voluntarily. There were not any significant differences in sex distribution among healthy subjects. Plasma NGAL and creatinine were measured immediately before and at 12 and 72 hours post-contrast agents’ exposure. Results: There were 89 males and 76 females in the study groups. The mean age was 61.3 ± 18.2 years and 62.1 ± 17.2 years in the intervention and healthy groups, respectively. The mean of serum creatinine and NGAL level were 1.0± 0.2 mg/dL and 63.6 ±23.6 ng/mL in the control and 0.92 ± 0.23 mg/dL and 110 ± 82.3 ng/mL in the case group, respectively. There were remarkable different between serum NGAL and creatinine in the both groups. The NGAL level in the healthy and the patient group were 63.6 ± 23.6 ng/mL and 100.1 ± 121.7 ng/mL, respectively, which was considerably different between the case and control groups (P=0.01). The highest level of specificity and sensitivity were 86 and 55.5; they could be the main appropriate options for defining cut off. Conclusion: The findings showed, that NGAL level is an extremely specific and sensitive indicator for AKI diagnosis after 72 hours. Hence, this approach can open a novel insight into the AKI therapies.

Predicting Covid-19 Prevention Behaviors Based on the Health Belief Model Among the Students of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Zanjan City

Predicting Covid-19 Prevention Behaviors Based on the Health Belief Model Among the Students of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Zanjan City