Zadar Area Research Articles

Contribution of fruit, vegetables, whole cereals, and legumes to total fibre intake in adult Croatian Dalmatian population.

There is compelling evidence that fruit, vegetables, whole cereals, and legumes make about 80 % of the total food fibre intake and have a potential to help in the prevention of a number of diseases. The aim of our study was to estimate total fibre intake from consumption of this fibre-rich food, partly reported in our earlier study in Croatian adult population. Current data analysis involved a non-probabilistic sample of 1,034 adult participants from Dalmatia, Croatia who responded to a validated food frequency questionnaire between October 2014 and March 2015. We also analysed the sales data obtained from three shopping centres in the Zadar area (Croatian coast) to establish a list of most frequently bought fruit, vegetables, whole cereals, and legumes and to calculate dietary fibre (DF) intake for each of the top-selling items and conversion factors for each food group. We then used these conversion factors to calculate individual total fibre intake (TFI) in our population. It was 11.4 g per person per day, which is less than half the recommended dietary requirements. On average, respondents reported to consume one piece of fruit and one meal of vegetables a day, which is less than half the daily recommendation for either. 25.8 % of respondents reported no consumption of whole cereals at all, and only 0.2 % of the population consumed the recommended 3–5 servings of whole grains or legumes a day. We also observed significantly higher consumption of fruit and whole grains/legumes in women than men. Our findings alert to poor dietary fibre intake in Croatian adult population, which is similar to other western countries and points to issues deeply rooted in these economies. However, our findings may be either an over- or under-estimation and need to be verified through longitudinal research on a wider sample using more precise tools.

Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater Resources in the Coastal Karstic Adriatic Area: A Case Study from the Dinaric Karst

The Bokanjac–Policnik system, as a complex set of mutually interrelated Dinaric karst catchments and sub-catchments, is a highly vulnerable and limited groundwater source for the wider Zadar area in northern Dalmatia, Croatia. Based on hydrogeological, hydrochemical, and hydrological research, including the prediction of groundwater discharge by the end of the twenty-first century, a complex study was performed with the following main aims: (1) groundwater protection in the present state, (2) assessment of future groundwater protection, and (3) prediction of drinking water availability and quality under the predicted climate change conditions. Long-term prediction of changes in groundwater quantity, as well as investigations of trends in groundwater quality, will allow us to protect this essential natural resource with respect to possible negative trends. The results showed that a significant decrease in the quantity of available groundwater is possible and that extraction will have to be well planned because any decrease in the groundwater pressure in this area will cause a further decrease in quality, especially regarding the possibility of seawater intrusions into the aquifer. The results of this study were incorporated in sanitary protection zones.

Neka razmatranja o gospodarstvu Zapadnog Ilirika od IV do VI stoljeća / Some Considerations on the Economy of Western Illyricum from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries

Neka razmatranja o gospodarstvu Zapadnog Ilirika od IV do VI stoljeća / Some Considerations on the Economy of Western Illyricum from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries

Ograničavajući činioci izborne nastave

On the sample <x1 120 informants, pupils or the einglilli grade of middle school in five schools in Zagreb and Zadar area and by means of elaborated qtieslionairc tile author, on the basis of llie collected data, discusses the features of nonobligatory subjects as experienced by the pupils at the end of the middle school. What is most characteristic in the organization of such teaching is the lack of some essential conditions for the adequate organization and elaboration of such approach, The conditions are the following:1. Choice, that is, free decision on the part of the pupils for the content of nonobligatory subject. 'ITiis freedom is quite restricted by the organization of groups of selective subjects with two weaknesses. Firstly, the pupils have a small choice among subjects because instead of fifteen subjects that should be offered only three to five subjects arc actually given. Secondly, the pupils are put in a position to choose among the subjects whose contents are not known Io them although the subjects should be chosen by the pupils’ respective interests.2. The decisions about nonobligatory subjects are arrived at without previous examination of the interests and wishes of the pupils although the choice should be based on the pre-established interests.

Two baroque altarists in Zadar area

U 18. stoljeću u Zadru preuređivane su mnoge crkve u duhu baroka. Materijala ima mnogo, na koji dosad nije bila obraćana pažnja. U ovom radu se osvjetljava rad dvojice prota altarista u tom vremenu i piodnin. Prvi od njih, Michiel Coste, otvorio je u Ninu svoju oltarsku radio- nicu i radio na zadarskom području 28 godina (1752—1780). Za sadu poznajemo njegova djela: oltar sv. Sakramenta u Katedrali u Pagu, krstionicu za istu crkvu, oltare sv. Dominika i sv. Vinka za domlnikam- sku crkvu u Zadru te oltar sv. Roka za župnu crkvu sela Bibinje. Drugi majstor, Gasparo Albertini, poznat je od ranije a sada su otkrivana 3 nova djela: oltar sv. Valentina za katedralu u Pagu, tabernakui za crkvu sela Ddnjiiške i tabernakui za orkvu u Kolanu (sve na Pagu).

Hydraulic-Hydrology Analysis of the Turbulent Seepage Flow within Karst Aquifer of the Golubinka Spring Catchment

This paper shows the results of the hydraulic-hydrologic calculations of karst spring discharges and the groundwater level in the aquifer of spring catchment. The calculations were performed for the Golubinka spring in Zadar area for the 4-year period. The chosen approach was a model using relatively scarce data set, including limnigraphic data on the difference between the sea water level and the freshwater level on the spring itself and the precipitation data from the meteorological station Zadar. The determination of discharge hydrographs, based on inherent assumptions and available data, yields the proportionality coefficients between the discharge and the limnigraphic data on the Golubinka spring itself. Further, based on the discharge hydrograph, groundwater level oscillation was determined. The resulting spring discharge hydrograph and groundwater levels, along with the assumption of Golubinka spring as the only spring on the catchment, were used in creating turbulent seepage model of the fractured system within the aquifer, which evidently extends along the axis of the Golubinka spring catchment. The model yielded suitable turbulent seepage coefficients of the fracture system. By using the numerical model KarstMod it was estimated that, on average, concentrated fracture flow drains around 85% of infiltrated volumes and the remaining 15% accounts for diffuse matrix flow. Finally, the Modflow model was used in order to get insight into the flow field and the distribution of equipotentials in the aquifer of the Golubinka catchment.

Staklene bočice oblika datulja sa zadarskog prostora

U članku se obrađuje šest reljefnih staklenih bočica oblika datulja pronađenih u grobnim kontekstima na širem zadarskom području. One su dio veće skupine staklenih predmeta antropomorfnih, zoomorfnih i fitomorfnih oblika koji se izrađuju tijekom 1. i 2. stoljeća. Riječ je o predmetima ispuhanima u dvodijelnim kalupima s naknadno dorađenim vratom i obodom i tijelom prekrivenim valovitim naborima koji imitiraju kožu zrele datulje. Više ili manje stilizirana, odnosno realno izvedena narebrenja dijele ovakve predmete u dvije varijante, hiperrealistične i stilizirane primjerke. Realističan izgled mnogih bočica oblika datulja, kojemu osim izvedbe reljefnog ukrasa doprinosi i njihova boja koja je najčešće žućkasta, smeđa ili smeđe-crvena odnosno jantarna, pojedine je autore naveo na zaključak da je pri izradi kalupa korišteno pravo voće. Njihova popularnost ili bolje rečeno popularnost njihova sadržaja posvjedočena je širokom distribucijom diljem ondašnjeg Carstva u čemu brojem ne zaostaje ni zadarski prostor. S obzirom na to da je većina poznatih primjeraka pronađena na prostoru istočnog Mediterana, ondje im se i određuje mjesto produkcije. Iako je statistika varljiv kriterij za određenje radionice, u ovom je slučaju potvrđena ne samo popularnošću istočnomediteranskog prostora u izradi staklenih predmeta puhanjem u kalup nego i popularnošću ondašnjih datulja, o čemu svjedoče brojni antički izvori.

The relationship between condition and form factors of the Adriatic fishes in the Zadar area

Abstract The relationship between the mean Fulton’s condition and form factors of 12 marine species (N=209 fish specimens) caught in the Zadar area (middle eastern Adriatic) was analysed. The lowest mean condition factor (K = 0.6329) referred to the elongated Trachinus draco, while the highest one (K = 1.7758) referred to the deep-bodied Scorpaena porcus. The correlation between the mean Fulton’s condition and form factors of these 12 populations was highly significant (K = 0.404 + 0.663 a3.0; r2 = 0.815; P < 0.01). Including more species in the calculation would give even more accurate results.

Intercultural Dialogue among the Elderly in Zadar Area, Croatia

Intercultural Dialogue among the Elderly in Zadar Area, Croatia

Zadarski akvatorij u Pîrî Reisovoj Knjizi pomorstva iz 1526. godine: Pomorsko-geografske slike dijela hrvatskoga Jadrana

U radu su analizirane karte i tekstualni geografski opisi (peljar) zadarskog akvatorija iz djela Kitâb-ı Bahriye (Knjiga pomorstva) osmanskog moreplovca, pirata i kasnije admirala Pîrî Reisa. Komparativnom analizom sravnjeno je više primjeraka toga plovidbenog priručnika iz dosad poznatih istanbulskih izvora, ali i manje poznati primjerak iz Umjetničkog muzeja Walters (Walters Art Museum) u Baltimoru. Cilj je bio usporediti saznanja koja su o širem zadarskom prostoru posredstvom skrovitog rada stranca iz neprijateljskih redova, Pîrî Reisa, dobili Osmanlije u odnosu na radove suvremenih mu mletačkih kartografa, kao “domaćina” na istočnoj jadranskoj obali. Preispitivanje njegova rada iz povijesno kartografske ali i imagološko-geografske perspektive pokazuje da je uspio izbalansirati potrebu za nastankom navigacijski i geografski iznimno kvalitetnog materijala s vlastitom pozicijom stranca na istočnom Jadranu. Kartografske i narativne slike Pîrî Reisa o zadarskom akvatoriju predstavljaju odraz dosega i mogućnosti osmanske kartografije što omogućuje njezino preispitivanje. Razlog leži u činjenici da kvaliteta kartografskog i narativnog dijela produkcije Pîrî Reisa nije dosegnuta u onodobnim plovidbenim priručnicima. Korištena toponimija upućuje na to da se Pîrî Reis služio tuđim dostupnim izvorima, primjerice uputama za plovidbu, ali ih je kombinirao s brojnim vlastitim opažanjima. Stoga njegov rad predstavlja posve izvoran opis zadarskog akvatorija, koji zbog obilja novih podataka donosi potpuno nove znanstvene spoznaje.

Toward a Possible Origin of the “Missale romano–spalatense”: Budapest, National Széchényi Library, Codex clmae 334 / K vprašanjem o nastanku in izvoru rokopisa “missale romano-spalatense”: Kodeks Clmae 334 iz Narodne knjižnice v Budimpešti

The codex known as the Missale romano–spalatense kept in Budapest is a Roman missal that was used by Dominicans in Dalmatia. It is important as a source for the Korculanske glose (Korcula Marginalia) and the Korculanski lekcionar (Korcula Lectionary) in Croatian. The author develops some new arguments for its possible provenance. Based on comparative research on significant saints’ names from Zadar – Simeon, Anastasia, and Chrysogonus – and the presence of the mass for Louis the Great, the author hints that the Zadar area is potentially a place where the manuscript might have been in liturgical use.

Ogled o školovanju ženske djece i radu učiteljica na zadarskom području za austrijske uprave

U radu se prikazuje školovanje ženske djece i rad učiteljica u školama na zadarskom području u 19. stoljeću i do Prvoga svjetskog rata, kao i mogućnosti koje su bile dostupne ženama imajući u vidu da je ženskoj djeci od rođenja bilo namijenjeno mjesto u kući. Država je skrbila za neke oblike izobrazbe ženske djece, a najveći dio bio je u rukama privatnih škola i samostana, sve do druge polovine 19. stoljeća. Poučavale su ih učiteljice, koje su se mogle školovati samo u većim centrima u kojima su postojale više škole. Zbog toga su u Dalmaciji do sredine 19. stoljeća često radile needucirane ili priučene učiteljice. Nakon donošenja Državnoga školskog zakona 1869. godine puno toga se promijenilo. Rad učitelja i učiteljica pratili su školski nadzornici, od kojih su neki pokušavali poboljšati položaj učiteljskog kadra bez obzira na spol. Nakon usvajanja novog Zakona o uređenju pučke nastave 1888. godine, položaj učitelja je bio puno teži, a učiteljice su na više načina bile diskriminirane i na radnome mjestu. Ipak, mnoge od njih su u radu postizale izvrsne rezultate, sudjelovale u kulturnim i drugim aktivnostima i ostale zapamćene u sredini u kojoj su djelovale.

Dalmatinski šesterolisti - sličnosti i razlike

The discussion emphasizes the peculiarity and individuality of both the shape and style of Dalmatian hexaconchs. Together with the rotunda of Holy Trinity at Zadar, they surely represent the most original architectural creation of early medieval Dalmatia and its specific cultural milieu which grew from a twofold tradition in a true symbiosis of the European East and West in the Adriatic area. Their mutual interdependence in Dalmatia was articulated through the individual shapes of religious architecture. These hexaconchs are a form specific to only the innermost part of Dalmatia, centred on the area between Zadar and Split, and deep into the hinterland of these towns, which corresponded to the Croatian principality.Certainly, buildings as special as this had their own original matrix - an individual spatial composition and a specific structure which formed their body. Without this, the hexaconchs would not have possessed the originality which has been observed by all the scholars who have written about them. Indeed, they have their own shape and style. By analyzing and interpreting the legacy of Dalmatian religious architecture, it seems plausible to assume that the early Christian baptistery of Zadar Cathedral may have served as a model not only for their hexaconchal shape and spatial structure but also for their dimensions and proportions. In the regional architecture prior to the period when the hexaconchs were built, no other building, aside from the Zadar baptistery, had such a shape and such a compositional compatibility with the hexaconchs; the very structure and measurements of their interior space. However, the architectural style of the hexaconchs, which display pilaster strips on their exteriors, and their vocabulary of pre-Romanesque language find their parallels on the monumental rotunda of Holy Trinity - a chapel adjacent to the baptistery itself, located nearby in the same episcopal complex - more than on any other late Antique or early medieval building both in the immediate region and in the whole Adriatic basin. For this reason, the search for the origin of the shape and style of Dalmatian hexaconchs leads us to Zadar and it is no wonder that almost every scholar who has studied this group of buildings has pointed to this fact. Their geographical distribution also witnesses this influence in its own way: two hexaconchs can be found at Zadar, while four or even five more are located in the wider Zadar area, adding up to seven out of the ten Dalmatian hexaconchs in total.This number implies that this group of rotundas, being characteristic for a specific period in Dalmatia, was created in a relatively short period of time. Moreover, it points to the building and carving workshops which, drawing upon the same source model, constructed the hexaconchs and provided them with stone liturgical furnnishings. In particular, further indications can be found in the production of the socalled Benedictine carving workshop, probably located at Zadar, a workshop from the time of Prince Trpimir which produced the furnishings for the hexaconchs at Pridraga and Kašić, and the carving workshop from Trogir which was responsible for the carvings at Trogir and Brnaze. All of these, with regard to the hexaconchs, testify to predominantly early ninth-century production, and represent the main argument for the dating of these interesting Dalmatian rotundas to the same time. Apart from their original pre-Romanesque shape, the majority of the free-standing hexaconchal rotundas were provided with early Romanesque additions during the course of time, and these additions turned these hexaconchs into small complexes of sorts. Vestibules created in this period suggest two possiblities: according to one, the vestibules added in this manner were actually a kind of exterior crypt, spaces where sarcophagi could be housed, and according to the other, some of these vestibules were also provided with bell-towers built on top of them. The latter possibility is implied by the dispositions of the suggested bell-towers and the strength of the supporting substructions (e.g. the Stomorica church at Zadar or the hexaconch at Kašić), but also by the stylistic elements which point to the early Romanesque, and architectural details, the function of which indicates a bell-tower (e.g. impost capitals of the Stomorica church or St Chrysogonus at Zadar, and an octogonal colonette from Kašić).

Environmental impact of historical harbour city Zadar (Croatia) on the composition of marine sediments and soils

Sediment samples and soils along the coast line of the Adriatic Sea were sampled along a transect near the coast line at Zadar/Croatia, ranging from north-western suburbs via the historical centre and the industrial area to south-east suburbs. The sediments were dominated by carbonates and clay minerals, and contaminations with Cd-Cu-Pb-Zn-TOC (total organic carbon) at the historical centre and the industrial site were detected, as well as P and Mo input at the mouth of a small creek, probably from agriculture. No trends between the composition of surface and subsurface sea sediments were seen. At the historic harbour site, total element concentrations versus grain size showed a minimum in the fine silt fraction for most of the elements analysed. The soil samples behind the shoreline were not carbonaceous, but dominated by Fe-Al- oxides, some contained high levels of Be-Cd-Cu-Sn-Zn. Surprisingly, high TOC values within the soils might be assigned to human impacts, not to humus. Contrary to data from street dust samples from Seoul city/Korea, which were measured within our laboratory at the same time, Pt-Ir-Au were at ambient levels due to the limited use of catalysts in cars in the Zadar area at the time of sampling.

The Danacea of the Balkan Peninsula. A revision (Coleoptera Dasytidae)

This paper revises the systematics and taxonomy of genus Danacea Laporte de Castelnau, 1838 in the Balkan Peninsula. The territory here considered includes Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia, Turkey (European). Determination keys, drawings of the median lobe of the aedeagus, description and distributional information are reported for each species. Twelve new species or subspecies are described: <em>D. angelinii </em>n. sp. of Ipiros (Greece), <em>D. brattiana </em>n. sp. of Bracˇ island (Croatia), <em>D. colligens</em> n. sp. of the Peloponnese (Greece), <em>D. iadrensis</em> n. sp. of the Zadar area (Croatia), <em>D. kydoniae</em> n. sp. of western Crete, <em>D. latipennis</em> ssp. occidua n. of western Crete, <em>D. messenica</em> n. sp. of the Peloponnese, <em>D. montalbidi</em> n. sp. of western Crete, <em>D. oliveti </em>n. sp. of Fokida (Greece), <em>D. pagasaica</em> n. sp. of Thessalia (Greece), <em>D. quintilis</em> n. sp. of Bulgaria, <em>D. sithoniae</em> n. sp. of the Halkidiki peninsula (Greece). Three changes of status are proposed: <em>D. cephalonica</em> Pic, 1901, which was described as a variety of <em>D. mutata</em> Pic, 1895, is a good species; <em>D. purkynei </em>Obenberger, 1916 described as a good species, is a subspecies of <em>D. iners</em> Kiesenwetter; 1859; <em>D. maculipennis</em> Pic, 1899 described as a variety of <em>D. marginata</em> (Kuester, 1851), is a good species. The following new synonymies are proposed: D. cylindricollis Schilsky, 1897, <em>D. insularis</em> Schilsky, 1897 and <em>D. maculicornis</em> Pic, 1914: all synonyms of <em>D. bleusei</em> Pic, 1895; <em>D. cervina</em> ssp. montenegrina Apfelbeck, 1911, <em>D. cervina</em> ssp. vulpina Apfelbeck, 1911, <em>D</em>. <em>intermedia</em> Apfelbeck, 1911, <em>D. valonensis</em> Apfelbeck, 1911: all synonyms of <em>D. cervina</em> (Kuester; 1850); <em>D. obscura</em> Schilsky, 1897 synonym of <em>D. championi</em> Marseul, 1878;<em> D. ganglbaueri </em>Prochàzka, 1894 synonym of <em>D. cretica</em> Kiesenwetter, 1859; <em>D. bulgarica</em> Pic, 1902, <em>D. monastirensis</em> Pic, 1917,<em> D. opulenta </em>Schilsky, 1897, <em>D</em>. <em>posterecta</em> Pic, 1902, <em>D. rambouseki</em> Roubal, 1909, <em>D. serbica </em>Kiesenwetter, 1863: all synonyms of<em> D. iners</em> Kiesenwetter, 1859; <em>D. winneguthi </em>Apfelbeck, 1911 synonym of <em>D. major </em>Pic, 1902; <em>D. amabilis</em> Sahlberg, 1903 synonym of <em>D. marginata</em> (Kuester; 1851); <em>D. zharadniki</em> Nigrin, 1986 synonym of <em>D. maculipennis</em> Pic, 1899; <em>D. bosnica</em> Pic, 1913 synonym of <em>D. nigritarsis </em>ssp. nigritarsis (Kuester, 1850); <em>D. consimilis</em> Schilsky, 1897 synonym of <em>D</em>. <em>oertzeni</em> Schilsky, 1897; <em>D. albanica</em> Apfelbeck, 1911 synonym of <em>D. pallidipalpis</em> Abeille, 1894; <em>D. cervina</em> var. diversipes Pic, 1936 synonym of <em>D. thessalonicensis</em> Apfelbeck, 1911;<em> D. syrensis</em> Pic, 1910 synonym of <em>D. vitticollis</em> Schilsky, 1897. The following names have not been associated with certainty to a known species and remain doubtful: <em>D. krueperi </em>ssp. varipes Schilsky, 1897, <em>D. limbata </em>Schilsky, 1897, <em>D. parnassia</em> Schilsky, 1897, <em>D. rostrata</em> Prochàzka, 1894, <em>D. shardagensis </em>Apfelbeck, 1918. However the Balkan peninsula has not been sufficiently explored, several new species are expected to remain undiscovered and the distribution range of the known species has not been sufficiently defined.

Threatened fishes of the world: Chondrostoma knerii Heckel, 1843 (Cyprinidae)

Common name: Podustva (Cro, BH Ll. scales (48)52–54(58), gillrakers 20–28, pharyngeal teeth 6–6, vertebrae 40– 45 (N=287, TL=11.0–26.7 cm, Neretva River, BH back dark greyish, side and abdomen silvery-white to slightly rosy; snout rounded; mouth subterminal with characteristic thin horny layer on the lower lip; fins reddish (Vukovic 1977). Males reach 20.0–25.0 cm, females 29 cm (Glamuzina et al. 2007). Drawing by P. Tutman based on Vukovic (1977). Distribution: Endemic to the middle and lower Neretva River basins in BosniaHerzegovina and Croatia (Mrakovcic et al. 2006). The population from the Zadar area (Elvira 1987), probably has disappeared (Mrakovcic et al. 1995). Abundance: Previously abundant, but recently the populations have declined (Glamuzina et al. 2007). Habitat and ecology: Rheophilic, prefers habitats with medium fast flow and relatively cool water (15–17°C), also in water bodies of the low plains with slow current (Mrakovcic et al. 2006). Reproduction: Breeding from January to April; spawning migrations in large schools in the Hutovo Blato wetland (Glamuzina et al. 2007). Threats: Loss of environmental quality by hydrological changes in Neretva River regime. Low flow of the springs and the water capacity lowering in the Hutovo Blato wetland leads to decreased spawning success. Pest species such as Lepomis gibbosus and Gymnocephalus cernuus cause decreasing populations (Glamuzina et al. 2007). Conservation actions: No conservation actions implemented. The Hutovo Blato wetland was declared a natural park in 1995, and a Ramsar Site in 2001. Conservation recommendations: Improved water management in the Hutovo Blato wetland; habitat protection, especially cleaning of all streams and springs used for spawning, and pest species eradication are strongly recommended. Environ Biol Fish (2008) 83:209–210 DOI 10.1007/s10641-007-9320-8

Characterization of Soil and Sediment Samples Collected from the Zadar Area, Croatia, by GC-ECD PCB Analysis and Bioassay

There is scant data on the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in many Central and Eastern European countries. This region has very specific environmental pollution problems due to the recent wars. This paper presents some advanced results from an investigation of the content of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil and sediment samples from Zadar, Croatia, obtained by GC/ECD analysis. PCB content in soil samples from the electrical transformer station in the Zadar area were analyzed from 1996 to 2004. Although the investigated area is very limited (about 200 m^2), an extremely wide range of PCB levels was found. During 1996, PCB levels in surface samples were in the range from 0.1 to 214.4 μ g g^-1 d.w. Samples collected in 2002 showed an even greater range of levels (22 samples from 0.1 to 10455 μ g g^-1 d.w.). Levels of PCBs in soil samples collected from several positions in the city of Zadar ranged from 0.01 μ g g^-1 d.w. to nearly 1000 μ g g^-1 d.w. Sediment samples from Zadar coastal waters also had a very large range of PCBs levels, from 0.05 to 8.8 μ g g^-1 d.w. In addition, as determined by microEROD analysis, all the investigated soil and sediment samples demonstrated high toxic potency. Bio-TEQ values were in the range from 302.46 pg g^-1 to 44476.19 pg g^-1 using PCB126 as reference standard.