Problem Of Youth Unemployment Research Articles

Youth employability and the problem of unemployment in Nigeria; an evaluation of the graduate internship scheme (GIS) in Nigeria

One of the biggest problems Nigeria faces in recent times is the high level of youth unemployment. To address this, the Nigerian federal government framed and implemented the Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS) in 2012. The main objective of the GIS programme is to drive youth unemployment down by providing employability skills, work experience and opportunity to create business through internship placement, career development and entrepreneurship skills training. However, after a decade of the GIS programme, the problem of youth unemployment in Nigeria remains high. Armed with this observation, this study evaluated the outcome of the GIS programme to uncover the performance of the programme in terms of serving its objectives. To this end, this study surveyed participants of the GIS programme. The data collected showed that GIS has a poor outcome

Building economic strengthening programmes for youth in South Africa: determinants of success and failure

Africa, conceptually, geographically, politically, economically, religiously and socially is in bondage and this bondage is South Africa has one of the worst youth unemployment problems in the world. The high rate of youth unemployment results in multi-dimensional range of social challenges that negatively affect the wider community and economy. Social workers in non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are adopting economic strengthening programmes (ESP) to empower unemployed youth. However, factors that are key to determining success of ESP are not precisely understood. The study utilised qualitative case study research design. Data was collected using in-depth interviews from 30 purposively selected youth aged 15–24 years, 6 NGO practitioners and 5 Department of Social Development (DSD). The Ubuntu philosophy was used as a theory for analysing and interpreting data. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Fort Hare. The aim of the study was to explore the determinants of youth’s success in ESP in South African NGOs. Findings established that lack of access to start-up finance, poor links to strategic partnerships and mentorship platforms were inhibiting factors for youth to establish successful enterprises. The study recommends social workers and NGOs to merge efforts and resources with other stakeholders to foster implementation of effective ESP in marginalised communities. How to reference using ASWNet style: Zibengwa, E. & Tanga, P. T. (2023). Building economic strengthening programmes for youth in South Africa: determinants of success and failure. African Journal of Social Work, 13(3), 325-332. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i6.6 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net

Tailor-Made Development Pathways: A Framework to Enhance Active Participation of Youth in Agriculture

The development of youth to actively engage in agriculture could address the persistent youth unemployment problem. For youth to actively engage in agriculture, adequate access to key productive resources is necessary. The main aim of this article is to develop and validate tailor-made development pathways based on the characteristics of four youth typologies, addressing the constrained access to key livelihood capitals, and to enhance the participation of youth in agriculture. The pathways are developed based on the Modified Sustainable Livelihood Framework (MSLF), which includes six livelihood capitals, namely, physical, natural, social, financial, human and psychological capitals. Four pathways were developed and named Business-oriented, Gender-oriented, Occupation-oriented and Livestock-oriented. Through focus group discussions, the pathways were validated to determine whether they can be used successfully to facilitate the participation of youths in agriculture. The results confirm that tailor-made development pathways can be used to develop youth characterised by the typology that informed that pathway, to actively engage in agriculture. The implementation of support strategies to support youth in agriculture, should therefore, be guided by the specific needs of different typologies. This allows for the coordination and coherence of youth support initiatives to enhance access to resources, which can yield improvements to desired development outcomes compared to initiatives implemented as piecemeals.

Impact of Entrepreneurship Training on Youth with reference to NAGAVALI INSTITUTE OF RURAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT (NIRED) in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh

The abstract succinctly encapsulates the core essence of the research paper. It underscores the pivotal role of Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDPs) in alleviating the widespread problem of youth unemployment in India. While government initiatives aim to promote entrepreneurship, this study underscores the necessity of effective training and support mechanisms for budding entrepreneurs. The specific focus of the study is on the socioeconomic attributes of youth participants engaged in entrepreneurship training programs and the comprehensive assessment of the impact of such programs. A notable case study conducted at the Nagavali Institute of Rural Entrepreneurship Development (NIRED) in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, is employed to ascertain the efficacy of EDPs and evaluate the role played by supporting organizations in stimulating entrepreneurship

Role of Entrepreneurship During Covid 19 to Reduce Youth Unemployment

Entrepreneurship is important for creating wealth and job opportunities. Youth are considered under the adult population and their unemployment is generally 2-3 times higher than the general unemployment rate. In the coming decade reducing Youth Unemployment will be one of the most important goal of nations. In the Millennium Development Programme, United Nations has adopted Goal number 8 for reducing unemployment. About 201 million are unemployed out of 1billion youth as per the estimates of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of entrepreneurship as a viable solution to tackle the problem of youth unemployment during Covid 19 in Odisha and its effect on country’s economy. Review of relevant international and national literature are done to draw major conclusions and also to meet the objective to reduce unemployment with the help of entrepreneurship. In business start-ups, youth face specific issues due to their limited experience. The entrepreneurial framework of a country also offers incentive to young entrepreneurs. By proposing a viable model, the study brings out that youth entrepreneurship as a viable option to reduce youth unemployment. Covid-19 era brought some catalyzing changes in the enterprises. Important transformational strategies were taken by retailing and non-retailing businesses. Techniques of operating business from home, the impact on profitability, stress induced by the pandemic, and maintaining a good physical and mental health, the issue of domesticity while running a business, the scarcity of resources, the need for achievement, and personal benefit were some of the focused areas of entrepreneurs. During Covid-19 the challenges were a step further as the trend in unemployment, new work-from-home model, enable the motivation to start a new business and get an opportunity to excel in that time of crisis.

РОЛЬ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА У ВИРІШЕННІ ПРОБЛЕМИ МОЛОДІЖНОГО БЕЗРОБІТТЯ

The research is devoted to one of the critical problems of the employment of the population of Ukraine today, namely the problem of youth unemployment, which became even more acute during the martial law. An analysis of the indicators characterizing the employment of Ukraine’s youth and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics was carried out, thanks to which we can ascertain the high level of youth unemployment. The specifics of the youth’s age-specific socio-psychological and qualification features as the most unprepared for the current complex state of the labor market and one of the most vulnerable parts of the workforce in Ukraine are described. Official statistical data on youth unemployment are presented, and a comparative analysis of youth unemployment during martial law is made. The results of sociological research on the entrepreneurial orientations of modern youth were analyzed, and the desire of most young people to start their own businesses was emphasized. The problems that arise when opening a business for young people are considered, namely, the need for own funds and opportunities for obtaining a loan, as well as the sufficiency of work experience in the relevant field. The possibility of improving the employment situation of Ukrainian youth is considered, in particular, based on the development of youth entrepreneurship and the use of an innovative business model such as social entrepreneurship. The features of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the current state of its development are defined and considered. The advantages and opportunities that social entrepreneurship opens for modern youth to realize their business ideas and overcome youth unemployment in the domestic labor market have been established. Information is provided on the possibilities of self-information about social entrepreneurship, and the main differences between social entrepreneurship and ordinary types of economic activity are indicated.

The Youth Entrepreneurship as Response to the Youth Unemployment - Examples of Western Balkan Region

Purpose: The article aims to identify to what extent the youth entrepreneurship can be a response to the youth unemployment. Theoretical framework: Based on the reviewed research the main areas of interest in the countries under review would be entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial training opportunities, available financial instruments, and other types of support for young entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on comparative analysis of eight Balkan countries – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia. Statistical information from Eurostat, World Bank and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and essays conducted by different national institutions are also considered in the article. Findings: The potential and capacity of entrepreneurship can contribute to tackling unemployment and bettering the innovation ecosystem. Youth entrepreneurship is facing number of challenges (lack of experience and practice, difficult transition between education and labour market) which reaffirms that entrepreneurial is not easy a career. Research, Practical & Social implications: Entrepreneurship is one of the unique tools for dealing with youth unemployment. It is supported by a series of national and international initiatives, which are either complementary or independent, with a clearly expressed intervention effect. Entrepreneurship creates a new mileu for steady ecoinovation system and respectively job opportunities. Originality/value: The value of the research lies in the findings of entrepreneurial environment of the countries studied; based on comparative analysis; ascertaining niches for regional cooperation in solving the problems of youth unemployment.

Investigating the Role of Foreign Direct Investment on Youth Unemployment Rate in Indonesia

Youth unemployment is a contemporary socioeconomic problem in many countries. Although it is a negative phenomenon, this number can be translated into different perspectives as it offers plenty of available job force not only in terms of age and easily adaptable workers but also opportunities for low-wage workers. Unfortunately, despite having a high Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth rate, Indonesia still suffers from the youth unemployment problem. The research observed a relationship between youth unemployment and FDI in the case of Indonesia from 1991 until 2019. Because of a different situation faced by female and male workers, the research also extended the impact of FDI into gender-specific effects. Data were from World Development Indicator (WDI) in 1991-2019. The short- and long-run situations were analyzed using the Auto-Regressive-Distribution-Lag (ARDL) technique. Based on the findings, it is found that in the short run, FDI can increase youth unemployment in Indonesia. This situation can be due to the reallocation industry, which requires workers’ adjustment. However, in the long run, FDI significantly reduces youth unemployment. Therefore, it concludes that FDI in Indonesia can provide employment opportunities for young people. Next, FDI is found to have a negative and significant effect on female youth unemployment. Meanwhile, there is no significant effect found in male youth unemployment.

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from the emerging BRICS economies

Entrepreneurship has recently attracted great attention from researchers due to its enormous growth-enhancing effects. However, the empirical literature has not paid sufficient attention to the explicit relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth. This paper aims to explore the potential relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth by focusing on the emerging BRICS economies. The study utilizes data from 2002 to 2021 and employs a range of estimation tools including pooled least squares, fixed effects, generalized least squares and two stages least squares. The results find that entrepreneurship has a positive and significant influence on economic growth in the BRICS economies. Similarly, trade openness and physical capital have also contributed to overall economic growth. Moreover, the relationship between human capital and economic growth is both positive and statistically significant for the BRICS economies. Finally, the causality testing revealed a one-way relationship running from entrepreneurship towards economic growth. Given the results obtained in this study, encouraging young people to pursue entrepreneurial careers is likely to contribute towards addressing the problem of youth unemployment in the BRICS economies.

Determination of the directions of the state youth policy as a foundation for the provision of legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work: the methodology of the problem during the period of martial law

The purpose of the article is to characterize the direction of the state youth policy as a foundation for providing legal guarantees for the implementation of the right to work from the point of view of the methodology of the problem during the period of martial law. In science, the question of determining the directions of the state youth policy as a foundation for the provision of state legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work has been touched upon by scientists. However, their works related to the realities of peacetime, but there were no studies that would consider this issue in the plane of the war and post-war period. The article notes that already now, almost a year after the start of the war in Ukraine, it is becoming obvious that Ukrainian youth need the adoption of a legal document, a separate direction of which should be solving the problems of youth unemployment and increasing the attractiveness of Ukraine as a country of employment. It is concluded that in the modern plane of development of Ukraine during the period of the martial law regime and existing military operations, a mutual problem can be traced for both the state and its young citizens regarding the normal functioning of the labor market, which negatively affects the country's economy and the well-being of young people. It is noted that young people have always been one of the most vulnerable categories of the population in the labor market, and with the beginning of the war, their problems in this area became even more acute. Being objectively unable to compete on an equal footing in the labor market, young people are unable to realize their opportunities in the field of exercising the right to work, and therefore the state must provide them with special, increased protection in the form of special legal guarantees for the realization of the right to work as ways of realizing the state youth policy that will solve the problem of youth unemployment. It is also concluded that a mechanism for increasing the attractiveness of employment and employment in Ukraine should be developed separately at the state level, which would facilitate the return of young people who went abroad

A Study of Youth Unemployment in Tanzania and Statistical Analysis

Abstract: This paper's aim and purpose was to investigate the contributing elements, causes, effects, and remedies to Tanzania's problem of youth unemployment and to offer potential answers. The major goal was to determine how Tanzania's unemployment rate affected economic growth. The study used a survey approach, time series data from 1997 to 2017, and make used of the correlation analysis and regression analyses to analyze the issue and demonstrate the link between Tanzanian unemployment and economic growth. According to the study's findings, Tanzania's economic growth has been negatively impacted by unemployment but only marginally. According to the report, the government must act quickly to prevent an unanticipated rise in the unemployment rate because it is a significant barrier to social advancement.

Does investment in education and health impact youth employment outcomes? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Labour engagement, underutilization and unemployment has dominated discourse in development literature in developing economies. It tangentially dictates the direction of migration, gross domestic output and in some cases, youth restiveness. This study investigated the unique relationship between investment in human capital proxied by spending in education and health and its effects on youth employment outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Annual data spanning 1995–2017 were obtained from 40 SSA countries comprising 920 macro panel observations. The bootstrap-based bias correction for the panel fixed effects estimation technique was employed to improve on the analytical corrections. Findings suggest that human capital investment comprising private and government health expenditures, primary, secondary and tertiary education expenditures were found to have varying significant impact on youth employment in SSA. The policy implication is that to reverse the perennial problem of youth unemployment in SSA would require serial consistent disproportionate investment more in education than in health.

He problem of youth unemployment in Ukraine

Unemployment refers to acute macroeconomic problems. Since unemployment is not a new problem, but in wartime among young people, it acquires a special importance among socio-economic relations, and therefore acquires special relevance in our time. In today's conditions, the youth of our country who have graduated from educational institutions are increasingly faced with unemployment and feel redundant in the labor market. Insufficient number of vacant jobs, lack of work in a specialty, high competitiveness on the labor market, lack of state guarantees regarding employment, unsatisfactory working conditions offered to young people by employers, graduation from an educational institution does not provide any guarantees of employment in a specialty, all this leads to the uncertainty of youth in its future and requires immediate solutions.
 Young people in Ukraine make up the majority of the working population, have more education, creativity, the ability to learn new things, master new professions and are the engine of the country's socio-economic development. Therefore, the state faces the task of regulating the youth segment of the labor market, ensuring employment guarantees, helping small and medium-sized businesses, improving internship conditions for students of professional and higher educational institutions, motivating and preparing young specialists for modern labor market conditions.
 The article analyzes the essence of such a phenomenon as unemployment. The main factors of the occurrence of this phenomenon are determined, the importance of youth in the socio-economic development of the country is characterized. Statistical data from the State Employment Service are presented, the state of unemployment in Ukraine and its consequences are analyzed. Proposals are made to solve the problem of unemployment in the labor market among young people and increase the level of employment in the state.

Entrepreneurship: A Panacea to Youth Unemployment Challenge

As the problem of youth unemployment persists, especially among developing economies like Nigeria, the need for a workable solution to this problem is continually being sought. Among possible alternative solutions to the problem is entrepreneurship. This paper, espousing entrepreneurship as a key to tackling youth unemployment, presented supporting views to this line of thought. Using descriptive approach, the paper highlighted the situation of youth unemployment in Nigeria, the challenges of the business environment, reliance on entrepreneurship and the way out.

The Effect of Choice Factors of Beauty Academy on Career Decision and Academic Achievement of Preliminary Beauty Paramedics according to General Characteristics

Currently, students are in an employment structure where they have new jobs that do not yet exist, and these social changes are causing changes in career education or career decisions worldwide. Uncertainty about the future is increasing not only in Korea but also around the world, causing rapid changes in the work world, employment environment, and job environment, and is expanding beyond personal problems of youth unemployment to social and national problems. As for the survey method, a total of 481 questionnaires surveyed through the self-written questionnaire were used for beauty majors and beauticians at four-year universities with experience in beauty academies, and Duncan test was conducted as a post-verification method. Academy selection factors according to age showed statistically significant differences in plan establishment and goal selection, and academy selection factors according to the purpose of the course showed statistically significant differences from plan establishment and goal selection factors.Academic achievement according to the purpose of the course also showed significant differences, and career decisions according to gender, marital status, major, and certificate acquisition did not show statistically significant differences. It is expected to be a stepping stone for professional beauty talent by properly setting the system for factors of selecting beauty academies and raising the right perception of career paths for consumers and beauty students preparing for their own careers through various communication such as communication, counseling, and customized learning methods. In addition, the beauty industry is also expected to have a positive impact if a systematic education program is established that can be conducted in conjunction with the field by analyzing the learning attitude and the needs of practical career decisions according to academic achievement.

Emotional Dysregulation and Time Structure Mediate the Link between Perceived Stress and Insomnia among Unemployed Young People in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In recent years, the problem of youth unemployment in China has become a great concern. Unemployed young people often find themselves under tremendous stress and vulnerable to sleep problems. The link between perceived stress and insomnia has been widely documented, but the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been thoroughly revealed. The objective of this study was to examine the underlying mechanisms linking perceived stress to insomnia through testing the mediating effects of emotional dysregulation and time structure. Through a multiple-stage convenience sampling, 511 unemployed young people (38.6% women; mean age = 21.51; SD = 2.22) were measured using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16), and Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ). Based on the statistical description of the sample, chi-squared tests, bivariate correlation analyses, and mediation analyses were performed. The study indicated that 53.0% (95% CI: 48.7–57.4%) of the participants reported probable insomnia, and both insomnia and perceived stress demonstrated strong associations with emotional dysregulation and time structure, which served as partial mediators between perceived stress and insomnia symptoms according to mediation analyses. Path analysis further revealed that, after controlling for age and gender, emotional dysregulation and time structure accounted for 31.8 and 17.6% of the effect of perceived stress on insomnia, respectively. This study provides empirical support for the association among perceived stress, emotional dysregulation, time structure, and insomnia symptoms. To improve the sleep quality and general wellbeing of unemployed young people, emotional dysregulation and time structure must be taken into consideration.

Analysis of the employment status of Iranian public universities graduates and the governmental policy using system dynamics approach

The increasing young population of Iran and the subsequent increase in the unemployment rate in recent years make the government adopt temporary policies to solve the unemployment problem. Establishing private universities and increasing the capacity of university admissions in higher education are among these policies. Although these policies can reduce the youth unemployment problem temporarily, it leads to an influx of highly educated people in the labor market in the long term. Creating job opportunities for these young people will be more difficult, which requires the extensive cooperation of universities and higher education institutions to train student entrepreneurs. Hence, in this present study, the employment of university graduates is simulated through system dynamics approach. Then using the experimental design method, sensitivity analysis and optimization of variables are performed. In the following, identifying the variables influencing the employment of university graduates, scenarios are introduced regarding dynamic universities in youth employment.

Improving Youth Unemployment Issues and Further Development of Youth Policies in the European Union member states

Young people are the most important part of the country's labour resources and a strategic resource for socio-economic development. Employment of young people requires special assistance and support. They are distinguished from other socio-demographic groups of the population by their health, level of education, vocational training, mobility, high demands on work, etc. It is necessary to establish mechanisms and set goals through ministries, local governments, youth organizations, the private sector, civil society and international organizations to improve the various problems or challenges facing young people. Solving the employment problems of young people requires a special approach because it is the youth who are the most active part of society, which reacts strongly to social injustice. This chapter will summarize all the issues mentioned in the previous chapter and offer possible solutions for improving the youth unemployment problem.

YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR TURKEY

The unemployment problem, which started to become widespread with the Great Depression of 1929, started to affect the whole world with the increase of globalization. Most of the countries' economies have recently turned to struggling with the unemployment problem and have tried to produce policies in this direction. The problem of youth unemployment, which we can consider within the unemployment problem, has emerged as another issue that needs to be struggled for the national economies. The fact that young people, perhaps the most important factor in the development of countries, cannot be included in the market mechanism and remain idle in the economy has created problems for many economies. This research aims to examine the causes of youth unemployment in developing countries and to present rational and original solutions to these problems in Turkey. In this study based on the literature review, the causes of youth unemployment are elaborated by emphasizing the concept of youth unemployment and the structure of youth unemployment, the structure of youth unemployment in developing countries and Turkey has been examined in the light of data from institutions such as TUIK, International Labor Organization and the World Bank and solution proposals that can be used to combat youth unemployment in Turkey are listed. In terms of accepting the data used as more up-to-date, the fact that it covers the years 2000-2020 and that some countries that can be economically and socially equivalent to Turkey have been selected among the developing countries are the limitations of this study. Considering the data obtained, it has been determined that the share of graduates, especially at the higher education level, among the young unemployed is much higher than the graduates with a lower level of education, and this is due to the education-employment relationship.

ANTECEDENTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONGST HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa is confronted with the problem of youth unemployment. Despite this challenge, young people have few options to stay relevant in the economy. While many young people consider starting a business, they face obstacles such as a lack of information, capital, networking, and mentorship. This makes it very difficult for young people, particularly university graduates, to pursue entrepreneurship as an alternative career. This study examined the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions amongst higher education students in South Africa. A quantitative and descriptive research design was adopted using a positivist research philosophy. A self-administered online questionnaire was used to gather data. A total of 400 students were chosen as respondents using simple random sampling. The findings of this study show that entrepreneurial intention has a positive and significant relationship with subjective norms (β=0.619, t-value=8.197, p=0.050), perceived behavior control (β=0.171, t-value=1.969, p=0.050), personal attitude (β=0.137, t-value=1.967, p=0.050). In contrast, there was a negative and insignificant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy (β=-0.015, t-value=0.209, p=0.835). This research has contributed to the literature on entrepreneurship in higher education and the developing world. This study is also expected to aid scholars, practitioners, and policymakers in understanding the dynamics of entrepreneurial intentions amongst students in higher education institutions.