Youth Self-employment Research Articles

Stakeholders’ Integration to Social Responsibility: Its Implication on Youth Self Employment

This study was conducted to determine the level of stakeholders’ integration, and to validate its roles, and their social responsibilities to the local community in Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to enhance better understandings about stakeholders’ engagements in the implementation of the Youth Revolving Fund to the local development process. Primary data were collected from 224 youths, and they were analyzed using descriptive and hierarchical regression. The finding of the study revealed that the overall level of stakeholders’ integration to promote youth self-employment was at an average level. Despite this, there were differences in the youths’ knowledge, interaction, and adaptation to stakeholders. As a result, a high level of stakeholders’ integration provides a good opportunity to carry out social responsibilities. Hence, the study concludes that the stakeholders’ integration in the implementation of the Youth Revolving Fund is optimum, and as a result, youths require knowledge, positive attitude, and willingness to change. Thus, local stakeholders should have commitments to support youth self-employment projects in the long-term, and the initiatives to support youth selfemployment should come from the local stakeholders.

Trends in the development of youth entrepreneurship in the EU and Ukraine

Methods. The results were obtained by applying the following methods: abstraction – in defining the essence of the concept of «youth entrepreneurship»; general and specific – in identifying the current features and problems of youth entrepreneurship at the global and national levels; structural and functional analysis – in clarifying the features and characteristics of youth employment policy in the EU countries. Results. The current trends and processes of youth entrepreneurship development in the EU countries and Ukraine are identified. The specific features of youth entrepreneurship are determined, which, on the one hand, are advantages and, on the other hand, are a threat to youth entrepreneurship. It is emphasized that the main stakeholders of youth entrepreneurship are the state, the social environment, the educational environment and the business environment itself. It is substantiated that youth entrepreneurship plays an important role in solving socio-economic problems, in particular, overcoming the youth unemployment crisis. It is established that in European countries, youth entrepreneurship policy is quite developed compared to entrepreneurship support for other inclusive target groups of business support. The necessity of state coordination and control of youth self-employment and entrepreneurship in the national economy is substantiated. Novelty. In the course of the study, the categorical and conceptual apparatus for the study of youth entrepreneurship was improved. Through a systematic analysis of the features of youth entrepreneurship, it was found that young people have a positive attitude towards entrepreneurial activity and have a desire to engage in this activity in the context of the latest forms of business and their support by institutional structures. Practical value. It is proposed to take into account the experience of forming the youth policy of the European Union countries when developing a national strategy and forming a mechanism for promoting youth self-employment and supporting youth entrepreneurship.

Effect of social capital on youth self-employment in Holeta town, Ethiopia

PurposeSocial resources have gained considerable interest from scholars for their effect on youth's labor market outcomes. The available evidence indicates that social capital is a crucial factor in determining youth's labor force status. This paper examines the effect of social capital components on youth self-employment in Holeta town, Ethiopia.Design/methodology/approachUsing youth survey data, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on social capital components datasets. This provided the construction of composite indicators for measuring social capital component, which are robust and exhibited construct validity. Following this, the effect of social capital component on youth self-employment was examined using Logit model.FindingsThe results show that institutional trust positively affects the likelihood of young people's decision to be self-employed.Practical implicationsThe finding reveals a need to improve the transparency of the institutions' resource delivery, the competency of the institutions' workforce, communication, and information sharing of the institutions with the youth.Originality/valueLooking at different social capital components simultaneously, the paper provides insight into the wide range of effects of social capital on youth self-employment.

Training of youths for effective self-employment practices

PurposeCurrently, there is widespread consensus that training is helpful to the long-term success of business competitive advantages. However, youth continue to invest in various self-employment business options with low quality of short term trainings. The purpose of this study was to understand the competency level, training need and the role of training to business survival.Design/methodology/approachThis study examined the training needs of youth engaged in self-employment and validated its role in sustainable business performance using primary data. To determine training needs, data were analysed using effect size, and probit model was used to understand the predictive validity of training gap to business performance.FindingsThis study has strong evidence that youth engaged in self-employment career have low entrepreneurial competency. The findings of this study revealed that there was little effort to narrow skill and knowledge gaps of youth before entry into self-employment. Training deficiencies were reported in business planning, confidence, risk and time management, conflict management, and communications skills. In addition, self-employment business options were starting up their function with insufficient entrepreneurial knowledge and skills. This would have limited businesses' better chance of long-run survival. Training should be given to bridge the knowledge and skill gaps of youth to ensure the long-term survival of their business. Recommendations include: government should allocate budget for youth short term training, relevant stakeholders should also create access to training for youths before and after entry into self-employment.Practical implicationsSmall businesses, during start up with sufficient knowledge and skills, have a better chance of long-term survival. Therefore, this study calls for organized training that would be given to youth to bridge their knowledge and skill gaps on certain competency items and to ensure the long-term survival of micro and small enterprises. Relevant stakeholders should also deliberately create access to training for youth before and after entry into self-employment.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to provide empirical evidence of measurement of training gap and its effects of training on small business performance. Understanding role of training gap in business performance requires measurement of level of competency and training need in operating self-employment schemes. Validating consequence of level of training needs towards business performance of youth is essential to understand the contribution of skill training in the promotion of self-employment. The predictive validity of training need to business performance enhances our knowledge of the importance of training for small enterprise development. Previous studies focus on real training and its quality, however, fails to link youth self-employment initiatives. The finding of this study provides important insights on how strong skill training is important in supporting long term survival of youth self-employment.

Sustainability of youth self-employment schemes in Central Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia

This study examined survival of youth self-employment using primary data. Relevant factors are identified that influence youth’s dropping out of self-employment. The findings of the study indicated that young women-managed small businesses are more likely to survive and be profitable than young men-managed businesses. Youth-managed small businesses with frequent technical support have more chance of long-run survival. Furthermore, attainment of a positive perception of readily available business options is related to the long-term survival of youth self-employment. Finally, small businesses operating according to a business plan with sufficient access to working places have better chances of long-run survival. Consistent multidimensional support before and after entry into self-employment is suggested for effective micro and small enterprise development.

Is Rural Youth Self-Employment a Pathway Out of Extreme Poverty? Experience from Youth Vocational Skilling in Uganda

Is Rural Youth Self-Employment a Pathway Out of Extreme Poverty? Experience from Youth Vocational Skilling in Uganda

Analysis of determinants of youth self-employment career choices

PurposeGiven the different manifestations of the unemployment crisis, the main purpose of this study was to identify what characteristics influence the participation of youth in key self-employment business options.Design/methodology/approachThe study has used both probability and nonprobability sampling techniques. Purposive sampling methods were used to identify target study areas (districts and Kebeles) while the systematic random sampling method was used to locate sample respondents. A total of 424 sample respondents were interviewed through interview scheduled questionnaires. Statistical data analysis was carried out using STATA 14 software.FindingsAgriculture, local value-added business activities, food-related services, petty trade and local transportation were common business choices where unemployed youths were engaged in. The findings of the study also showed that sex, loan size, loan repayment period and training gap were predictors of youth engagement in various self-employment career choices.Practical implicationsIncreasing loan size has a positive and significant influence on youth engagement in all self-employment business choices and has reminded us the need to revise or lift up loan size celling to assist youths in engaging in productive sectors. Similarly, the favourable correlation between female youths and value-added activities necessitates a well-designed female-specific intervention.Originality/valueAn understanding of the key determinants of youth preference to engage in specific self-employment career choices enables practitioners to intervene where necessary in supporting youth self-employment engagement. A combination of skill training, relaxed loan size and relaxed repayment is likely to gain sustainable business, which would benefit the local economy by transforming small businesses to a higher level and creating more job opportunities.

A Study on Entrepreneurial Environment and the Features of Rural Youth Independent Entrepreneurial Behavior

“Start a business or not” and “Which industry to choose” in the entrepreneurial behavior of rural youth present interesting characteristics of “path dependence”. At the same time, the rural natural environment, financial environment, social environment, policy environment, cultural environment and other external environments also have an important impact on the entrepreneurial behavior of rural youth. Through descriptive statistical analysis and quantitative analysis, this paper reveals the growth mechanism of rural youth self-employment, that is, whether there is “entrepreneurial imitation” in rural youth self-employment? Through what transmission path does entrepreneurial imitation affect decision-making of independent undertaking? Summarizing the behavioral characteristics of rural youth self-employment, and construct corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

The determinants of self-employment entry of Palestinian youth

PurposeThis paper aims to study the impact of micro-level socio-economic, demographic and geographical factors on the likelihood of self-employment entry of young adults in Palestine and filling a gap in the analysis of determinants of self-employment for young adults in Palestine.Design/methodology/approachThe research design is based on a multinomial logistic (MNL) model and on the testing of seven hypotheses deriving from the review of the theoretical and empirical literature, using a micro-level longitudinal data set from the Palestinian Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) between 2009 and 2016. In the analysis, the dependent variable (employment status) is a discrete variable that takes four unordered and independent outcomes: wage employee, self-employed, employer and unpaid family member.FindingsThis study has strong evidence that the likelihood of self-employment increases with age. However, results are inconsistent with the well-known curvilinear relationship between age and self-employment. Regarding the role of gender, results show that young men are more likely to become self-employed than young women. Results indicate that there is a significant and negative impact of an increasing level of education on self-employment entry for both youth and the whole population. On the opposite, training after graduation increases the likelihood of self-employment entry for youth with high education level. Besides, this paper finds that young workers living in urban areas have more likelihood to enter self-employment than those in rural areas and young workers in Gaza have more likelihood to enter self-employment than their counterparts in West Bank.Practical implicationsFirst, in both West Bank and Gaza, young women are less inclined to actively engage in self-employment, which confirms structural inequalities between men and women. Therefore, this study calls for social protection programmes and for national programmes that would promote and develop women’s self-employment. Second, because this paper finds that youth self-employment is more an opportunity-driven phenomenon than a necessity-driven one, this study calls for programmes that provide youth with small business grants and training on entrepreneurship and business models.Originality/valueInsights are valuable as both government institutions and universities and entrepreneurial startups can benefit from knowing which factors contribute to the self-employment likelihood of youth in Palestine and use the policy recommendations to develop capacity-building programmes to provide the youth and women with skills and competencies which enable them to turn to self-employment.

От самообразования к самозанятости: непарадный вход молодежи на рынок труда

В статье раскрываются причины, стимулирующие самоорганизационное поведение молодежи на рынке труда, которое понимается как конструирование трудовых карьер, альтернативных традиционным социальным практикам. Самозанятость рассматривается в качестве специфичной трудовой карьеры, имеющей бинарный алгоритм выбора: добровольная либо вынужденная стратегия. Цель исследования — анализ роли формального образования и самообразования в карьере самозанятых. Эмпирическую базу исследования составляют данные авторского анкетного опроса молодежи Республики Мордовия в возрасте 18—35 лет (n = 490, апрель — май 2019 г.); онлайн-опроса, проведенного ГКУ РМ «НЦСЭМ» среди студентов выпускных курсов трех вузов Республики Мордовия (n = 1 943, март — май 2019); а также серии полустандартизированных и фокус-групповых интервью, проведенных авторами в 2019—2020 гг. среди самозанятой молодежи Республики Мордовия (критерии отбора — наличие опыта самозанятости более 1 года, возраст от 18 до 35 лет). Согласно полученным данным, выбор молодежью самозанятости носит скорее вынужденный характер. Он вызван маргинализацией профессионального статуса, свидетельствующей о дисфункции института высшего профессионального образования. Кризис профессиональной идентичности, невостребованность полученного образования на рынке труда, осознание недостаточности имеющихся знаний и навыков стимулируют поиск способов повышения конвертируемости своего человеческого капитала и возможных путей адаптации к неопределенности на рынке труда. Бэкграунд формального образования в карьерах самозанятой молодежи способствует развитию soft skills (неспециализированных надпрофессиональных навыков) и в то же время характеризуется обесцениванием hard skills (профессиональных компетенций). Набор востребованных навыков на рынке труда достраивается самозанятыми с помощью самообразования. Молодежь реализует «дисперсивную модель» развития собственного человеческого капитала не только в системе формального образования, но и посредством неформального и информального обучения, приобретая разнообразные по профессиональному содержанию умения и навыки. Данное исследование демонстрирует, что самообразовательные практики выполняют важную роль в формировании альтернативных карьерных траекторий молодежи, позволяющих интегрироваться в современный рынок труда. Благодарность. Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Правительства Республики Мордовия в рамках научного проекта «Социальное пространство рынка труда Республики Мордовия: самозанятость молодежи» (№ 18-411-130016 р_а).

Youth Unemployment and Self-employment: Trends and Perspectives

The main aim of this article is to research the relationship between youth unemployment and self-employment in the EU and categorise particular EU countries as the countries with youth self-employment driven by push factors or pull factors. It has been revealed that statistically significant relationships between unemployment and self-employment among young people from the 28 EU countries, in only 7 countries have been identified. Of these, Greece, Italy and Cyprus, the unemployment rate among young people would decrease if national governments were to reduce unemployment through self-employment support measures. In other countries such as Germany, Sweden, the Czech Republic and Malta, it would be inappropriate to reduce unemployment through support for self-employment. In other EU countries, fighting youth unemployment requires addressing other labor market issues, such as the reluctance of businesses to employ unqualified or low-skilled young people, reducing the chances of reducing the tax burden when hiring young people, making flexible use of education opportunities with employment. The fact was confirmed that is inappropriate for all countries (in this case EU countries) to apply universal strategies to combat unemployment, because by means of theories and pilot studies on the establishment of statistically significant relationships, it is possible to avoid mistakes by directing support to the needs of target groups

An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan

Despite the importance of lifelong education and its reported benefits for graduates entering the workforce, few empirical studies have evaluated the relationship between continuing education on entrepreneurship. In order to address this research gap, this study conducted secondary data analysis from the 2015 Adult Education Survey in Taiwan (AEST 2015) conducted by the Taiwan Ministry of Education. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of youth engaged in entrepreneurship (as measured by self-employment) and evaluate the relationship between continuing education and youth entrepreneurship. A sample from Taiwan was purposefully selected due to cultural factors which balance Eastern and Western approaches to education, allowing for better generalizability to a variety of populations. Data from a total of 2,696 valid participants was utilized. The results are as follows: a) the rate of youth entrepreneurship in Taiwan is moderate, at 8%; b) participation in continuing education demonstrated no significant relationship on youth entrepreneurship; c) entrepreneurial youth tend not to participate in continuing education, citing reasons including “lack of time” and “lack of necessary courses” at a frequency higher than non-entrepreneurial youth; and d) in terms of opportunities for future participation in continuing education, entrepreneurial youth placed less emphasis on the importance of transportation costs and tuition fees as compared to non-entrepreneurial youths. The results of this study suggest that continuing education courses are not currently meeting the needs of young entrepreneurs. Conclusions and suggestions are provided in terms of the evaluation of youth self-employment and continuing education opportunities for the promotion of entrepreneurship.

An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan

Despite the importance of lifelong education and its reported benefits for graduates entering the workforce, few empirical studies have evaluated the relationship between continuing education on entrepreneurship. In order to address this research gap, this study conducted secondary data analysis from the 2015 Adult Education Survey in Taiwan (AEST 2015) conducted by the Taiwan Ministry of Education. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of youth engaged in entrepreneurship (as measured by self-employment) and evaluate the relationship between continuing education and youth entrepreneurship. A sample from Taiwan was purposefully selected due to cultural factors which balance Eastern and Western approaches to education, allowing for better generalizability to a variety of populations. Data from a total of 2,696 valid participants was utilized. The results are as follows: a) the rate of youth entrepreneurship in Taiwan is moderate, at 8%; b) participation in continuing education demonstrated no significant relationship on youth entrepreneurship; c) entrepreneurial youth tend not to participate in continuing education, citing reasons including “lack of time” and “lack of necessary courses” at a frequency higher than non-entrepreneurial youth; and d) in terms of opportunities for future participation in continuing education, entrepreneurial youth placed less emphasis on the importance of transportation costs and tuition fees as compared to non-entrepreneurial youths. The results of this study suggest that continuing education courses are not currently meeting the needs of young entrepreneurs. Conclusions and suggestions are provided in terms of the evaluation of youth self-employment and continuing education opportunities for the promotion of entrepreneurship.

Self - Employment Among Youths in Ojo and Alimosho LGA, Lagos Nigeria: Perceptions, Attitude and Contributions – A Statistical Assessment

This study examined the perceptions, attitude and contribution of self – employment among youths in Lagos State with the aim of ascertaining the factors that inspire perception, attitude of youth self-employment and how it impacts the youths. A survey was conducted among youths in Ojo LGA, Lagos State Nigeria using a self - designed questionnaire collect data on different factors related to youth perception, attitude and contributions to self-employment. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistic, Chi Square test and Analysis of Variance with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS). The result show that 57.0% of the youths agreed that self-employment development among young people is high and this was significantly associated with perception and attitude of self-employed youth (p < 0.05). However, the perception, attitudes and views on contribution of self – employment differed significantly among youths from the major ethnic nationalities in Nigeria (p < 0.05). It was therefore concluded that some demographic factors are significantly associated with perception and attitude of youths on self-employment. Also, self – employment improves the standard of living of youths and increase national income while lack of conducive business environment, high cost of doing business and lack of strong and consistent patent – law was among the factors that significantly negatively impact self – employment drive in the country. The study recommended that the government should create a conducive business environment and work towards reduction of the high cost of doing business as a way of encouraging youths into self - employment. Keywords : Self – employment, perception, contribution, standard of living, youths DOI : 10.7176/JPID/51-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

New Opportunities for Youth Entrepreneurship Development and Youth Self-Employment Increase

The article deals with general approaches to understanding the meaning of youth entrepreneurship, provides problems that young people face from the birth of an idea to its implementation, analyzes the main obstacles to the youth entrepreneurship development such as legal uncertainty, lack of financial resources, reduction of state programs, low professional training level, insecurity of entrepreneurs in stability, theft of business ideas, etc.In order to develop youth entrepreneurship and increase the level of self-employment among the youth, the necessary changes regarding each function of youth entrepreneurship, as economic, social and creative, are considered.The authors have supplemented the decision making mechanism on entrepreneurial activity in youth, taking into account the prospects of participation in start-ups and business clubs, and trends in the development of the national economy sector, especially high-tech.According to the results of the study, the article provides concrete measures that promote the youth entrepreneurship development, initiatives aimed directly at working with young people as entrepreneurs, perspective platforms for solving social problems, introducing the philosophy of new entrepreneurial values.So, among the important initiatives are lobbying the interests of young people, introducing effective medium-term forecasting of the labor market, introducing internships for students, developing cluster initiatives for entrepreneurship, promoting the spread of social responsibility of large businesses to support young people in small businesses, promoting the creation of a positive image of a young entrepreneurs, development of the system counseling for young professionals, tax or other benefits for those who support young people, creating a network symbiosis business with incubators, credit institutions and innovative or technology parks.The authors emphasize that entrepreneurship for young people should become the subject of increasing attention from all levels of government, responsible business, the public, international organizations as it promotes the formation of the middle class, the stabilization of society, the employment of young people and other social and economic tasks, as well as directly defines the welfare and level of national income of the country.

Entrepreneurial Skills and Youth Employment in Kogi State, Nigeria: The Case of N-Power

This study aimed at investagiting the effects of entrepreneurial skills on youth employment in Kogi State, using N-Power as a case study. Survey research design was adopted. The study adopted snowball sampling technique to select N-Power beneficiaries. A well-designed questionnaire was used as a viable instrument to collect data from beneficiaries in N-Teach, N-Health, N-Tax and N-Agro. Data collected were analysed using Multiple Regression and Ordered Probit Regression Model. Finding shows that entrepreneurial skills development has significant effect on N-Power beneficiaries in Kogi State. Finding furthers shows that interpersonal relation skill, technology adoption skill, decision-making skill and risk-taking skill have significant and positive relationship with youth self-employment in Kogi State. The study concluded that the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills is a vital approach towards self-employment. The study recommended that the government and policy-makers should device special focus for interpersonal relation skill, decision-making skill, technology adoption skill and risk-taking skill of N-Power beneficiaries; with less attention to financial literacy and creative thinking skills.

Структура и функции молодежной самозанятости в регионе

Структура и функции молодежной самозанятости в регионе

Does program linking with insurance makes agriculture insurance sustainable?

Agriculture insurance is most common forms of risk transfer in agriculture. It is often compulsory for borrowers of agricultural loans in low and middle income countries. This study tries to find out the status of compulsory agriculture insurance in Nepal and its sustainability through answering question “are compulsory agriculture insurance programs making agricultural insurance sustainable? Or we have to think differently for its sustainability. Household survey were conducted using pre-tested semi structured questionnaire in eight districts. Altogether 377 insurer farmers (132 crop and 245 livestock farmers) were selected from the list of target population using simple random sampling technique. Similarly, five cases were selected from the study districts. Result shows that Government of Nepal (GoN) has developed both cost of production and value based insurance products based on farmers demand. Basically, premium rate is fixed as five percent to cost of production based and seven percent to value based insurance for most of crops and livestock. Different governments programs such as youth self-employment program, youth focused program, spring rice promotion program and other grant/subsidy programs under different mega projects of GoN have started to link agriculture insurance with their programs. Insurance has been made mandatory to get such any subsidy support from the government for promoting agriculture insurance simultaneously. However, this study found that this strategy did not adequately work. But if they feel the enterprises is risky and realize the importance of agriculture insurance and can get higher returns from the enterprises, they were willing to participate in agriculture insurance. Most of farmers who participated in government grant program have limited understanding of crop insurance so that they have discontinued insurance after the end of grant/subsidy program. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit the existing provision of grant linked insurance and need to focus more on creating awareness on importance of agriculture insurance for its sustainability.

Entrepreneurship education as human capital: Implications for youth self-employment and conflict mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Previous research has focused on stable developed economies to predict that human capital and entrepreneurship education (EE) provision at the higher education (HE) level will positively affect entrepreneurial success. This article draws on the outcome of recent EE projects in two HE institutions in a conflict-torn northern Nigeria as a proxy to advocate the introduction of entrepreneurship as a compulsory component into the secondary school curriculum in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using semi-structured interview data, it is found that the provision of EE at secondary education level could help to facilitate human capital development and assist efforts to curb youth unemployment. Specifically, the study suggests that EE comprises both generic and specific human capital that increases an individual’s ability to identify and exploit opportunities, particularly for young people, and in doing so helps to reduce their vulnerability to poverty and involvement in armed conflict. Suggestions for future research and policy considerations are provided.

The Impact of Youth Self-Employment Behavior on Socio-Economic Development in Rwanda

This study aimed at examining the impact of youth self-employment behavior on socio-economic development in Rwanda specifically in Nyarugenge sector. It was conducted with the following specific objectives: To examine the youth self-employment behavior; to analyze the socio-economic impact of youth self-employment behavior; to evaluate challenges limiting self-employment behavior among the youth and to propose solutions to challenges facing the youth self-employment behavior in Nyarugenge sector. In order to carry out this study, different methods and techniques were used. The data were collected using questionnaire, interview, and documentation techniques. Results were collected from 96respondents selected from the entire population composing Nyarugenge sector using simple random and purposive Sampling techniques and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results show that 98% have agreed that self-employment enables them to earn a living and 90.6% agreed that self-employment help to develop their economy while 87.5% of the agreed that this self-employment enable them to cater for the family needs. Secondly, the results indicated 100% of agreed that self-employment for the youth help to create new jobs and 100% agreed that self-employment enable people to improve their socio-economic status and encourages the saving culture as well as reducing the youth dependence to the government. Furthermore, results show that 100% confirmed that youth self-employment behavior increases the government revenues and 98% of the respondents have said that youth self-employment behavior reduces the government expenditure while 96.9% agreed that youth self-employed increases the competitiveness of the human capital. However, challenges weed identified such as lack of start-up capital, lack of training, commitment and creativity among some of the youth. On this, point the study has also proposed solutions such as provision of entrepreneurship training to the youth, provision of youth enterprises development fund and sensitizing the youth about self-employment behavior. Finally, recommendations were formulated to the youth such as increasing committed to start their own employments, gather in cooperatives in order to consolidate their efforts and be eligible to get loan opportunities and increase training and other learning opportunities in order to develop skills which are needed in self-employment. Finally, topics for future researches were suggested for instance to analyze the impact of youth forum on socio-economic development; examine the contribution of youth initiatives on eradication of youth delinquency and assess the role of the youth on socio-economic development.