Recruitment Of Youth Research Articles

Kanunnama About Devshirma From the Time of Bayezid II (1481-1512)

As a contribution to the study of devshirma, the paper presents the Kanunnama on the recruitment of janissary youths, which dates from the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512). In the introduction, the term devshirma itself is explained and basic information about its origin and implementation is presented. Also, the introductory part includes a short overview of the scientific literature that deals with the process of recruiting young men into the janissaries. The following chapter presents the mentioned kanunnama, basic information about its manuscript copies and historical significance. The most important segment of this work is the integral translation of the Kanunnama on the recruitment of janissary youth, which represents the basis of the functioning of the acemi ocak. The aforementioned kanunnama was compiled into eight legal articles that had to be strictly observed when recruiting young men into the janissaries.

Designing and piloting a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial for opioid prevention among youth in the legal system.

Youth in the legal system are vulnerable to initiation and escalation of opioid use. The transition period during which a young person is released from the institutional setting to the community is a critical window of opportunity for preventive intervention targeting the uptake and intensification of opioid and other drug use. Adaptive preventive interventions are a promising approach to systematically varying the timing and intensity of substance use preventive interventions for these youth. This pilot study of 30 youth (97% young men; 37% White; Mage = 18.34, SD = 1.84) examined the feasibility and acceptability of adaptive and nonadaptive preventive interventions that incorporate components of the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach with Assertive Continuing Care, Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Treatment, and Motivational Interviewing using the Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial study design. Participants completed assessments at baseline, 1-month postrelease, and 2-months postrelease. Enrollment rate was 65%. Nearly three-quarters (73%) of enrolled youth had substance use disorder at intake. Moreover, 60% of enrolled participants completed the 2-month postrelease follow-up assessment. Participants reported high satisfaction with the interventionist interactions, and 95% indicated they would recommend the program to other youth. The pilot study revealed the need for several adaptations to study and intervention protocols. This pilot study provides evidence of the feasibility of a research-practice partnership with state juvenile rehabilitation facilities, successful recruitment of youth involved in the legal system, and feasibility and acceptability of adaptive preventive interventions spanning pre- and post-release for legal system-involved youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Recruitment of youth in public service as the basis of building a rule-of-law state

Recruitment of youth in public service as the basis of building a rule-of-law state

Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of Organized Crime in Mexico: A Systematic Review.

In 2007, Mexico implemented a strategy to combat drug trafficking through military intervention, after which a significant increase in homicides, mainly among young men, was observed and linked to structural problems as well as organized crime, especially the recruitment of youth, with adolescents being particularly vulnerable. Through a systematic review of the literature from 2013 to 2022, we have compiled the reported factors influencing the recruitment of adolescents by organized crime in Mexico and conducted a metasynthesis of the data according to the multiple levels that affect adolescents: individual, family, community, cultural, and social. This research has shown that many of the factors reported are interrelated and need to be studied holistically. In addition, many of the factors are common to other forms of juvenile delinquency, but the main difference is the presence of organized crime itself in the community and culture.

Youth with clipped wings: Bridging the gap from youth recruitment to representation in candidate lists

This article assesses the extent to which party youth wings participate in candidate selection and the factors that explain their (lack of) success, focusing on the interplay of formal and informal mechanisms with institutional rules. The results indicate an iceberg-shaped political recruitment ladder, with a stark compression of youth wing representation in the visible steps of candidates and MPs. More youth wing candidates are included in party lists as district magnitude increases, and there is evidence of an apprenticeship effect, with most youth wing candidates who are reselected able to improve their list position. More importantly, informal mechanisms and negotiations between youth wings and the mother party leadership emerge as a central factor in the ability of youth wings to influence candidate lists.

The American agitator goes digital: Understanding the affective role of agitational aesthetics in the online fascist recruitment of youth

Given the rise in extremist radicalization using digital media, antifascist education must develop its own philosophy of digital technologies. The first half of this paper turns to Leo Löwenthal and Norbert Guterman’s theory of the American agitator as well as Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno’s notion of fascist projection and paranoia to provide groundwork for this project. Though written in the 1940s, Frankfurt School essays on agitation and projection can be thought of as early indications of the importance of affect in fascist politics, which has only become intensified with the advent of digital media. The paper then proceeds to apply a critical concept of “agitational aesthetics” to chan culture in the present day, highlighting the affective economy of memes in the radicalization process. In conclusion, a series of questions are posed to educators to help them think through the complexities of intervening before, during, and after the online agitation of proto-fascist tendencies in youth.

Social work and social inclusion in sports-based programs: A qualitative study

Summary Although the literature is rich in contributions analyzing the role of social workers in sports, there remains a lack of empirical research with respect to how these workers can be determinant in the development of inclusion outcomes in sports-driven interventions targeting socially vulnerable youth. The investigation analyzes the case of a sports-based program run by an Italian non-profit organization (NGO) from an ecological system perspective. Data from interviews and focus groups with youth involved in the program (21), parents (15), sport coaches (9), and the social workers of the NGO (15) were triangulated with the aim of exploring how social workers promoted inclusion through sport. Data were analyzed in a top–down thematic analysis. Findings Social workers promoted many social inclusion outcomes: (1) they linked sport clubs with the youth excluded from the sport system, thus sustaining access to sport; (2) they emotionally supported youth and their families in the program, fostering the relational dimension of social inclusion; (3) they formed alliances between the diverse systems of youth life, enhancing youth capacity to overcome their personal challenges in sports; and (4) they encouraged the integration of people coming from different socio-economic backgrounds within the sport context. Applications The case informs the practice of social workers in sport-driven interventions providing insights around the tasks they should achieve to promote social inclusion, including (1) recruitment of youth excluded from the sport system and linkage with sport clubs, (2) sport bureaucracy support, and (3) dialogue with diverse youth life systems.

Evaluation of a Multipart Implicit Bias Educational Program Designed for a Non-Profit Organization

Children’s access and opportunities to play sports are influenced by categories of difference, such as gender, race, and socioeconomic status. In order to provide an inclusive community and facilitate the recruitment and retention of diverse youth, athletic organizations should be aware of implicit bias and how this can affect the relationship between volunteers and the children they serve. This paper presents a formative process evaluation of a diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) training program for a non-profit athletic organization. Training was implemented in person in a group setting with multiple opportunities for group discussion. Mixed methods were used to monitor (1) the implementation of training, (2) its effects on attitudes throughout training, and (3) impact one month after training. Findings demonstrate that the program increased participants’ ability to identify DEI initiatives and sense of belonging to the organization, but these effects had declined by the end of the first month after training. However, participants’ self-beliefs regarding DEI and overall willingness to engage in DEI activities remained enhanced one month after training. Qualitative data were helpful in providing insight into how training impacted participants and their interactions within and outside of the organization. Through this mixed methods approach, we can conclude that DEI training did in fact have a positive impact on the organization, but further evaluation and training may be necessary to address the decline in some effects seen one month after training.

BOKO HARAM TERRORISM, THE GIRL CHILD AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH-EAST NIGERIA

The study interrogates the link between Boko Haram terrorism and sustainable development in North-East region of the Nigerian state. Although a good number of associated literatures have highlighted the challenges of Boko Haram on sustainable development especially in the North-East region of Nigeria. However, the conversations appear to have underemphasized its implications on gender equality in the region. Thus, the study is aimed at filling this gap. The researcher employed the application of the relative deprivation theory. The framework see deprivation as a condition creating fertile grounds for recruitment of youths into violence/Boko Haram terrorist organization. The study was purely qualitative relying mainly on documentary reports. Data was gathered through secondary source and analysis were done through a historical and institutional process. Findings of the study showed that Boko Haram impacts negatively on education, particularly on the girl child as it deters them from enjoying quality education vis-à-vis their male counterparts and this impacts significantly on gender inequality in North-East Nigeria. Strengthening security networks to put an end to terrorism in North-East region of Nigeria, educating the populace to understand the role of women in nation building and development through mass media campaigns, the need for more gender equality campaigns by balancing the role of men and women, boys and girls in development planning/processes are recommended as the most likely means to curtail the challenges of Boko Haram as it affects girl child schooling and by extension gender equality.

Youth recruitment and retainment in small‐scale fisheries: Factors influencing succession and participation decisions in Cameroon

AbstractFisheries systems face enormous pressures from increased fish demand, decreased fish catches, and an ageing fishing population. As a case study, we investigate how climate change stressors, capacity‐building opportunities, and the introduction of climate‐smart innovations, tools and information may influence youths’ succession decisions in small‐scale fisheries (SSF). We collected empirical data from a survey with the children of SSF actors to identify the factors promoting or hindering succession in fish harvesting activities through a simple random sampling of 415 youths in six fishing communities in Cameroon. The probit model results revealed that youth participation and succession decisions are positively influenced by their education, nationality, that is, being a migrant, desire to be employed full‐time in fisheries‐related activities, climate‐smart innovations, tools and information, and capacity‐building opportunities. Increasing temperatures and uncertainty in fish availability due to climate change negatively influence their succession decisions. We find that parents do not encourage their children to participate in SSF due to climate change impacts, which are reducing fish catch and due to a lack of suitable climate‐resilient innovations and capacity‐building opportunities. The study provides evidence that interventions that create an enabling environment for youths’ participation in fisheries‐related activities are important to secure the future of SSF in Cameroon.

Climate change dynamics and youth participation decisions in aquatic food systems: Case of the oyster sector in The Gambia, West Africa

Climate change adversely affects aquatic food systems, causing livelihood challenges and other socioeconomic complexities. We use the case of the oyster sector in The Gambia to explore the awareness of climate change impacts and its effect on youth participation decisions. The paper also examines how family ties to oyster activities, climate adaptation strategies, capacity development opportunities, and introductions of climate-smart innovations influence youths’ decisions to engage in oyster value chain activities. We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with youths to explore the factors affecting their participation decisions in the oyster sector. We then used information from the FGDs to design a survey questionnaire to collect data from 312 youths through a simple random sampling technique. Through the probit model, the results show that awareness and training opportunities on climate change, discussions about climate change with family members, training on oyster management, awareness on the use of climate-smart tools, decisions to stay or leave the oyster harvesting community, family ties to oyster harvesting, and awareness of climate change adaptation strategies, positively influenced youths’ decisions to succeed in oyster activities. The educational level and climate-related stressors negatively influenced youths’ succession decisions. This paper contributes to the existing literature on the need to improve the human capital of youths through relevant skills and capacity-building opportunities to encourage their participation in aquatic food systems. The study suggests that the successful engagement of youths in the oyster sector requires an enabling environment supporting the recruitment and retention of youths despite the challenges of climate change.

The Vancouver Principles - A Moral Grammar for Empowered Witness

In June 2014, General (retired) Romeo Dallaire opened a speech on the subject of child solders to the Royal Canadian Chaplain Service with these words: “Religion is insufficient to attenuate the evil.1 This paper responds to General Dallaire’s statement by examining how The Vancouver Principles on Peacekeeping and the Prevention of the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers (hereafter The Vancouver Principles) meet the need for new language to address the encounter with children on operations. It argues that a particular set of agreed upon terms to support soldiers throughout the deployment cycle is needed, not only for ending the recruitment and use of children and youth as participants in war, but also to provide the basis for a moral grammar to help peacekeepers and other actors in theatres of operations remain empowered and healthy on mission and afterwards.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo: the Rise of Islamic Radicalism

For over 60 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been in a state of political instability. There are dozens of rebel groups in the DRC that fight against the government and among themselves for control of human and natural resources. However, despite the enduring military and political crisis, which mostly affects the eastern regions of the country, the religious factor entered the stage only in the 2010s due to the onslaught of the terrorist group Alliance of Democratic Forces (ADF), whose leaders in 2019 swore allegiance to the Islamic State and began to identify themselves as the Islamic State's Central Africa Province (ISCAP). The present paper discusses the main milestones of the transformation of the ADF, which initially did not have a clear ideological and political program or sufficient combat power for independent attacks, into a large terrorist organization that poses a serious security threat to the DRC, Uganda, and a number of other African countries. The authors employ the theoretical and analytical framework and the systemic-historical method to characterize the activities of the ADF and conclude that, firstly, the transformation of the group was motivated above all by financial gain and, secondly, the “mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation” that takes place between the Islamists and local communities allows the group to carry out successful Islamization and recruitment of Congolese youth into its ranks, while the periodic operations of the armies of the DRC and Uganda aimed at destroying the group remain inconclusive.

FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF AL-SHABAAB: SOMALI-AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN MINNESOTA CASE STUDY

The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the vast literature regarding the topic of foreignfighters, specifically in reference to Somali youth residing in the U.S. state of Minnesota whohave joined the Al-Shaabab terrorist group. The research is carried out by tracing andanalyzing theory regarding the processes of radicalization, and then applying it to theSomali-American communityemploying the method of content analysis. The choice of this method stemmed from the need to understand and explain a certain behavior or pattern, relating in this specific case to the inner and deeper motivations that led a certain community to be more vulnerable to the influence of jihad. The research question of this research raises concern regarding the most relevant factors that may have influenced some members of the Somali American community in Minnesota to approach the world of jihad and the al-Shabaab group specifically. The research also examines what were the recruitment techniques used by members of that group in order to have a greater grasp on the Somali youth. Therefore, through the study of the current debate amongscholars regarding the push and pull factors that cause an individual to take up the life of aforeign fighter, this paper seeks to shed light on which ones best apply to the particularity ofthe example of the Somali community in Minnesota. As in fact a diaspora community, thischaracteristic is of fundamental importance for understanding the dynamics by whichnationals embark on the activities of extremist groups far from one’s home country. Theconclusions that can be drawn from this research regarding factors thathave a greater impact on the radicalization process of American youth of Somali origin andthe ability of the Al-Shabaab group to take full advantage of the particular condition of thatcommunity in the recruitment process. Indeed, what emerges from this analysis is the level ofinfluence of those identity-nationalist and identity-religious elements, as well as the economicand social factors that characterized the two waves of radicalization and recruitment of Somali-American youth of Minnesota examined in this research, referring to the period between 2007 and 2009.

3.53 Validation of a Youth Self-Report and Parent-Report Version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient Questionnaire (AQ-28)

The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a widely used ASD trait measure for screening and research. To optimize rapid recruitment of children and youth from the general population, we adopted the validated AQ-28 version to include adolescents via self-report and children via parent-report. Here we explore discriminant and ecological validity, as well as factor structure, in the expanded population groups.

A phenomenological study identifying facilitators and barriers to Black and Latinx youth's engagement in hospital-based violence intervention programs.

Black and Latinx youth are disproportionately affected by violence in the United States. Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) have emerged as an effective response to this epidemic; however, participation rates remain low. This study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to recruitment and engagement amongst black and Latinx youth from the perspective of HVIP staff. Employing a phenomenological approach, a purposive sample of key informants was recruited. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews lasting approximately 90 min were conducted with representatives (N= 12) from five HVIPs in U.S. cities across the Midwest and Northeast, making up 15% of all HVIPs in the United States. Each interview was recorded and transcribed verbatim. The research team employed rigorous content analysis of the data. Three themes and subsequent categories resulted from the analysis: (1) Interpersonal/Relational Facilitators (building rapport; connecting with youth; enhancing the teachable moment; building relational health); (2) Structural/Systemic Barriers (lack of reinforcement; difficulties connecting after discharge from the hospital; hospital workflow; institutional challenges); (3) Structural/Systemic Facilitators (embedding the HVIP; trauma-informed practices and policies). Given the limited research on black and Latinx youth and the disproportionate rate of violent injuries amongst these groups, an evidence-based systematic approach to engage youth is essential to promote health equity. The findings from this study suggest that there are several steps that HVIPs and hospitals can take to enhance their recruitment and engagement of youth and their families.

Evaluating the strengths and challenges of PAX dream makers approach to mental health promotion: perspectives of youth and community members in indigenous communities in Manitoba, Canada

ABSTRACT PAX Good Behaviour Game (PAX-GBG) is an evidence-based approach to co-create a nurturing environment where all children can thrive. This school-based approach was identified as a promising intervention for suicide prevention by First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. To enhance this mental health promotion approach, PAX Dream Makers was developed. It is a youth-led addition to PAX-GBG for middle and high school students. This study’s aim was to examine, from the communities’ perspectives, the influence of PAX Dream Makers on youth as well as its strengths, challenges and suggestions for future improvements. A case study method was conducted using interviews and focus groups with 30 youth and 17 adult mentors and elders. Participants reported that PAX Dream Makers provided support and encouragement to the youth, increased their resilience and provided an opportunity to be positive role models. It strengthened PAX-GBG implementation in schools. Challenges included: adult mentors availability, frequent teacher turn-over and community mental distress. Suggestions expressed were: being mindful of cultural and community contexts, increasing community leadership’s understanding of PAX-GBG and better recruitment of mentors and youth. PAX Dream Makers approach was well-received by communities and holds great promise for promoting the well-being of First Nations youth.

‘Small Fires Causing Large Fires’: An Analysis of Boko Haram Terrorism–Insurgency in Nigeria

Since July 2009, when the popular founder of Boko Haram, Mohammed Yusuf, was extrajudicially killed by the police, the group has become radicalised. Boko Haram started by terrorising the country, particularly the northeastern zone, which extends to Cameroon, Niger, and Lake Chad. Several works on the group, mostly by foreign commentators and scholars, have mainly attributed its rise to political and economic factors. Many of those works have not also recognised the metamorphosis from terrorism to insurgency, wherein the group is now replacing the secular status of Nigeria’s configuration with a monolithic Islamic caliphal rule in the swathes of land that it has captured. Even though the Nigerian government has adopted the factors canvassed by those scholars and also denies the group an ideological anchorage, I argue that Boko Haram’s ideological scaffolding is hinged on ultra-jihadi Salafism. Relying on qualitative sources, I employ a historical and interpretive framework in explicating the origin of Boko Haram and in content analysing President Muhammad Buhari’s 2015 inaugural speech, which denies the group of any ideological leaning on Islam. I then contend that such a denial has made counter-insurgency measures of the government counter-productive, as efforts at meeting political and economic factors are difficult to achieve in the present circumstance. I, therefore, recommend counter-insurgency measures, which include, amongst others, Western education, Islamic de-radicalisation processes, and counter-insurgency narratives, as well as ideas to cut off the recruitment of youth into the group and military engagement, as both short- and long-term strategies.

Recruitment of Russian youth by extremist organizations

The article examines the current problems of recruiting young people to extremist organizations using both religious motivation and social problems of recruitment objects. The article describes the results of a study to identify the motives and reasons for citizens' participation in the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations. The practice of improving the system of measures to counter extremist organizations in recruiting new members is considered. In addition, the subject of the study includes recruiting tools, the structure of the recruitment process, models for attracting new members to terrorist organizations, as well as characteristics of potential recruits. The methodological basis of the research is such general scientific and private scientific methods as analysis, formal-logical and formal-legal. Based on the analysis of current law enforcement practice, modern statistical data and the points of view of other researchers, the reasons that complicate the effect of the norms of Russian legislation on recruiters and the application of preventive measures within the framework of the problem are reflected. The main results of the conducted research allow us to identify significant gaps in the issues of countering terrorism and extremism at the initial stages. The variants of solving the issue by introducing the cult of love for the Motherland into the consciousness of young people, as well as the skills of correct understanding of moral and religious values are proposed.

State Assessment of Demographic Data and Youth Development to Advance 4-H Programs

4-H youth development programs throughout the United States can be planned and delivered more effectively in their states by assessing demographic data and following research-based theories and models of positive youth development. A review of the research literature determined current youth development theories and models to effectively guide statewide 4-H program implementation. A state assessment was conducted for demographic areas of youth population age, race, socioeconomic status, health factors, child poverty (includes parent-guardian job status at the onset of COVID), and household structure. The Ohio 4-H Youth Development program utilized the demographic data to establish goals of becoming more diverse and inclusive. In addition, demographic data points help for targeted recruitment of youth to include families from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, household structures, and those with health risks. Finally, implications and conclusions are presented to serve as an illustration for other states to advance their state 4-H programs and practices.