Youth-friendly Services Research Articles

Combating HIV among youths in Sub-Saharan Africa through inclusive health education

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among youths in Sub-Saharan Africa underscores the exigency for effective prevention education programs tailored to their needs. This article examines barriers hindering HIV prevention efforts for youths in the region and proposes strategies for developing more inclusive and impactful health education interventions. Despite the challenges faced by HIV-positive adolescents, comprehensive youth-friendly services remain limited. Impediments such as stigma, poverty, and lack of health-care infrastructure obstruct HIV prevention. Access to information and services, negative attitudes of service providers, and scarcity of youth programs present challenges. The article discusses approaches such as involving youth in program design, establishing community advisory boards, mobilizing community health workers, integrating services, engaging schools, employing gender-sensitive methods, and advocating supportive policies. These strategies aim to enhance cultural sensitivity, community engagement, and accessibility of education for all youths. Sustained commitment through ongoing funding, monitoring, capacity building, and multisectoral collaboration can empower youths with the knowledge and support needed to curb their long-term risk of HIV.

Examining functional sexual and reproductive health and right-based friendly services: perspectives from exit adolescents, caregivers, and health workers at health services delivery points in Tanzania

BackgroundThe lack of adequate access to and use of sexual and reproductive health care by youth and adolescent, n low- and middle-income countries persists despite international accords on their rights, which exposes them to violence against children; early and unintended pregnancies; and sexually transmitted infections. This study examined functional sexual and reproductive health and right-based friendly services as perceived by exit male and female adolescents, caregivers, and health workers at the Tanzanian health services delivery points as they were the ones who would share their opinions to establish a diversified and representative reality about the matter based on sex.MethodsThis was a multicentric study among 205 randomly selected participants in eleven selected health facilities within the three regions of Tanzania including Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, and Kigoma regions using a one-time descriptive cross-sectional design with a quantitative research approach from 01 to 30 November 2022. Triangulation technique of data collection activities using structured questionnaires and observation checklist adopted from the Tanzanian Ministry of Health was used to collect data. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 data entry templates (Sa PSS – 26) were used to analyze data descriptively to establish frequencies and percentages.ResultsResults indicated that 205 participants were assessed in this study with a response rate of 100%. Exit adolescents (46%); health workers in dispensaries (60%), and community members (42%) were more likely to confirm the availability of functional SRH right-based adolescent and youth-friendly services at the health services delivery points. The SRH displays (50%); adolescent rights (6%) and confidentiality (5%) were the least reported functional SRH aspects by the study participants. It was noted that the 11 health services delivery points in their totality did not fully implement the National standards in providing the services to adolescents and youth of which standards III (54.0%) and VIII (46.1%) scored the lowest.ConclusionThe results of this study have uncovered that there is disperities in the availability and accessibility of functional SRH right-based adolescent and youth-friendly services across the levels of health facilities; among adolescents and community members. Hospitals were more likely to confirm the availability of Functional Right Based Youth Friendly Services than at health centers and dispensaries with female adolescents, youth, and community members being disadvantaged. There is a need to address issues of differentials in equity to the accessibility of services among adolescents, youth, and community members by improving functional sexual and reproductive health and right-based friendly services provision infrastructures, health care workers capacity building, and mechanisms or approaches to increase adolescents’ access and uptake to SRHR services.

Ask Your Relative: A mixed method analysis of the Sexual Health and Healthy Relationship Q&As submitted by American Indian Alaska Native young adults

BackgroundDisparities in sexual health outcomes persist among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) youth due to intersectional challenges accessing youth-friendly health services. AIAN youth have an increased prevalence of STIs and teen pregnancy. To address disparities in sexual health outcomes, the Ask Auntie/Ask Your Relative (AYR) Q&A service has been used by AIAN youth and young adults for over seven years as a trusted resource for information on sensitive health topics. There is a continued need to better understand the health-seeking behaviors of AIAN youth, especially those related to healthy relationships and sexual health, to improve the alignment of health resources to their needs.MethodsThis mixed-method study began with two phases. Phase 1 involved an analysis of all AYR data using Google Analytics and basic frequency counts. Phase 2 reviewed all questions and answers related to sexual health and healthy relationships (N = 240) using thematic analysis, NVivo 12.0, and intersectionality, guided by the social determinants of health. All AYR answers were coded based on type, name/location, number of times viewed, and examples. The final step of the analytic process was to utilize an intersectional approach and socioecological model (Individual, Community, Tribe/Nation, and World) to create a visual model with results.ResultsPhase 1—Since We R Native began tracking AYR data, the service has been utilized by 2.37 M users, with 1.16 M unique pageviews. The average time on the page was 4 min and 46 s. The number of AYR questions submitted varied by year, and were most frequent in 2016, then decreased in subsequent years. In Phase 2, the main themes identified in AYR questions were (1) Reaching Out for Help, (2) Identity and Physical Development, and (3) Healthy Relationships. Analysis of the Q&A answers identified 244 resources, and of these, 100 were Native-specific. The context-specific resources represented 21 uniquely coded health topics, ranging from women's health to behavioral health.ConclusionsThe broad range of healthy relationship and sexual health questions submitted to the AYR service reflects the types of health information that AIAN young adults want to know about. Resources provided in response to their questions connected Q&A viewers to a wide variety of organizations and programs designed to support AIAN young adults in their health and wellness journey. Findings from this study may be useful for creating additional culturally tailored resources.

Preventive measures against HIV among Uganda's youth: Strategies, implementation, and effectiveness.

Preventing HIV among Uganda's youth is a critical public health priority due to the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the disproportionate burden of new infections among young people. This paper examines the preventive measures implemented to combat HIV/AIDS among Uganda's youth, focusing on strategies, implementation efforts, and the effectiveness of interventions. Comprehensive sexuality education programs have been implemented in schools and communities to provide young people with accurate information on HIV transmission, prevention methods, and reproductive health. Condom distribution and promotion campaigns target sexually active youth, while HIV testing and counseling services aim to reach youth in various settings, including health facilities and community outreaches. The implementation of HIV prevention strategies involves collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, healthcare providers, educators, and community leaders. Efforts are made to ensure that prevention programs are culturally appropriate, evidence-based, and responsive to the needs of young people. Despite progress in HIV prevention, challenges persist, including knowledge gaps, stigma, gender inequalities, and socio-economic factors. Continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential to assess the impact of interventions and identify areas for improvement. Recommendations include increasing funding for HIV prevention programs, strengthening policy frameworks, enhancing access to youth-friendly health services, integrating comprehensive sexuality education into school curricula, and fostering community engagement. By addressing these recommendations, Uganda can strengthen its HIV prevention efforts and reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS among its youth population, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes and well-being.

Adolescent reproductive health care services: knowledge, perspectives, and challenges among service providers in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria

Adolescence is a phase of life characterized by several reproductive health challenges that require support to navigate. However, access to adolescent and youth-friendly health service (AYFHS) centers to provide this support is limited. Perspective of healthcare workers (HCW) towards understanding the challenges to service provision has not been systematically documented. This study therefore documents the perspectives of HCWs on the types of services accessed by adolescents, and associated challenges in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. The facility-based descriptive qualitative study used an in-depth interview guide among program officers in the 11 youth-friendly health centers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. The provision of HIV prevention services and AYFHS was appropriate while adolescents have preferences for facilities where their confidentiality is protected, and other needs are met. Reported challenges were lack of privacy, high cost of transportation to facilities, high staff attrition, poor awareness of the facilities and services, and parental consent. Suggestions for improvement included prolonged retention of youth-friendly trained staff, better client confidentiality, and economic empowerment of the adolescents to access services when needed. While the providers’ perspective on AYFHS for adolescents was positive, related challenges were also identified. Government and other stakeholders should collaborate to ensure the right environment for accessibility and utilization of AYFHS.

Documenting the availability and accessibility of reproductive health services for youth in Albania

Abstract Youth in Albania are initiating sexual activity at an earlier age. However, use of all forms of contraception has declined in the last decade and uptake now stands at 4%. The self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms has risen dramatically, as has reliance on abortion as a predominant method of family planning. In 2020-2022, we conducted a multi-method qualitative study in Albania to document the availability and accessibility of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and examine challenges that youth face when seeking SRH care. This study comprised a document review, a curriculum review, a community-based survey with 273 youth, semi-structured interviews with 15 youth, semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants, and a service mapping exercise in Tirana. Lack of adequate infrastructure and bureaucratic hurdles make it difficult for youth to navigate and access SRH services in Albania. A third of survey participants (n = 90, 33%) expressed discomfort inquiring about SRH matters, while nearly two-thirds rarely or never sought SRH services from a doctor or clinic. Furthermore, Albania’s school-based sexuality education curriculum lacks in topics, content, and responsiveness, resulting in inconsistent learning experiences and limited knowledge of SRH. Sexuality education is primarily focused on the anatomy and physiology of reproduction, leading to significant knowledge gaps in other aspects of SRH. Only half of survey participants (n = 150, 55%) had received any education on birth control, contraception, or family planning; and only few had knowledge about gender identity (n = 103, 38%), or consent (n = 77; 28%). Widespread lack of awareness and fear of judgment contribute to the underutilization of SRH services among youth in Albania. Improving knowledge and awareness, alongside investing in infrastructure and capacities, are essential to enhancing accessibility and quality of SRH services for Albanian youth. Key messages • Lack of knowledge and awareness prevent youth from accessing SRH services. • Establishing youth-friendly services and training health providers and educators are crucial to delivering confidential and non-judgmental youth-friendly SRH care.

Barriers and facilitators of transition of adolescents living with HIV into adult care in under-resourced settings of Southern Ethiopia: a qualitative study

BackgroundAdolescence is commonly perceived as a distinct and typically healthy stage of life. However, in regions with a high prevalence of HIV, like Ethiopia, numerous adolescents are contracting the virus. Upon testing and diagnosis, they encounter care-related issues, particularly barriers and facilitators of the healthcare transition from adolescent to adult clinics. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the barriers and facilitators influencing the transition of adolescents living with HIV (ALWHs) in the resource-limited settings of Southern Ethiopia.MethodsThe research employed a phenomenological study design with a qualitative methodology. Purposive sampling was used to gather data through in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FDGs) involving ALWHs and their parents. The data analysis followed Van Manen’s principles.ResultsFollowing Van Manen’s guidelines, the data analysis revealed a conceptual framework with two major themes: “Barriers” and “Facilitators”. The theme barrier was derived from three sub-themes including behavioral barriers, social barriers, and system barriers in the transition. The theme facilitator was derived from four sub-themes including self-acceptance as an adult, a desire to experience new things, a supportive family, and friendly healthcare services. The study identified three levels of factors influencing the transition into adult clinics: individual, family/peer, and healthcare-related factors. The barriers to transition included lack of knowledge, being in a romantic relationship, psychosocial struggles, perceiving us as immature, stigma, negative peer pressure, lack of timely disclosure, absence of transition guidelines, disrespectful treatment, and absence of separate clinics. On the other hand, facilitators such as self-acceptance as an adult, desire for new experiences, family support, informed support and promising outcomes, flexible appointment scheduling, and psycho-social support groups were found to improve the transition process and enhance the overall well-being of adolescents living with HIV.ConclusionThe study highlights the complex transition process for ALWHs into adult healthcare. Barriers such as lack of knowledge, stigma, and disrespectful treatment pose challenges during this critical period. Conversely, facilitators like self-acceptance, family support, and youth-friendly healthcare services can enhance the transition experience and well-being of ALWHs. Collaborative efforts among ALWHs, families, and healthcare providers are crucial for successful transitions and improved health outcomes. Separated clinics catering to the unique needs of ALWHs are recommended to address privacy concerns.

Spatial distribution of teenage pregnancy and its associated factors in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis of EDHS 2019

BackgroundOne of the reasons for the high rates of maternal and child morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa is the rising proportion of teenage pregnancy. Preventing teenage pregnancy is critical to meeting sustainable development goal number three which aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. To support the achievement of this goal, this study aimed to assess the spatial variation and factors associated with teenage pregnancy in Ethiopia using the recent nationally representative data.MethodsA secondary data analysis of the 2019 Ethiopian mini Demographic and Health Survey was conducted with a total weighted sample of 2211 (unweighted 2100) teenagers. The Bernoulli model was fitted using SaTScan version 9.6 to identify hotspot areas and the geospatial pattern and prediction of teenage pregnancy were mapped using ArcGIS version 10.7. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with teenage pregnancy among teenagers. Adjusted OR with 95% CI was calculated and variables having a p-value less than 0.05 were statistically significant factors of teenage pregnancy.ResultThe prevalence of teenage pregnancy among adolescents aged 15–19 years in Ethiopia was 12.89% (95% CI: 11.56%, 14.36%). The SaTScan analysis identified a primary cluster in the Gambella region of Ethiopia (log-likelihood ratio = 14.02, p < 0.001). A high prevalence of teenage pregnancy was observed in Somalia, Afar, Gambella, and the southern part of the Oromia regions of Ethiopia. Age, educational status- primary and secondary, religion- protestant, having television, contraceptive knowledge, household head-female, and region- Small peripheral were significant determinants of teenage pregnancy.ConclusionThe spatial distribution of teenage pregnancy in Ethiopia was nonrandom. Age, educational status, religion, having television, contraceptive knowledge, sex of household head, and region were significant determinants of teenage pregnancy. Therefore, concerned government bodies and other stakeholders should organize periodic educational campaigns and youth-friendly reproductive health services. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, and religious and community leaders could also form a strategic partnership that makes interventions more comprehensive, culturally sensitive, and effective in reducing teenage pregnancy.

Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Youth-Friendly Clinic for Young People Living with HIV Transitioning from Pediatric Care.

(1) Background: Adolescents and young adults face challenges when transitioning to adult care due to emerging adulthood and changing providers and insurance. Young people living with HIV (YPLHIV) have additional obstacles with mental health and stigma. During transition, only 55% of YPLHIV are retained in care, and 65% are virally suppressed. To address these challenges, the Adolescent and Young Adult Health Care Transition Clinic (AYAHCTC) was created at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2017. This mixed methods study evaluates the initial cohort and solicits YPLHIVs' perspectives on transition barriers and facilitators. (2) Methods: Quantitative analyses (n = 21) characterized patients' demographics, clinical engagement, and retention. Qualitative interviews (n = 5) captured patients' transition experiences. (3) Results: This study, conducted in the Southeastern USA, included a cohort where 47.6% were born abroad, with all participants being US citizens by birth or naturalization. Patients' mean age at first visit was 19.6 years. The average AYAHCTC duration was 2.21 years. First-year engagement and retention were 100% and 95.5%, respectively. Viral suppression rates improved from 66.7% at the first visit to 81.0% at the last visit. Eleven patients transitioned out of AYAHCTC. Qualitative analyses indicate that barriers to transition include leaving trusted providers, reduced parental guidance, developing autonomy, and perceived loss of confidentiality in adult clinic environment. Transition was facilitated by youth-friendly services, clear communication, and strong relationships with AYAHCTC providers. (4) Conclusions: YPLHIV positively viewed AYAHCTC experiences. Future directions include optimizing services to build YPLHIVs' independence, supporting YPLHIV experiencing stigma, assuaging concerns about switching providers, collaborating with adult clinics to maintain confidentiality, and designing interventions focused on adherence during transition.

Understanding Youth Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in Uganda: Social, Economic, and Behavioural Dimensions

This review examines the multifaceted vulnerability of Ugandan youth to HIV/AIDS, emphasising the interplay of social, economic, and behavioural dimensions. Through a comprehensive analysis of HIV prevalence rates, trends, regional variations, and gender disparities, the review highlights key risk factors, including peer pressure, cultural norms, stigma, economic hardship, and substance use. It underscores the critical role of gender dynamics, with female youth facing unique challenges such as gender-based violence and economic dependence, while LGBTQ+ youth encounter compounded risks due to societal stigma and inadequate services. We also explore the disparities between rural and urban youth in access to information and services, uncovering significant barriers they face. Youth-led initiatives are critical in addressing these challenges, with peer education programs, youth-friendly services, and innovative digital campaigns all playing a crucial role in prevention efforts. We discuss barriers to youth participation, such as stigma, cultural norms, and educational gaps, and discuss strategies to overcome them, like culturally sensitive education and improved access to resources. We highlight the role of schools and educational institutions, emphasising the importance of integrating comprehensive sex education, school-based health services, and extracurricular activities to foster awareness and preventive behaviours. The review also highlights the importance of youth advocacy and leadership in shaping inclusive policies and driving effective interventions. We present economic empowerment strategies, including skills training andmicrofinance, as complementary to health-focused efforts by addressing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. The review concludes by advocating for a holistic approach that combines education, economic empowerment, gender-sensitive interventions, and collaborative partnerships among government, NGOs, civil society, and the private sector to effectively reduce HIV prevalence and improve the well-being of Ugandan youth. Keywords: Youth, HIV/AIDS, Uganda, social, economic, and behavioural dimensions

Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) and HIV/AIDS Prevention among Youth in East Africa

Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) is a pivotal strategy for reducing HIV/AIDS prevalence among youth in East Africa, where the growing young population presents significant challenges for effective prevention. This review examines the role of CSE in equipping young people with essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes to make informed decisions about their sexual health. We explore the importance of culturally relevant and evidence-based curricula, the impact of teacher training programmes, and the integration of CSE into both school and community settings. We highlight the crucial role of youth-friendly health services in providing accessible and confidential care and identify peer education and youth-led initiatives as key strategies for engaging and empowering young people in HIV prevention. We examine the role of economic empowerment strategies, such as microfinance and vocational training, in reducing HIV vulnerability. We discuss gender-sensitive approaches to address the unique needs of different genders, including LGBTQ+ youth. The review also explores the potential of innovative technologies and digital solutions, such as mobile health applications and social media campaigns, to enhance HIV prevention efforts. The review emphasises community engagement and support systems, policy advocacy, and research as essential components for a comprehensive response. By integrating these diverse strategies, the review underscores the need for a multi-faceted approach to effectively address HIV/AIDS among youth in East Africa, ultimately aiming to improve health outcomes and achieve sustainable prevention goals. Keywords: Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE), HIV/AIDS, Youth, East Africa

Determinants of Contraceptive Use Among Teenage Girls Aged (15-19) in Eastern Province, Zambia

Access to sexual and reproductive health information and services among the young people remains a highly contested issue in many traditional societies Zambia included. Access to youth-friendly health services such as contraceptives is vital for ensuring the well-being of adolescents. This study endeavoured to establish determinants of contraceptive use among teenage girls aged 15 to 19 years in Eastern Province, Zambia. This was a mixed methods study that employed a sequential explanatory design. In the quantitative arm, the study utilized the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) women&amp;apos;s dataset for Eastern Province, focusing on 326 teenage girls aged 15-19 years. The ZDHS data collection was done using multiple cluster sampling method and through household survey. The qualitative arm involved 6 focus group discussions with parents, 4 interviews with teachers and 6 interviews with healthcare providers in Petauke district. Contraceptive prevalence rate, and socio-economic and demographic factors influencing contraceptive use were measured in the quantitative part. The perception on teenage contraceptive use among key influencers was assessed in the qualitative arm. The prevalence of contraceptive use among teenage girls in Eastern province was at16%. Age, marital status, parity, visiting a health facility, being visited by a health provider and hearing about family planning on radio were significantly associated with contraceptive use (p&amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, teenage girls who had ever been married had higher odds of contraceptive use than unmarried ones (AOR 3.57, 95% CI, 1.59, 8.01, p = 0.002). Further, those who heard about family planning at the health facility (AOR 2.37, 95% CI, 1.08, 5.21, p = 0.031) and those who heard on radio (AOR 2.55, 95% CI, 1.05-6.19, p = 0.038) had higher odds of contraceptive use than those who did not. The qualitative results found that most parents and teachers opposed the use of contraceptive by teenagers, while health providers supported it. Barriers to contraceptive use included religious beliefs, personal beliefs of healthcare providers, myths and misconceptions, and the fear of social stigma by teenagers. Whether or not adolescents have access to contraceptives, the decision to use them is heavily influenced by parents, and to some extent, teachers and health providers. Therefore, it is important to implement comprehensive educational programs not only for teenagers, but also for parents, teachers and healthcare providers, dispelling myths about contraceptives.

Youth-friendly health service in Ethiopia: Assessment of care friendliness and user's satisfaction.

Health facilities' level of readiness to provide adolescent and youth-friendly health services (AYFHS) is crucial for preventing and reducing teenage pregnancies and maternal mortality. This study examined friendliness and satisfaction with AYFHS among users. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 419 adolescents and youths recruited from six health institutions in the East Shewa Zone, Oromia region, and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from August 1 to October 28, 2022. Based on the WHO Quality Assessment Guidebook, the friendliness of AYFHS was evaluated as a proxy for the quality of care. Descriptive measures were computed to summarize the participants' socio-demographic characteristics. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the potential association between each independent variable and client satisfaction. The type, magnitude, and precision of association were presented using an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and a p-value of < 0.05 ascertained statistical significance. The overall friendliness was 69%: Specifically, 82% of the participants stated the service was accessible, 72% said it was acceptable, and 90% thought it was effective. However, only 33% and 34% of respondents reported the services were equitable and appropriate respectively. The overall satisfaction with AYFHS was 25.3%. Increased age (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.86), being female (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.04-0.33), no prior information about AYFHS (AOR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.10-0.44), and higher number of sexual partners (AOR = 0.3, 95%CI: 0.21-0.65) were factors statistically associated with client satisfaction with AYFHS. The overall quality of AYFHS was sub-optimal and did not meet the four components of WHO's good quality standards; equity, appropriateness, acceptability, and accessibility must be improved. Female and older adolescents and youths and those with a higher number of sexual partners should be targeted for intervention.

"I want to be healthy and move on": A qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral treatment adherence among young adult survivors with perinatal HIV in Thailand.

We know that HIV treatment outcome depends on antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence. Young adults with perinatal HIV (YPHIV) who survived have endured various adherence challenges in their adolescent years. While some of them could maintain perfect adherence with sustainable virologic suppression, many experienced one or more episodes of virologic failure. We explored factors affecting ART adherence from real-life experiences of YPHIV. A qualitative study was conducted between June and November 2022. Twenty YPHIV aged 21-29 years with a history of virologic failure and resumed virologic suppression during adolescent years were invited to share their experiences through individual in-depth interviews. Audio records were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. We divided excerpts into two themes: barriers and facilitators to ART adherence. The socio-ecological model was used to frame subthemes at personal, societal, and healthcare system levels. Most barriers to adherence were concentrated at the personal level, including work/study-related conditions, personal entertainment, medication issues, mental health problems, thought, and belief. At the societal level, social activities and fear of HIV disclosure were frequently mentioned as barriers. Medical care cost was the only identified barrier at the healthcare system level. The facilitators to adherence at the personal level included perceiving health deterioration, being afraid of hospitalization and medical procedures, and wishing to be healthy and move on. At the same time, perceived family support and determination to complete family without HIV transmission were identified as facilitators at the societal level. Service behaviors of healthcare providers were mentioned as facilitators to adherence at the healthcare system level. From this study, most factors associated with non-adherence in adolescents were at the personal level, and the fear of HIV disclosure was critical at the societal level. The key facilitator to adherence was the determination to be healthy and have a promising future. Our findings reinforce the importance of establishing youth-friendly services in the existing HIV care setting. More time allocation for tailored individual counseling, using other novel approaches like mHealth, online media, and involvement of social support from different sectors might be beneficial to maximize adherence self-efficacy during the transitional period of YPHIV.

The effect of youth-friendly health services on risk of pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in Lilongwe, Malawi: a secondary analysis of the girl power-Malawi study.

In sub-Saharan Africa, adolescent girls and young women aged 15-24 (AGYW) experience high risk of early and unintended pregnancy. We assessed the impact of youth-friendly health services (YFHS) on pregnancy risk among AGYW who participated in the Girl Power study. In 2016, Girl Power randomly assigned four government-run health centers in Lilongwe, Malawi, to provide a standard (n=1) or youth-friendly (n=3) model of service delivery. At six and 12 months, study participants (n=250 at each health center) self-reported their current pregnancy status and received a urine pregnancy test. Because of missing pregnancy test results, we used multiple imputation to correct for outcome misclassification in self-reported pregnancy status, and applied the parametric g-formula on the corrected data to estimate the effect of YFHS on the 12-month risk of pregnancy. After correcting for outcome misclassification, the risk of pregnancy under the scenario where all health centers offered YFHS was 15.8% compared to 23.2% under the scenario where all health centers offered standard of care (risk difference: -7.3%, 95% CI: -15.5%, 0.8%). Access to a model of YFHS that integrates provider training with youth-friendly clinic modifications and community outreach activities may decrease risk of pregnancy among AGYW relative to standard of care.

High STI burden among a cohort of adolescents aged 12-19 years in a youth-friendly clinic in South Africa.

Adolescents face a higher risk for HIV, STIs, and unintended pregnancy than any other age group in sub-Saharan Africa, and have unique health care needs as they navigate this period of growth and developmental milestones. We conducted the Youth Friendly Services study among adolescents in Rustenburg, South Africa to address some of these concerns. Participants aged 12-19 were followed quarterly for 12 months, asked at baseline about demographics, their sexual behavior, and tested for HIV, STIs, and pregnancy (girls). Report of sexual activity was not a requirement for enrollment. Assent and parental consent were obtained for participants under 18. Some follow up visits fell during COVID-mandated shutdowns, and we worked with participants to reschedule and extend follow up as appropriate. Here we present data on reported behaviors, participant attrition, risk of HIV, other STI, and pregnancy. From May 2018 to August 2019, we enrolled 223 HIV-negative, non-pregnant adolescents (64% girls). The median age was 17 (IQR: 14-18). Among the 119 (53%) participants who reported being sexually active at baseline, the median age at first sex was 16 years (IQR: 15-17). During follow-up, an additional 16 (7%) participants reported having their first sexual encounter. Among the sexually active participants, the incidence of HIV was 1.5 cases / 100 person-years at risk (PYAR, 95% CI: 0.4-6.0), the incidence of chlamydia was 15.7 cases (95% CI: 10.1-24.4), gonorrhea was 4.7 cases (95% CI: 2.1-10.5), and HSV was 6.3 cases (95% CI: 3.1-12.6); we observed no cases of incident syphilis. The incidence of pregnancy among sexually active girls was 15.0 pregnancies / 100 PYAR (95% CI: 8.5-26.5). Despite small numbers, the incidence of most STIs was significantly higher in females compared to males. We also observed two pregnancies and 5 incident STIs among participants who reported never having had sex, these tended to be younger participants. From March to September 2020, the clinic was shut down for COVID-19, and 53 study visits were postponed. Follow up was concluded in November 2020, a total of 19 participants were lost to follow up, however only one participant dropped off-study during COVID-19 shutdowns. Retention at the final visit was 91.5%. We successfully completed a prospective study of adolescents to learn more about the risks they face as they navigate sexual debut in the context of a program of youth-friendly counseling and services. Among self-reported sexually active participants, we observed a high rate of HIV, STI and pregnancy, however we also observed pregnancy and STIs among those who reported no sexual activity.

Effectiveness of integrating HIV prevention within sexual reproductive health services with or without peer support among adolescents and young adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Isisekelo Sempilo): 2 × 2 factorial, open-label, randomised controlled trial

Approximately 200 000 South Africans acquired HIV in 2021 despite the availability of universal HIV test and treat and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health services or peer support, or both, on the uptake of serostatus neutral HIV services or reduction of sexually transmissible HIV. We did an open-label, 2 × 2 randomised factorial trial among young people in a mostly rural area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Inclusion criteria included being aged 16-29 years, living in the mapped geographical areas that were accessible to the area-based peer navigators, being willing and able to provide informed consent, and being willing to provide a dried blood spot for anonymous HIV testing and HIV viral load measurement at 12 months. Participants were randomly allocated by computer-generated algorithm to one of four groups: those in the standard-of-care group were referred to youth-friendly services for differentiated HIV prevention (condoms, universal HIV test and treat with antiretroviral therapy, and PrEP if eligible); those in the sexual and reproductive health services group received baseline self-collected specimens for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and referral to integrated sexual and reproductive health and HIV prevention services; those in the peer support group were referred to peer navigators for health promotion, condom provision, and facilitation of attendance for differentiated HIV prevention services; and those in the final group received a combination of sexual and reproductive health services and peer support. Coprimary outcomes were linkage to clinical services within 60 days of enrolment, proportion of participants who had sexually transmissible HIV at 12 months after enrolment, and proportion of sampled individuals who consented to participation and gave a dried blood spot for HIV testing at 12 months. Logistic regression was used for analyses, and adjusted for age, sex, and rural or peri-urban area of residence. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04532307) and is closed. Between March 2, 2020, and July 7, 2022, 1743 (75·7%) of 2301 eligible individuals were enrolled and followed up. 12-month dried blood spots were collected from 1168 participants (67·0%). The median age of the participants was 21 years (IQR 18-25), 51·4% were female, and 51·1% had secondary level education. Baseline characteristics and 12-month outcome ascertainment were similar between groups. 755 (43·3%) linked to services by 60 days. 430 (49·8%) of 863 who were in the sexual reproductive health services group were linked to care compared with 325 (36·9%) of 880 who were not in the sexual and reproductive health services group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·68; 95% CI 1·39-2·04); peer support had no effect: 385 (43·5%) of 858 compared with 370 (43·1%) of 885 (1·02, 0·84-1·23). At 12 months, 227 (19%) tested ELISA-positive for HIV, of whom 41 (18%) had viral loads of 400 copies per mL; overall prevalence of transmissible HIV was 3·5%. 22 (3·7%) of 578 participants in the sexual and reproductive health services group had transmissible HIV compared with 19 (3·3%) of 590 not in the sexual and reproductive health services group (aOR 1·12; 95% CI 0·60-2·11). The findings were also non-significant for peer support: 21 (3·3%) of 565 compared with 20 (3·3%) of 603 (aOR 1·03; 95% CI 0·55-1·94). There were no serious adverse events or deaths during the study. This study provides evidence that STI testing and sexual and reproductive health services create demand for serostatus neutral HIV prevention in adolescents and young adults in Africa. STI testing and integration of HIV and sexual health has the potential to reach those at risk and tackle unmet sexual health needs. US National Institute of Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and 3ie.

Characterizing models of adolescent and youth-friendly health services in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.

This scoping review provides an up-to-date overview of the evidence on adolescent and youth-friendly health services (AYFHS) in sub-Saharan African countries. We conducted a search of four databases and grey literature sources to identify English language publications from January 1, 2005, to December 14th, 2022. The review synthesized evidence on the models and characteristics of AYFHS, the application of World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and whether AYFHS have improved young people's health outcomes. In total, 77 sources were included in the review, representing 47 AYFHS initiatives spanning 19 countries, and three multi-country reports. Most commonly, AYFHS were delivered in public health facilities and focused on sexual and reproductive health, with limited application of WHO standards. Some evidence suggested that AYFHS increased young people's health service utilization and contraceptives uptake. There is a clear need to strengthen and develop innovative and multi-pronged approaches to delivering and evaluating AYFHS in this region.

Youth-friendly health services utilization and associated factors among youths in Dinsho district, southeast Ethiopia

Youth-friendly health services utilization and associated factors among youths in Dinsho district, southeast Ethiopia

Empowering youth through sexuality and leadership education: Approaches and outcomes

Empowering youth through sexuality and leadership education is crucial for their holistic development and well-being. This paper provides an overview of approaches and outcomes related to empowering youth in these areas. Effective approaches to empowering youth through sexuality and leadership education include comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), youth-friendly services, peer education, and leadership training. CSE equips young people with accurate, age-appropriate information about sexuality, relationships, and reproductive health, enabling them to make informed decisions. Youth-friendly services provide confidential, nonjudgmental health services tailored to young people's needs. Peer education involves young people teaching their peers about sexual and reproductive health, encouraging open dialogue. Leadership training fosters skills such as communication, decision-making, and advocacy, empowering youth to become leaders in their communities. Empowering youth through sexuality and leadership education leads to various positive outcomes. It improves sexual and reproductive health outcomes, including reduced rates of unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and HIV/AIDS. It also promotes gender equality and empowerment, as young people learn about their rights and how to challenge harmful gender norms. Additionally, sexuality and leadership education enhance young people's self-esteem, communication skills, and ability to make informed decisions, preparing them for future leadership roles. Empowering youth through sexuality and leadership education is essential for their development and well-being. By providing comprehensive education and support, we can help young people navigate challenges, make healthy choices, and become empowered leaders in their communities.