Youth Compendium Research Articles

Analysis of Social Cognitive Theory in predicting Physical Activity Among Adolescents in Depok City, West Java Province, Indonesia: Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Introduction: The proportion lack of physical activity (PA) among adolescents worldwide is increasing. Many studies have analyzed the behavioral determinants of PA among adolescents, but research that analyzes the relationship of all determinants in a conceptual framework is still limited. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is one of the concepts that is used as the basis for developing interventions to increase PA in the population. The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effect of SCT constructs on PA among adolescents in Depok City. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted. A total of 351 high-school students (aged 14-19 years) completed the questionnaire. The PA level was measured using the Three-Day PA Recall (3DPAR) questionnaire and the data obtained were converted into METs using the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was applied to analyze the relationship between SCT variables and PA in adolescents. Results: Self-efficacy had positive effects on outcome expectation (ρ=0.880, P-value 0.000), self-regulation (ρ= 0.243, P-value 0.000), social support (ρ=0.910, P-value 0.000) and PA (ρ=0.489, P-value 0.000). Self-efficacy had negative effect on perceived barriers (ρ=-0.919, P-value 0.000), Outcome expectation had positive effects on PA (ρ=0.919, P-value 0.000) and self-regulation (ρ=0.137, P-value 0.026). Self-regulation had positive effect on PA (ρ=0.188, P-value 0.004). Social support had positive effect on self-regulation (ρ=0.320, P-value 0.000). Perceived barriers had negative effect on self-regulation (ρ=-0.248, P value 0.003). Conclusion: Self-efficacy had the strongest effect on PA, but did not have indirect effect on PA through outcome expectations and self-regulation.

Impact of COVID-19 on Well-Being and Physical Activity in Ugandan Children With and Without HIV.

The present study aims to understand the socioeconomic and physical activity impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children living with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and without HIV (HIV-) in Kampala (Uganda). The authors included children aged 10-18years who filled out questionnaires at baseline (2017-2018, prepandemic) and 2years later (March 2020-January 2021, pandemic) in an observational cohort study at Joint Clinical Research Centre (Kampala). Physical activity energy expenditure was calculated using a youth compendium from the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research. Descriptive and standard test statistics including Kruskal-Wallis were used. One hundred and ninety-eight children from Kampala Uganda were included prepandemic (101 PHIV and 97 HIV-); 131 (71 PHIV and 60 HIV-) had information collected during the pandemic. At baseline, median and interquartile range age was 13years (11; 15), and 52% were females. During the pandemic, overall weekly physical activity increased by a median of 854minutes (interquartile range: 270-1890), and energy expenditures increased by 16% in both PHIV and in HIV- (P < .001 for groups overall prepandemic vs pandemic). The authors found in this Ugandan cohort of children that children engaged in more physical activity. Further research is warranted to understand the long-term effects of the pandemic on children's well-being.

Physical activity classification table for Korean youth: using the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities in the United States

Physical activity classification table for Korean youth: using the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities in the United States

A Comparison Of Two Qualitative MVPA Scoring Protocols: Youth Met Y Cut-points Require Further Exploration

Qualitative measures of activity have been traditionally described utilizing MET values. Notably, activity intensity is categorized as moderate if MET values range from 3.0-5.9; activities with 6.0+ METs are categorized as vigorous-intensity. Recently, the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities was released by an NCCOR workgroup in response to concerns that adult MET energy expenditure values may not accurately account for age differences in basal metabolic rates. However, the Youth Compendium does not currently provide adjusted METy moderate-vigorous activity (MVPA) cut-points for youth, resulting in potential research errors such as over-reporting of a child’s MVPA. PURPOSE: To determine if average MVPA energy expenditure values would significantly differ when two youth scoring protocols (the traditional Three-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) vs. new NCCOR Youth Compendium) were compared across repeated measures in a sample of pre-adolescent girls. METHODS: Study participants completed detailed 7-day PA logs at study baseline (BL), 1-week follow-up (FU1), and 3-month follow-up (FU2). All self-reported activities were coded with MET (3DPAR) or METy (NCCOR Youth Compendium) energy expenditure (EE) values from each protocol’s respective activity repository. Conservatively, if multiple EE values were available per activity, the lowest value was selected. Activities were considered MVPA if MET/METy metrics exceeded 3.0. RESULTS: At all data collection times, mean volume of MVPA was greatest when utilizing the NCCOR protocol. Group differences between the scoring protocols were significant when examining both weekday (BL/FU1/FU2: p < .001) and weekend activity (BL/FU1/FU2: p < .001). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study which provides comparisons of two qualitative MVPA scoring protocols utilizing repeated measures analyses of EE values in youth. Thus, findings may be important to future research using self-report activity data. In the current study, adult cut-points for MVPA were applied to the Youth Compendium scoring protocol, although literature suggests that EE of similar activities is higher for children than adults. Consequently, we urge that higher MVPA cut-points for the Youth Compendium be explored to more accurately capture measures of PA epidemiology in youth.

Utility of the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purposes of this article are to: (a) describe the rationale and development of the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities (Youth Compendium); and (b) discuss the utility of the Youth Compendium for audiences in research, education, community, health care, public health, and the private sector. Methods: The Youth Compendium provides a list of 196 physical activities (PA) categorized by activity types, specific activities, and metabolic costs (youth metabolic equivalents of task [METy]) as measured by indirect calorimetry. The utility of the Youth Compendium was assessed by describing ways in which it can be used by a variety of audiences. Results: Researchers can use METy values to estimate PA levels and determine changes in PA in intervention studies. Educators can ask students to complete PA records to determine time spent in physical activities and to identify health-enhancing activities for classroom PA breaks. Community leaders, parents, and health care professionals can identify activity types that promote healthful behaviors. Public health agencies can use the METy values for surveillance and as a resource to inform progress toward meeting national physical activity guidelines. Applications for the private sector include the use of METy in PA trackers and other applications. Conclusion: The National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research Web site presents the Youth Compendium and related materials to facilitate measurement of the energy cost of nearly 200 physical activities in children and youth. The Youth Compendium provides a way to standardize energy costs in children and youth and has application for a wide variety of audiences.

A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities: Activity Codes and Metabolic Intensities

A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities: Activity Codes and Metabolic Intensities

A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities: Activity Codes and Metabolic Intensities.

A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities (Youth Compendium) was developed to estimate the energy costs of physical activities using data on youth only. On the basis of a literature search and pooled data of energy expenditure measurements in youth, the energy costs of 196 activities were compiled in 16 activity categories to form a Youth Compendium of Physical Activities. To estimate the intensity of each activity, measured oxygen consumption (V˙O2) was divided by basal metabolic rate (Schofield age-, sex-, and mass-specific equations) to produce a youth MET (METy). A mixed linear model was developed for each activity category to impute missing values for age ranges with no observations for a specific activity. This Youth Compendium consists of METy values for 196 specific activities classified into 16 major categories for four age-groups, 6-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18 yr. METy values in this Youth Compendium were measured (51%) or imputed (49%) from youth data. This Youth Compendium of Physical Activities uses pediatric data exclusively, addresses the age dependency of METy, and imputes missing METy values and thus represents advancement in physical activity research and practice. This Youth Compendium will be a valuable resource for stakeholders interested in evaluating interventions, programs, and policies designed to assess and encourage physical activity in youth.

Energy Expenditure of Common Sedentary Activities in Youth.

Standardized measures of energy expenditure (EE) for sedentary activities in youth are needed. The goal was to determine EE of common contemporary and computer-related sedentary activities in youth. We measured EE for sedentary tasks in 10- to 17-year-old youths (n = 24) during ~24 hours in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Directly monitored tasks were performed for ~10-min. EE was calculated from oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced, converted to metabolic equivalents (MET) by normalization to an individual's measured resting EE, and compared with the Compendium of Energy Expenditures for Youth. Compared with the youth compendium, measured METs were lower for internet surfing (1.3), computer keyboard typing (1.3), and sorting beads/crafts (1.5) (all P < .002), and similar for handwriting (1.4), playing cards (1.6), video-gaming (1.6), and telephoning (1.5). Current youth compendium MET estimates should be used with caution when predicting EE of common contemporary and computer-related sedentary activities in youth.

Metabolic Equivalents of Selected Sedentary and Physical Activities in Chinese Youth.

This study determined the metabolic equivalents (METs) of several activities typically performed by Chinese youth. Thirty youth (12 years) performed 7 activities that reflected their daily activities while Energy Expenditure (EE) was measured in a metabolic chamber. METs were calculated as activity EE divided by participant's measured resting metabolic rate. A MET value ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 was obtained for sleeping, watching TV, playing computer games, reading and doing homework. Performing radio gymnastics had a MET value of 2.9. Jumping rope at low effort required 3.1 METs. Except for watching TV, METs for other activities in this study were lower than Youth Compendium values. The results provide empirical evidence for more accurately assessing EE of activities commonly performed by Chinese youth. This is the first study to determine METs for radio gymnastics and jump rope in Chinese youth.

Youth Energy Expenditure During Common Free-Living Activities and Treadmill Walking.

Energy expenditure (EE) estimates for a broad age range of youth performing a variety of activities are needed. 106 participants (6-18 years) completed 6 free-living activities (seated rest, movie watching, coloring, stair climbing, basketball dribbling, jumping jacks) and up to 9 treadmill walking bouts (13.4 to 120.7 m/min; 13.4 m/min increments). Breath-by-breath oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured using the COSMED K4b2 and EE was quantified as youth metabolic equivalents (METy1:VO2/measured resting VO2, METy2:VO2/estimated resting VO2). Age trends were evaluated with ANOVA. Seated movie watching produced the lowest mean METy1 (6- to 9-year-olds: 0.94 ± 0.13) and METy2 values (13- to 15-year-olds: 1.10 ± 0.19), and jumping jacks produced the highest mean METy1 (13- to 15-year-olds: 6.89 ± 1.47) and METy2 values (16- to 18-year-olds: 8.61 ± 2.03). Significant age-related variability in METy1 and METy2 were noted for 8 and 2 of the 15 evaluated activities, respectively. Descriptive EE data presented herein will augment the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities.

Developmental Trends in the Energy Cost of Physical Activities Performed by Youth.

Published energy cost data for children and adolescents are lacking. The purpose of this study was to measure and describe developmental trends in the energy cost of 12 physical activities commonly performed by youth. A mixed age cohort of 209 participants completed 12 standardized activity trials on 4 occasions over a 3-year period (baseline, 12-months, 24-months, and 36-months) while wearing a portable indirect calorimeter. Bayesian hierarchical regression was used to link growth curves from each age cohort into a single curve describing developmental trends in energy cost from age 6 to 18 years. For sedentary and light-intensity household chores, YOUTH METs (METy) remained stable or declined with age. In contrast, METy values associated with brisk walking, running, basketball, and dance increased with age. The reported energy costs for specific activities will contribute to efforts to update and expand the youth compendium.

Energy Cost of Children's Structured and Unstructured Games.

Limited data are available on energy cost of common children's games using measured oxygen consumption. Children (10.6 ± 2.9 years; N = 37; 26 male, 9 female) performed a selection of structured (bowling, juggling, obstacle course, relays, active kickball) and unstructured (basketball, catch, tennis, clothespin tag, soccer) activities for 5 to 30 minutes. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated using Schofield's age- and sex-specific equation. Children wore a portable metabolic unit, which measured expired gases to obtain oxygen consumption (VO2), youth METs (relative VO2/child's calculated RMR), and activity energy expenditure (kcal/kg/min). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Relative VO2 ranged from 16.8 ± 4.6 ml/kg/min (bowling) to 32.2 ± 6.8 ml/kg/min (obstacle course). Obstacle course, relays, active kickball, soccer, and clothespin tag elicited vigorous intensity (>6 METs), the remainder elicited moderate intensity (3-6 METs). This article contributes energy expenditure data for the update and expansion of the youth compendium.

The Energy Cost of Household Chores, Rollerblading, and Riding Scooters in 9- to 14-Year-Old Children.

To improve the scope of the Youth Compendium of Energy Expenditures, a range of everyday activities of varying intensity should be measured. This study measures the energy cost of children undertaking common household chores, rollerblading and riding a foot-propelled scooter. Participants were 9- to 14-year-old children. A metabolic cart was used to measure oxygen cost (VO2) of a variety of household chores. A Cosmed K4b2 portable oxygen analyzer was used to measure VO2 during rollerblading and riding a scooter at self-selected speeds. Energy costs for each participant were calculated as child METs. Mean child MET costs for the household chores ranged from 1.3 to 3.6 METs. Rollerblading and riding a scooter yielded mean child MET costs of 6.5 and 6.3 METs respectively. Household chores were found to be of light to moderate intensity, while rollerblading and riding a scooter were vigorous activities.

Energy Expenditure of Daily Living Activities in 3- to 6-Year-Old Children.

There has been a call for updating the Youth Compendium of Energy Expenditure (YCEE) by including energy expenditure (EE) data of young children (ie, < 6-year-old children). Therefore, this study examined the activity EE in 3 to 6 year old children using indirect calorimetry. Using Oxycon Mobile portable indirect calorimetry, both the oxygen consumption (VO2) and the EE of 28 children (Girls: 46%, Age: 4.8 ± 1.0, BMI: 16.4 ± 1.6) were measured while they performed various daily living activities (eg, watching TV, playing with toys, shooting baskets, soccer). Across physical activities, averages of VO2 (ml·kg·min-1), VO2 (L·min-1), and EE ranged from 8.9 ± 1.5 to 33.3 ± 4.8 ml·kg·min-1, from 0.17 ± 0.04 to 0.64 ± 0.16 L·min-1, and from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 3.2 ± 0.7 kcal·min-1, respectively. These findings will contribute to the upcoming YCEE update.

Energy Cost of Activities in Preschool-Aged Children.

The absolute energy cost of activities in children increase with age due to greater muscle mass and physical capability associated with growth and developmental maturation; however, there is a paucity of data in preschool-aged children. Study aims were 1) to describe absolute and relative energy cost of common activities of preschool-aged children in terms of VO2, energy expenditure (kilocalories per minute) and child-specific metabolic equivalents (METs) measured by room calorimetry for use in the Youth Compendium of Physical Activity, and 2) to predict METs from age, sex and heart rate (HR). Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), HR, and child-METs of 13 structured activities were measured by room respiration calorimetry in 119 healthy children, ages 3 to 5 years. EE, VO2, HR, and child-METs are presented for 13 structured activities ranging from sleeping, sedentary, low-, moderate- to high-active. A significant curvilinear relationship was observed between child-METs and HR (r2 = .85; P = .001). Age-specific child METs for 13 structured activities in preschool-aged children will be useful to extend the Youth Compendium of Physical Activity for research purposes and practical applications. HR may serve as an objective measure of MET intensity in preschool-aged children.