Young's Internet Addiction Research Articles

Impact of pandemic-related fear on students' internet addiction and sleep quality

ntroduction: This study was conducted toinvestigate the effects of anxiety levels of nursingfaculty students staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic on their Internet addiction and sleepquality.Materials and Methods: The data in thisdescriptive study was collected from 535 studentnurses studying at a university. The data werecollected using the Personal Information Form,Young's Internet Addiction Test-Short Form,Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and Pittsburgh SleepQuality Index.Results: The participants had a mean age of 20.40 1.77 years and spent an average of 7.42 3.31 hours per day on the Internet. There was a positive andsignificant correlation between students' anxiety andInternet addiction scores (r = 0.264), as well asbetween anxiety and sleep quality scores (r = 0.242).Conclusions: The study results demonstrated thatstudents' coronavirus anxiety, Internet addiction, andanxiety levels were low, that their sleep quality waspoor, and that their internet addiction level increasedand sleep quality decreased as their coronavirusanxiety level increased.

Impact of the February 6, 2023, Turkey earthquake on post-traumatic stress disorder, internet addiction and insomnia: A cross-sectional study.

After earthquakes, individuals may increase their internet usage to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms, potentially leading to internet addiction and sleep disturbances. This study aims to determine the levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), internet addiction and insomnia in earthquake survivors 1 year after the event and to explore the relationships between these variables. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between April and June 2024 through face-to-face interviews with 554 individuals who survived the February 6, 2023 earthquake in Turkey, 1 year after the event. Data were collected using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form (YIAT-SF) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). A statistically significant moderate positive correlation was found between PCL-5, YIAT-SF and ISI based on the Pearson correlation test (r = .32 and .44, respectively; p < .05). According to the logistic regression analysis, experiencing physical injury during the earthquake and the loss of first-degree relatives were found to predict the severity of PTSD symptoms (p = .04, OR = 2.44, 95% CI [1.04, 5.65]; p < .001, OR = 1.98, 95% CI [1.26, 3.06], respectively). Additionally, the YIAT-SF and ISI variables were found to be statistically significant predictors of PTSD symptom severity (p < .001, OR = 1.04, 95% CI [1.01, 1.07]; p < .001, OR = 1.18, 95% CI [1.12, 1.23], respectively). It is concluded that the severity of PTSD symptoms in earthquake survivors is associated with the severity levels of insomnia and internet addiction. Additionally, it is determined that experiencing injury or loss of a loved one during the earthquake may increase the severity of PTSD symptoms. To protect earthquake survivors from the risk of PTSD, it may be necessary to provide psychosocial support focussed on positive coping strategies for internet addiction and insomnia.

Relationship between internet and smartphone addiction and eating attitude and feelings of loneliness in young and adults

BackgroundThe developing technology and the rapid increase in the use of the internet, smartphones, and mobile applications can disrupt the daily quality of life of individuals. This research aimed to scrutinize the link between the internet and smartphone addiction of individuals, eating attitude, and loneliness status. This research was carried out in Ankara, Turkey, and cross-sectional study. A total of 643 (M = 240, F = 403) volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50 participated in the study. Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT), Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), and UCLA Loneliness Scales were used in this study.ResultsAs the age of the participants increased, YIAT (r = − 0.352, p < 0.01), SAS scale (r = − 0.302, p < 0.01), and UCLA questionnaire scores (r = − 107, p < 0.01) decreased. When BMI of individuals increas, YIAT (r = − 0.163, p < 0.01), and SAS scale (r = − 0.173, p < 0.01) scores decrease. As a result of logistic regression multiple analysis, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) values for the risk of abnormal eating attitudes were 1.654 (1.166–2.607) in overweight and 2.257 (1.466–3.477) in smartphone addiction (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAccording to the results of this study, it can be put forth that smartphone and internet addiction is associated with abnormal eating attitude and loneliness.

Resting-state brain networks alterations in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder associate with cognitive control impairments.

Research indicates that cognitive control is compromised in individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, the neural mechanisms behind it are still unclear. This study aims to investigate alterations in resting-state brain networks in adolescents with IGD and the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction. A total of 44 adolescent IGD subjects (male/female: 38/6) and 50 healthy controls (male/female: 40/10) were enrolled. Participants underwent demographic assessments, Young's Internet Addiction Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11 Chinese Revised Version, the Chinese Adolescents' Maladaptive Cognitions Scale, exploratory eye movement tests, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). FMRI data were analyzed using the GIFT software for independent component analysis, focusing on functional connectivity within and between resting-state brain networks. In comparison to the control group, impulsivity in adolescent IGD subjects showed a positive correlation with the severity of IGD (r=0.6350, p < 0.001), linked to impairments in the Executive Control Network (ECN) and a decrease in functional connectivity between the Salience Network (SN) and ECN (r=0.4307, p=0.0021; r=-0.5147, p=0.0034). Decreased resting state activity of the dorsal attention network (DAN) was associated with attentional dysregulation of IGD in adolescents (r=0.4071, p=0.0017), and ECN increased functional connectivity with DAN. The degree of IGD was positively correlated with enhanced functional connectivity between the ECN and DAN (r=0.4283, p=0.0037). This research demonstrates that changes in the ECN and DAN correlate with heightened impulsivity and attentional deficits in adolescents with IGD. The interaction between cognitive control disorders and resting-state brain networks in adolescent IGD is related.

Internet Addiction and Sleep Quality Among School Children in South India.

Today's internet is an unavoidable component of educational sources, the entertainment field, and telecommunication processes. Internet usage is more likely among adolescents and young adults in the form of surfing, chatting, playing games, and fulfilling their social needs. The present study has been planned to assess the effect of internet addiction (IA) on sleep quality in school children. This cross-sectional school-based study was conducted amongschool students in Pondicherry. A total of 350 school students of both genders studying in grades six to 10 and having access to at least one device with internet for more than one year were recruited from government and private schools located in five randomly selected communes in Pondicherry by convenient sampling method. Assessment of IA was done using Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PQSI) questionnaire assessed the participants' sleep quality. All the data was tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Chi-square and unpaired t-tests were used for analysis. The average age of the participants is 13 years. 49 (26.1%) are children and 139 (73.9%) are adolescents. The majority of them are females belonging to the adolescent age group(169, 89.4%). Around 17 (19.5%) children and 70 (80.5%)adolescents reported mild IA. Thirteen (59.1%)childrenand nine (40.9%)adolescents reported moderate IA. There is no significant difference in sleep quality between children and adolescents (4±2.33 vs. 3.62±2.61, p=0.37)but there is a considerable difference in their levels of IA(32.98±21.06 vs. 25.6±15.08, p=0.01). Conclusion: This study found a significant relationship between IA and poor sleep quality among adolescents. Thus, adolescents, parents, school authorities, and researchers should understand the importance of regulating internet usage and encouraging sleep hygiene. Thus, appropriate measures should be taken to address the effects of IA on sleep quality.

Relationship between adolescent internet addiction and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: a moderated mediation model.

Both Internet addiction (IA) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are major public health concerns among adolescents, association between internet addiction and non-suicidal self-injury have been observed among adolescents. However, it is unclear how, and under what conditions, internet addiction relates to non-suicidal self-injury. According to our hypothesis, there is a positive relationship between IA and NSSI among Chinese adolescents, but this relationship is affected by the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1046 Chinese adolescents from 3 middle schools. Measurements: Adolescent Self-Harm Scale; Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT); University of California at Los Angels (UCLA) Loneliness Scale; Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), They were asked to complete self-report questionnaires. In our sample, the detection rate of NSSI was 12.3%. IA was positively associated with NSSI, and loneliness partially mediated the association between them. In addition, cognitive reappraisal moderated the first half path of the mediation model. Specifically, the higher the level of cognitive reappraisal, the weaker the positive effect of IA on NSSI through loneliness. Interventions targeted to reduce loneliness and increase cognitive reappraisal strategies may reduce the risk of NSSI in adolescents with Internet addiction.

Associations between cognitive disengagement syndrome, Internet addiction, and Internet gaming disorder among medical students - A cross-sectional study.

Internet addiction (IA) and gaming disorder (IGD) are emerging public health concerns among youth. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)/cognitive disengagement syndrome has been linked with risky online behaviors, but the literature on medical students is limited. To determine associations between SCT, IA, and IGD in Indian medical undergraduates. The study included 303 medical students (ages: 18-24, 66% male). The Sociodemographic Information Form, Barkley SCT Scale, Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, and The Digital Game Addiction Scale were utilized to collect data. Contingency Table analyses, Mann-Whitey U-test, Chi-square test, and correlation analyses were used for analysis. The prevalence of IA and IGD was 101 (33.3%) and 61 (20%), respectively. Students with IA or IGD had significantly higher SCT, daydreaming, and sluggishness scores (P < 0.01). SCT, daydreaming, and sluggishness showed significant positive correlations with IA and IGD severity (P < 0.01). Greater SCT symptoms demonstrated significant associations with increased risk of IA and IGD among medical students. Screening for SCT alongside IA and IGD may enable targeted interventions to promote healthy Internet use.

Internet Addiction on Psycho-Social Symptoms of Happiness and Aggression through Difficulties in Emotion Regulation: Evidence Following COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Internet usage has increased during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between internet addiction (IA), happiness, and aggression in the context of difficulties in emotion regulation (DER). The psycho-social symptoms of the COVID-19 pandemic appear to be more persistent over time compared to its physical symptoms, especially regarding Internet addiction in the young population. This study seeks to understand these effects on happiness and aggression through difficulties in emotion regulation. Participants and Procedure: The sample of this study consisted of 325 university students. Data were gathered using the Young Internet Addiction Scale Short Form, Oxford Happiness Scale Short-Form, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Brief-Form, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that internet addiction was negatively related to happiness, and this relationship was mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation. Similarly, internet addiction was positively related to aggression, and this relationship was fully mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation as well. Conclusion: These research findings emphasize the need for creating effective interventions to enhance emotion regulation skills in internet-addicted adults. The results are discussed in light of the effects of the coronavirus pandemic.

Videoconference-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Parents of Adolescents With Internet Addiction: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

The rise in internet addiction, including web-based gaming and social networking services, is a serious concern. Even with access to medical institutions and counseling services, individuals with internet addiction, particularly adolescents, often refuse medical treatment or counseling. Parent-focused psychological intervention may lead to positive outcomes by improving the parent-adolescent relationship and helping parents identify and modify their adolescent's problematic behaviors, including internet addiction. This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial to test the feasibility of remote cognitive behavioral therapy via videoconferencing for parents of adolescents with internet addiction. A total of 13 parents of adolescents aged 12-20 years with internet addiction were recruited and randomly assigned to either 12 sessions of the videoconference-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (vCBT) group (n=6, 46%) or the waitlist control group (n=7, 54%). The study period was from March 1, 2018, to March 31, 2022. The primary outcome was the scores of the Young Internet Addiction Test reported by the adolescents. The secondary outcomes were adolescents' hours of internet use per day (Internet Addiction Test), reported by the adolescents and by their parents; the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire, completed by the parents; and the quality of life of the adolescents and the parents, measured by the EQ-5D-5L. These were evaluated at weeks 0 and 13. As the primary outcome, the mean total Internet Addiction Test score decreased from 67.7 (SD 18.3; 6/13, 46%) at week 0 to 56.2 (SD 25.1; 5/9, 56%) at week 13 in the vCBT group, compared to an increase from 66.9 (SD 21.9; 7/13, 54%) to 68.0 (SD 18.7; 4/9, 44%) in the control group. For all outcomes, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups (all P>.05). This study suggested the practical feasibility of vCBT for parents of adolescents with internet addiction. Further large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials are necessary to examine the effectiveness. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000032483; https://tinyurl.com/yuhen6c9.

The Relationship of University Students' Internet Addiction Level Through Telephone Use and 2d:4d Ratio

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between the 2nd and 4th finger measurement ratio (2d:4d) ratio of university students' internet addiction level through phone use. Material and Method: 322 students were questioned about their demografic data, dominant extremity, and the device while using the internet. Hand width (HW), length (HL), grip strength (HGS), 2d:4d measurements were taken. Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) was used for internet addiction, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form (SAS) was used for smartphone addiction. Results: In men, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Right-Left HL, Left HGS, Right/4d, YIAS and SAS values. In addition, it was determined that the device preference, HL right, HL left, HGS left and Right/4d parameters originated from normal and dependent groups. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in women in terms of Left HL, Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d, Young and SAS values. It was determined that the device preference was due to individuals falling into the normal group of Left HL according to the YIAS, and the statistical difference of the Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d and Left/4d parameters. It was determined that there was a moderately strong negative correlation between SAS and Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d parameters in addicted men. Conclusion: The gender relations of the accepted scales regarding phone and internet addiction may be due to the length of the left hand and the movement function of the right 4d to provide control in phone use, rather than the 2d:4d finger ratios.

Alexithymia, internet addiction, and cyber-victimisation among high school students in Turkey: an exploratory study

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aims to explore the interrelationships among internet addiction, cyber-victimisation, and alexithymia in high school adolescents in Turkey, emphasising the role of gender. Materials & Methods: 305 participants were surveyed via Young's Internet Addiction Test – Short Form (YIAT-SF), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Cyberbullying Scale. The influence of gender on alexithymia, particularly in identifying and describing feelings, and its effect on internet addiction and cyber-victimisation was evaluated by path analysis. Results: There was a moderate positive correlation between YIAT-SF and TAS-20 total scores (r = 0.385, p < 0.001). YIAT-SF and TAS-20 total scores were positively correlated with CVS score (r = 0.151, p = 0.008; r = 0.140, p = 0.015, respectively). The results revealed gender significantly affects alexithymia dimensions, particularly in difficulty identifying feelings (DIF) (β = 0.14, p = 0.010) and difficulty describing feelings (DDF) (β = 0.28, p < 0.001). Moreover, DDF was found to have a substantial impact on cyber-victimisation (β = 0.32, p < 0.001), and DIF significantly influenced internet addiction (β = 0.49, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of considering gender-specific factors when addressing Internet addiction and cyber-victimisation. Gender differences in alexithymic traits highlight the need for specific preventive and therapeutic approaches that focus on emotional recognition and expression skills.

Is problematic use of the Internet and smartphone predictor of unhealthy eating behaviors and abnormal body weight in Turkish young adults?

With technological progress, the use of the internet and smartphones has become an inseparable part of our lives and their use is increasing. The uncontrolled use of both the internet and smartphones is defined as problematic use. This study examined the effects of problematic internet and smartphone use on dietary behaviors and abnormal body weight status in young adults. Participants were 560 university students. Participants completed measures of demographics, dietary behaviors, internet and smartphone usage habits, Young's Internet Addiction Test and Smartphone Addiction Scale. Negative associations were found between dietary behaviors and problematic internet and smartphone use. Significant inverse associations were also found between these uses and recommended consumption levels of several food groups. For a healthy future generation, it is recommended that policies be developed to prevent or manage these problematic uses, especially in young adults with negative dietary behaviors and abnormal body weight.

A study to assess the prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among medical students in Patna, Bihar

A study to assess the prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among medical students in Patna, Bihar

A cross-sectional study of the association of exposure to web-based streaming platforms on the psychosocial behaviour and the sleep pattern of Indian youth

Background The rapid proliferation of web-based streaming platforms has become a ubiquitous aspect of contemporary life, especially among the youth in urban areas. This study seeks to delve into the usage patterns and discern potential associations between web-based streaming platforms and the psychosocial behaviour, sleep patterns, and work and study routines of Indian youth in the Wardha District of Maharashtra and Central India. With the escalating prevalence of digital entertainment, understanding the impact on this demographic's mental well-being and lifestyle is imperative. Methods Employing a cross-sectional design, this study will involve youth aged 15-29 from urban communities and schools in the designated district. The sample size, determined by the Cochran formula, is 170 participants. A comprehensive data collection process will unfold by utilising validated assessment tools, including the Young's Internet Addiction Test, WHO (Five) Well-Being Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Eysenck's Personality Inventory. Statistical analyses, encompassing descriptive statistics, association tests, and regression analyses, will be conducted using SPSS version 23 software. Expected Outcome Anticipated outcomes of this study encompass a nuanced understanding of web-based streaming platform usage patterns, unveiling potential associations with psychosocial behaviours, sleep patterns, and work and study routines among Indian youth. The results are poised to contribute valuable insights into the intricate interplay between digital entertainment and the well-being of the urban youth population. Such findings can inform future interventions and strategies to foster a balanced and healthy digital lifestyle.

The Roles of Internet Addiction and Cyberbullying Sensitivity for Prediction of University Students Psychological Inflexibility

In this research, it is aimed to examine the role of internet addiction and cyberbullying sensitivity on the psychological inflexibility of university students. The study group was formed with university students studying in the state and selected by the random cluster sampling method. The relational screening model was used in the research. 561 university students, including 473 girls and 88 boys, participated in the research. Acceptance and Action Form-2, Young Internet Addiction Short Form, Cyber Bullying Sensitivity Scale, and Personal Information Form were used to collect the data for the research. Independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance Pearson Product Moments Correlation Technique, and multiple linear regression analysis were used in the research. As a result, the average psychological inflexibility scores of students with a low perceived family income level were found to be significantly higher than those of students with a moderate perceived family income. It was found that the psychological inflexibility score averages of the group whose purpose of using the Internet is to shop were higher than the psychological inflexibility score averages of the group using the Internet for information purposes. As the daily usage of social media increases, the average psychological inflexibility score increases. There is a significant positive relationship between Internet addiction and psychological inflexibility. There is a significant positive relationship between sensitivity and psychological inflexibility related to cyberbullying. According to the research findings, it has been found that the sensitivity related to internet addiction and cyberbullying is a predictor of psychological inflexibility scores.

Internet Addiction and Its Effect on Sleep Quality Among Medical Students

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of internet addiction in medical school students, and to examine the relationship between internet addiction and sleep quality, sleepiness and psychological resilience. Method: The study was conducted with 213 participants studying at Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale were applied to all participants, and the results were statistically evaluated. Results: The average age of the participants was found as 21.25±2.00. 65.3% (n=139) of the participants were women and 27.2% (n=58) were first-year students. The average score of Young's internet addiction was 27.15±7.35; the average Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was 5.49±2.47. 60% of them were evaluated as having poor sleep quality. Average Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were 6.62±4.22; average scores of the Psychological Resilience Scale were 19.35±5.04. There was a positive and significant relationship between Young Internet Addiction and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality. As internet addiction increased, sleep quality decreased. A negative significant relationship was found between Young's Internet Addiction and the Brief Psychological Resilience Scale. As internet addiction increased, psychological resilience decreased. Conclusion: In our study, it was determined that as internet addiction increased, sleep quality and psychological resilience decreased, and daytime sleepiness increased. We can improve sleep quality by preventing internet addiction, and increase participation in daily activities and psychological resilience by reducing daytime sleepiness. Keywords: internet addiction disorder, sleeplessness, resiliency, psychological

Effect of Internet Addiction on Academic Achievement and Musculoskeletal Disorders of University Students

Introduction: Today, various platforms, including virtual networks and websites, connect people with a lot of data via Internet. The attractiveness of these platforms sometimes makes people use them addictively. Uncontrolled use of the Internet may also cause problems such as reducing academic performance and creating musculoskeletal problems.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 students at one of the universities of medical sciences. Four demographic questionnaires, Young's Internet addiction, Pham and Taylor's academic achievement and Nordic questionnaire were used to collect information. Data analysis was done using descriptive tests and Pearson's correlation, by SPSS V.16 software at a significance level of 0.05.&#x0D; Results: The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was related to the upper back (40.8%), lower back (36%) and neck (33.8%) regions. Among different parts of the body, reports of pain in the neck, shoulder, and wrist had a significant relationship with Internet addiction (P-Value: 0.038, 0.007, and 0.029, respectively). No significant relationship was found between different levels of Internet addiction and academic achievement.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is one of the complications of incorrect and unprincipled use of Internet-related equipment; Therefore, these problems can be reduced by providing appropriate educational platforms and creating a correct culture of using emerging technologies

Investigating the effects of postural habits and awareness on early adolescent's internet addiction levels.

Early adolescence is a period of growth and development determined by the onset of puberty, during which important changes in psychological development andsocial roles occur. Excessive use of the internet, especially in adolescents in this period, causes health problems such aspostural disorders, vision problems, sedentary life, and unbalanced nutrition. When the studies are analyzed, it is observed that postural disorders are observed in children and adolescents. This study was planned to investigate theeffect of postural habits and awareness on the level of internet addiction in early adolescents. Physical characteristics of the participants (age, height, weight, gender, body mass index) were recorded. Duration and purpose of internet use and internet addiction were determined with the Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, body composition sensitivity level with the BodyAwareness Questionnaire, and postural awareness with the Postural Habit and Awareness Scale. There was a significant positive correlation between internet addiction and duration of internet use (r=0.466) (p=0.000). In addition, there was no relationship between internet usage time and body awareness (r=-0.117) (p=0.084) and postural awareness and habit (r=-0.017) (p=0.798). When internet addiction was compared with body awareness, a significant relationship was found in the opposite direction (r=-0.145) (p=0.031). When internet addiction was compared with postural awareness and habit, a positive relationship was found (r=0.190) (p=0.005). Our study showed that internet addiction negatively affects body awareness, and does not affect postural habits, but positively affects postural awareness.

The Prevalence and Correlates of Internet Addiction in India as Assessed by Young's Internet Addiction Test: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Earlier research on internet addiction (IA) in the adult population in India has concentrated on isolated prevalence surveys conducted nationwide. A systematic grasp of pooled prevalence necessitates a meta-level evaluation of all prior literature. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of IA and its correlates among adults in India. We searched EBSCOhost, PubMed, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and ProQuest for the studies published from 1990 to 2022 and included studies using Young's Internet Addiction Test criteria (age range 18-40 years). The authors obtained a total of 358 non-duplicate records after a thorough search, and they found 10 pertinent epidemiological studies involving 12,286 adults. The pooled prevalence for mild, moderate, severe, and any level of IA was 36.33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.72%-42.13%), 18.04% (95% CI: 13.49%-23.08%), 0.88% (95% CI:0.50%-1.36%), and 58.34% (95% CI:49.34%-67.07%), respectively. The review of correlates suggested psychosocial factors like male gender, single-parent families, co-morbidities like depression, stress, anxiety, interpersonal issues, andmediating factors like loneliness. Based on the synthesis of findings, this review underlines the common factors of IA and emphasizes the significance of psycho-social factors in IA; thus, to promote healthy use of technology and to manage IA, a multi-modal psychotherapeutic intervention module for mental health practitioners needs to be developed in line with this review.

Associations between internet addiction and school engagement among Turkish college students: mediating role of psychological distress.

Internet addiction has become a subject of growing concern with adverse consequences. This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of psychological distress in the relationship between internet addiction and school engagement. Data were obtained from 732 Turkish college students (M = 20.98, SD = 2.58). The data were collected through Young's Internet Addiction Test, Depression, Stress and Anxiety Scale (DASS21)-Short Form, and University Student Engagement Inventory. Mediation analysis was performed to investigate the mediating effects of depression, anxiety, and stress in the association between internet addiction and school engagement. The results of the study showed that internet addiction was positively associated with psychological distress and negatively associated with school engagement, whereas psychological distress had a negative relationship with school engagement. This study also found that depression, anxiety, and stress acted as mediators in the relationship between internet addiction and behavioral engagement, emotional engagement, and cognitive engagement. This study has provided evidence that young adults with tendency of internet addiction may experience school engagement problems as well as psychological problems. Our findings underscore the need for special educational intervention programs aimed at encouraging college youth to limit their internet use for their future due to its negative consequences and raising awareness in this vulnerable group and their families.