Youngest Field Research Articles

Stratigraphy and eruption history of maars in the Clear Lake Volcanic Field, California

The Clear Lake Volcanic Field (CLVF) is the northernmost and youngest field in a chain of volcanic fields in the California Coast Range mountains. Effusive and explosive volcanic activity in the field has spanned at least 2.1 million years, with the youngest eruptions comprising a series of maar craters at the edges of, and within, Clear Lake itself. This work documents the first direct ages for many of these maar deposits and builds the stratigraphic basis for interpreting eruptive processes and dynamics of the young eruptions which produced them. Detailed stratigraphy has distinguished maar eruption products from pyroclastic deposits (monolithologic falls and flows, previously mapped together with maars as a single unit) and established a set of six eruption facies from maar deposit lithology, grain size parameters, and depositional structures. Radiocarbon dates from carbon films found on clasts at three outcrops have constrained several of these maar eruptions to ∼8,500–13,500 years BP, coinciding with eruptive periods previously estimated based on lake core tephrachronology. Part of this period also coincides with indigenous inhabitation (<12,000 years BP), which suggests that oral histories of Pomo and other local tribes may contain descriptions of volcanic phenomena experienced by local residents of the CLVF. Collaboration between volcanologists and indigenous historians may add a valuable human dimension to the youngest eruptions of the Clear Lake Volcanic Field, and help inform future volcanic hazard assessment.

Legal certainty and predictability in international succession law

The paper examines legal certainty and predictability in the context of the youngest field of EU private international law–succession law. The author looks at the extent to which the provisions of the EU Succession Regulation provide for legal certainty and predictability in enabling EU citizens to plan their international estates in advance. The paper critically examines selected concepts of the EU Regulation from the perspective of legal certainty: (a) the current state of the concept of habitual residence of the deceased that is the key connecting factor in the Succession Regulation, (b) party autonomy for the testator, (c) escape clauses, (d) the conflict of laws treatment of incidental questions and (e) lifetime gifts and clawback. The conclusion of the paper is that although the Succession Regulation is designed to offer legal certainty, it does not achieve it in all cases, unless the testator actively exercises the party autonomy that it offers.

Adult Education of Farmers in Economics

If we may judge from the experience of her older sisterselementary, secondary, college and university teaching-there is little danger that extension education will quickly solve its problems of objectives and methods. Nowhere in education is there much agreement. There is a good deal of basis for the generalization that the older the pupil, the greater the divergence of opinion as to what to do about him. Extension, the youngest field of teaching with the oldest pupils, is obviously farthest from standardization. That is a splendid place to be. It provides the setting for all sorts of theorizing and experimentation and delightful arguments among ourselves. Incidentally, it provides a fertile and productive field for the employment of real brains and social attitudes. This attempt at discussing extension teaching in agricultural economics is one more report in a more or less sketchy and uncoordinated theorizing, or at least play of imagination, with such experimental attempts at practice as it has led to. If it can have any merit it seems more likely to be in stimulating the imagination in certain directions than in outlining specific methods and results.