Young Wood Research Articles

Abundance, ecology and dispersal of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads) in Yakutia

In 2006, 2011, 2013, and 2020, four groups of young wood bison, each made up of 30 individuals from Canada, were introduced to Yakutia. The bison began to reproduce at ages 2 to 3 in 2008. Their mating behavior was first noted in 2007 when they were 2 to 3 years old, and calving took place in the spring of 2008 when they were 3 to 4 years old. Between 2008 and 2023, 16 generations of calves were born from both Canadian and Yakutia-born bison. The percentage of females that gave birth varied each year, ranging from 46.2% to 92.3%, with an average of 69.3 ± 5.4%. In 2017 and 2018, some bison were released in the middle section of the Sinyaya River. By 2023, the total population of bison in the nurseries “Ust-Buotama,” “Tympynai,” and in free-ranging groups reached 348 individuals. We discuss the characteristics of pastures, plant nutrition, feeding, reproduction, reintroduction to the wild, and the distribution of bison in Yakutia and surrounding areas. Bison have adapted well to the region’s climate, which features long winters, short summers, and extremely low winter temperatures. Central Yakutia offers a broad ecological niche for bison, with shallow valley lands that have meadow and shrub vegetation. This environment supports the potential for successfully restoring the historical habitat of the Bison genus in Yakutia and nearby regions. To avoid inbreeding and preserve genetic diversity, it is crucial to regularly release animals into the wild and occasionally introduce new individuals from various parks in Canada.

Wood density and chemical composition variation of Eucalyptus urophylla clone in different environments

Abstract Variability in Eucalyptus wood density and chemical properties is crucial to understanding important factors for the forest-based industry, such as sampling methods and wood suitability as raw material. This study aimed to evaluate the basic density and chemical composition of the radial positions of young wood from the Eucalyptus urophylla clone grown under different precipitation levels. Trees from E. urophylla clonal plantations were collected in Inhambupe, Jandaíra and Itanagra, Bahia State, Brazil. Trees’ basic density and chemical composition (total extractive, lignin, hemicelluloses and α-cellulose) were determined based on the basal log of each tree, at four radial positions (1, 2, 3 and 4). It was found that the basic density and α-cellulose of wood are influenced by the cambial age and the site rainfall. There was greater increase in sections close to the bark (positions 1 and 4) and in more humid environments (sites Itanagra and Jandaríra). This finding highlights the association between wood basic density and chemical composition, mainly in the holocellulose content.

Association between the anatomical features and the natural drying of young wood from hybrid Corymbia torelliana and Corymbia citriodora clones

Association between the anatomical features and the natural drying of young wood from hybrid Corymbia torelliana and Corymbia citriodora clones

AN EFFECTIVE RESOURCE-SAVING OPTION IN THE SPHERE OF WOOD PROCESSING AND ITS PROCESSING IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

The possibility and expediency of obtaining and bleaching sulfite pulp from young small-sized spruce wood from thinning (thinning) fellings was studied in comparison with ripe wood. In the process of thinning, a significant amount of young small-sized wood is formed, which can serve as a significant reserve of wood raw materials for the production of pulp and paper.
 Sulfite pulping from young and ripe spruce wood obtained two samples of pulp of different degrees of penetration.
 Comparative pulp bleachings were carried out according to the traditional economical but effective D/C-EG-G-D-A scheme; For comparison, pulp samples from ripe and young spruce wood were bleached according to the modern ecological scheme Pa-E-Ch1-E-Ch2-A (ECF technology). 
 It is shown that young small-sized spruce wood is delignified by sulfite cooking solution without difficulty, but somewhat more slowly than ripe wood.
 Sulfite spruce pulp obtained from thinnings is easier to grind and bleach, has higher mechanical strength than from ripe wood. Bleached pulp was obtained from young thin spruce wood by bleaching according to the scheme D/C–EG –G–D–A of pulp from young thin spruce wood, which in all quality indicators meets the standards for grade AK-II (GOST 3914), which is used mainly in the production of "cultural" grades of paper (written and printed). Comparative bleaching of pulp of approximately the same degree of penetration from ripe and young wood using ECF technology using only two oxidative bleaching agents (hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide) significantly increases the efficiency of pulp bleaching in all quality indicators, but the cost of bleaching, in modern conditions, may be will be slightly higher than in the traditional scheme.

Study on Biomass Models of Artificial Young Forest in the Northwestern Alpine Region of China

The artificial young forest is an important component of ecosystems, and biomass models are important for estimating the carbon storage of ecosystems. However, research on biomass models of the young forest is lacking. In this study, biomass data of 96 saplings of three tree species from the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains were collected. These data, coupled with allometric growth equations and the nonlinear joint estimation method, were used to establish independent, component-additive, and total-control compatible models to estimate the biomass of artificial young wood of Picea crassifolia (Picea crassifolia Kom.), Sabina przewalskii (Sabina przewalskii Kom.), and Pinus tabulaeformis (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.). The distribution characteristics of the biomass components (branch, leaf, trunk, and root biomass) and the goodness of fit of the models were also analyzed. The results showed that (1) the multiple regression models with two independent variables (MRWTIV) were superior to the univariate models for all three tree species. Base diameter was the best-fitting variable of the univariate model for Picea crassifolia and Pinus tabulaeformis, and the addition of base diameter and crown diameter as variables to the MRWTIV can significantly improve model accuracy. Tree height was the best-fitting variable of the univariate model of Sabina przewalskii, and the addition of tree height and crown diameter to the MRWTIV can significantly improve model accuracy; (2) the two independent variable component-additive compatible model was the best-fitting biomass model. The compatible models constructed by the nonlinear joint estimation method were less accurate than the independent models. However, they maintained good compatibility among the biomass components and enabled more robust estimates of regional biomass; and (3) for the young wood of Picea crassifolia, Sabina przewalskii, and Pinus tabulaeformis, the aboveground biomass ratio of each component to total biomass was highest for leaf biomass (26%–68%), followed by branch (10%–46%) and trunk (11%–55%) biomass, and the aboveground biomass was higher than the underground biomass. In conclusion, the optimal biomass model of artificial young forest at the sampling site is a multivariate component-additive compatible biomass model. It can well estimate the biomass of young forest and provide a basis for future research.

Double-Substituted Carbonated Hydroxyapatites for Fir Wood Treatment

Abstract The aim of the paper consist in the synthesis of double substituted carbonated hydroxyapatite using Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions in comparison with the previous obtained Sr-Zn-CHAp. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) coupled with EDS is used to highlight the presence of the metallic ions into the apatite structure. Both inorganic compounds are tested as consolidants for two types of fir wood, young and 30-years old samples. The consolidation efficiency is demonstrated by colorimetric analysis, mechanical tests and the specific methods for water absorption behavior. Stronger specimens, especially of young wood, with no significant color differences, more hygroscopic and with higher hysteresis index result after treatment. In conclusion, carbonated hydroxyapatite double substituted with zinc, magnesium and strontium ions can be used in wood preservation-conservation techniques.

Charcoals as indicators of historical mortar age of medieval Czech castle Pyšolec

Radiocarbon dating of charcoals and small pieces of wood collected from mortar in the torso of bergfried and buttress of the medieval Pyšolec castle was performed using accelerator mass spectrometers. Altogether, 37 samples were collected, of which 33 samples passed pre-processing criteria and chemical treatment and were dated. Two of them were Palaeolithic charcoals of likely sedimentary origin, one wood sample corresponded to a younger intrusion, six represented ‘old wood’ likely aged about 200 years when built in, and 24 originated from ‘young wood’ presumably not older than 50 years at the time of building. This highlights the need to collect large enough sample set when dating architectural remains using charcoals or wood splinters. As a rule of thumb, collecting at least 10 samples is recommended; otherwise, the dating might not be feasible at all or may yield unrealistically old estimates, by as much as 200 years for medieval castles.

Forest logging is associated with shape of males and gynes in the wood ant Formica aquilonia

Environmental stress can affect individual development and fitness in insects. Forest logging is a serious environmental stress for forest-specialist insects, such as the mound-building wood ant Formica aquilonia Yarrow 1955, which builds its nests into forests and is dependent on the nutrition provided by the forest habitat. We studied whether the logging causes such a strong environmental stress that it would be visible in disproportionate growth and shape of young winged wood ant gynes (‘queens’) and males. We measured head width, thorax width and wing length of 144 gynes and 100 males from 12 nests from six clear-cut areas, 11 nests from unlogged forest stands and 10 nests in clear-cut—forest margins. We observed disproportionate growth of different body parts and allometric growth of wings in both sexes in areas with different logging-induced disturbance. Gynes had larger heads in clear-cut areas and males had narrowest thoraxes in forest clear-cut edges. With an increasing thorax width, the wing length decreases steeper in clear-cuts than in other habitats in gynes and increases steeper in clear-cuts than other habitats in males. It seems that in a strongly disturbed clear-cut environment, the gynes invest the growth of head width. There seems to be a trade-off between the growth of the thorax and wings in gynes but not in males. The altered body shape may be adaptation to clearings caused by storm events of wild fires, but not forest management practices of modern era. Large-headed gynes may be better in a colony take-over, needed for the establishment of new colonies in early succession stage habitats in this temporally social parasitic species. Long-winged males may have better long-range flight ability, and they may thus have better fitness and change to disperse their genes onto new habitats.

Antibiotic Activity of Actinomycetes Isolated from Young Tectona Grandis (L.) Wood and Pith

Actinomycetes are a source for novel bioactive compounds and justify obtaining new species from various sources. Hardwoods such as Tectona grandis (L.) have not been studied for actinomycete isolation. We aim to isolate endophytic actinomycetes from young Tectona grandis wood and pith and screen for antibiotic activity. Five young wood were cut and surface sterilized using ethanol and hypochlorous acid. The wood and pith of each sample are placed in eight plates of Humic acid-vitamin B (HV), Tap water Yeast extract (TWYE), and Yeast Extract Casein Digest (YECD) medium and incubated at 27°C for four weeks. Actinomycetes were isolated from such medium, observed every week, and transferred to an International Streptomyces Project-2 (ISP-2) medium for identification and antibiotic production tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, and Escherichia coli using the Kirby-Bauer method. Seven actinomycetes were isolated from the wood, primarily from YECD and TWYE media, with varying morphological characteristics. One isolate having maroon-colored aerial and vegetative mycelium with grey spores showed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus and H. pylori (13.49±1.03 mm and 14.9±0.7 mm, respectively), while two other actinomycetes showed weak activity against these bacteria. However, none of the actinomycetes show any activity against E. coli. Tectona grandis (L.) is a potential source for novel actinomycetes with an antibiotic activity which warrants further exploration

Trace metals as indicators of tree rooting in bituminous soils

AbstractIn some reclamation practices, following bitumen mining in the Canadian Boreal forest, overburden containing low concentrations of hydrocarbons (<8% of bulk soil volume) is buried under suitable soils. Residual hydrocarbons may influence the growth of trees used in afforestation of reclaimed sites, thus determining whether roots interact with buried bitumen is a key to predicting reclamation success. As the organic fraction of bitumen is enriched in vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, and rhenium, dendrochemistry may be a method to determine whether tree roots are interacting with bitumen without disturbing soils. We analyzed trace concentrations of these metals in soil, soil pore water, and tree cores of Pinus banksiana growing on natural bitumen deposits and sites free of bitumen. If roots are present within bitumen and passively uptake trace metals during water transport and wood growth, metals enriched in bitumen should be present in higher concentrations in the woody tissue of trees growing in bituminous soils compared to trees growing in bitumen‐free soils. Concentrations of nickel in trees growing on shallow bitumen deposits were approximately 3× higher than those growing in bitumen‐free soils. The concentration of vanadium (1.33 μg kg−1 in younger wood and 3.21 μg kg−1 in older wood) was also elevated in trees on bituminous sites, though not significantly. Molybdenum concentrations decreased by ~25% in trees growing on bituminous sites, likely an outcome of soil pH. This research supports the use of dendrochemistry to investigate, and potentially monitor, tree rooting at depth in substrates with signature metals.

Effect of breeding technology and trunk axial position on shrinkage and quality of 10 year old teak wood as a furniture’s raw material

Shortage on teak wood availability as material for furniture industry has been solved by developing tree breeding technology and decreasing on cut rotations. Three types of teak forest breeding technology being developed is called APB, KBK and JPP-PHT-1. Breeding technology was developed as an effort to get productive and hight quality of teak stands. Decreasing on cutting rotation encourages to increase young wood utilization. This study was aimed to determine the effect of breeding technology and axial stem position on teak wood shrinkages and wood quality of 10 years old. Nine trunk of 10 years old teak trees were harvested on forest areas of Nganjuk Forest District, East Java Province. These trees consisted of seedling grown by APB, KBK and JPP-PHT-1 breeding technology of which consisted of three trees on each kind of breeding technology. Three disks were taken from each trunk, namely from the butt, middle and upper parts. Wood shrinkages on tangential and radial and its ratio were measured based on British Standard method. Data were analyzed by using variance analysis arranged in blocked factorial and further testing were performed by using HSD Duncan. Wood quality was determined by using Suranto method. Results showed that interaction of twoo factors did not affect on tangential and radial shrikages and also tangential-radial ratio. Tree breeding technology very significantly affects on tangensial shrinkage and significanty effect on radial shrinkage. APB breeding technology produces the greatest tangential shrinkage (8.46), followed by KBK (6.62) and JPP-PHT-1 (6.59%). APB breeding technology produces the greatest radial shrinkage (5.51), followed by KBK (5.08) and JPP-PHT-1 (4.42%). The axial tree trunk position affects only on tangential and radial ratio. The stem base has a largest T/R ratio (1.84), followed by middle part (1.45) and upper part (1.26). In term of wood shrinkage, Breeding technology affects the wood quality. APB breeding technology produces the lowest timber quality (3.30), followed by JPP-PHT-1 (2.85), and KBK (2.78).

Is the dating of short tree-ring series still a challenge? New evidence from the pile dwelling of Lucone di Polpenazze (northern Italy)

Short tree-ring series are a recurrent problem in dendroarchaeological studies because they are difficult to match against site and reference chronologies. Young wood posts discovered at the Early Bronze Age pile-dwelling site of Lucone D (Brescia, Italy) show tree-ring series not exceeding 40 rings. Dendrochronological analysis allowed us to cross-match 10 short series, which fail to find a cross-match against the site chronology and the regional GARDA1 chronology. Their precise dating, however, would invite new scenarios to better understand both the construction activity and the woodland management practices of ancient populations. Here, we examine the dating of these posts and speculate on young wood use in the context of pile dwellings.In order to precisely 14C date the subchronology of the 10 posts, we isolated random annual rings from two posts. Then, using wiggle-matching, the annual 14C measurements of the young woods were dated against a new absolute annual calibration curve (spanning 136 years from −2065 to −1929), which we built by measuring the 14C content in absolutely-dated subfossil trees. An offset of ca. 25 years between annual 14C values of the Aix-BA and IntCal13 curves was found, probably due to an analytical bias of the previous low-resolution 14C measurements of IntCal13. A calibration curve at high resolution (i.e. annual) proved to be extremely important for high-precision dating of short tree-ring series. The analysis of short tree ring series from the Lucone D settlement allowed to make assumptions about the use of young woods for either a fourth and final construction phase preceding the abandonment of the village, or for renovating ancient structures during the last stages of the settlement's life.

Effects of Wood Modification Using Natural Resin on Wood Quality and Bonding Properties

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gum rosin impregnation upon a low quality young teak wood in order to enhance its quality. The main objective of the treatment was to enhance the dimensional stability, as well as strength and to reduce the hygroscopicity. A 15-years old thinned teak wood (Tectona grandis L.f.) and gum rosin from Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vries were used for wood modification treatment by impregnation. Three kinds of non-polar solvents, i.e. turpentine oil, petroleum oil and n-hexane-, were used to make gum rosin solution. The results indicated that gum rosin impregnation did not markedly enhance the quality of young teak wood in terms of either dimensional stability or hygroscopicity; however, a little enhancement was delivered by using 15% gum rosin solution with n-hexane as the solvent. The treatment with petroleum oil solvent (at concentration of 7.5%) and at 15% concentration with n-hexane solvent resulted in highest bending properties. The highest bonding strength in dry condition was resulted by treatment with turpentine oil solvent.

Characterisation of eucalypt wood from trees with dieback for production of Kraft pulp

Dieback, resulting from abiotic stress, compromises the development of trees and the quality of wood. The objective of this work was to characterise the wood and cellulosic pulp produced from young eucalypt wood with dieback. Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla three-year-old trees from commercial plantations in the municipality of Estreito, Maranhão, Brazil were analysed. Height and diameter at breast height were measured, and the volume of trees (with and without stress) was estimated. The basic density, anatomical elements, chemical properties and parameters related to the production of cellulosic pulp were analysed in discs taken along the trunk of 15 trees with dieback and 15 without the stress. The basic wood density did not change, however, the anatomical elements, chemical composition of the wood and the commercial volume differed between the trees with or without dieback. The pulp produced from stressed wood presented low cooking yield and low viscosity, increased production chemical consumption and overall consumption of wood.

Молодая тонкомерная древесина от рубок ухода за лесом — резерв сырья для производства целлюлозы и бумаги

Молодая тонкомерная древесина от рубок ухода за лесом — резерв сырья для производства целлюлозы и бумаги

Whatever Happened to Janet Wood? Women Story Editors in 1950s Television

This article places 1950s women story editors in television in the context of the studio system and explains the particular labor of the story and script editors in film and TV. It examines the extant records and archival sources (including newspapers, industry trade publications, and internal memos) of women story editors such as Dorothy Hechtlinger, Alice Young, Jacqueline Babbin, and Janet Wood in conjunction with the historical work of David Waterman and Erin Hill, as well as the theoretical model Michel Foucault posits in his essay on the criminal notices of obscure “infamous men.” These “infamous” (or, more appropriately, un-famous) women story editors become visible as they are being penalized, disciplined, or fired—which is to say, they only appear in the historical record when they are being pushed out or when they push back. As Hechtlinger writes in an angry memo to a supervisor at The United States Steel Hour (ABC, 1953–55; CBS, 1955–63), “I think it was a shameful omission that I was not permitted to attend today’s meeting.” For decades, women like Hechtlinger and Wood have suffered such “omissions” within television history. This essay seeks to integrate their stories, work, and subjectivities into the field of postwar media industry studies while revealing how this hidden history invites a rereading of media texts from the period.

YOUNG WOOD OF SPRUCE AND BIRCH – COMPLETE RAW MATERIAL FOR PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

The work is devoted to increase in complexity of use of wood raw materials – one of the most important directions in solution to complying with the modern requirements of rational environmental management and environmental protection.Features of impregnation by bisulfite sulfite cooking acid and regularities of bisulfite delignification of young and ripe fir-tree and birch wood have been investigated. It is shown that young thin wood of both breeds becomes impregnated by bisulfite sulfite cooking acid much quicker, than ripe. The nature of delignification processes for young and ripe wood are identical, however intensity of processes is much lower for young wood.It has been established that cellulose derived from young wood is ground easier and has higher mechanical strength rates than from ripe. However cellulose from young wood is dehydrated slightly more difficultly and has the increased water-retaining what is connected with differences in sizes and properties of fibers of young and ripe wood.Cellulose yields of young and ripe wood differ insignificantly. Cellulose from young birch wood characterized by a somehow lowered owing due to the higher content of knots of this wood.Young wood is dignified by bisulfite cooking liquor without difficulties, but slightly more slowly in comparison with the corresponding ripe wood breed. The research results showed that the young (thin) fir-tree and birch wood of which is formed at cleaning cutting is the considerable reserve stock of wood raw materials which can be successfully utilized fibrous semi-finished products production, in particular in bisulfite cellulose.

Dimensional Stability and Characteristics of Modified Young Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Wood with PEG-1000

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wood modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-1000 at five concentrations to improve dimensional stability, drying, machining and finishing characteristics of young teak wood. A total of 12 samples for each treatment was prepared to measure an Anti Shrink Efficiency (ASE), as a parameter of dimensional stability and its drying characteristics. Six samples for each treatment were prepared to evaluate machining and finishing characteristics. PEG-1000 with five concentration levels of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% were impregnated to modify the samples, except control. Afterward, all samples were kiln dried to gain 12% moisture content. ASE was determined by comparing shrinkage percentage of treated sample with those of untreated one. Warping and surface checks were measured as drying characteristics and machining test was conducted in accordance to ASTM D1666-2004. After coating with a nitrocellulose system, surface quality were evaluated by conducting cross-cut test (ASTM D3359), coin test, delamination test (SNI 01-5008.2-1999b) and glossyness test (SNI-06-6052-1999a). Result shows that dimensional stability of impregnated samples with concentration of 30~60% was successfully improved, with ASE of 52~62%. All treated samples demonstrated good drying characteristics and defect-free areas which were more than 90% under machining test. Surface evaluation by delamination test, glossyness test, and coin test indicated that all impregnated samples were well coated by a nitrocellulose system. However, only impregnated samples in concentration of 20% and 30% showed a good result in cross-cut test. Impregnation with PEG-1000 in concentration of 30% is recommended to modify young teak wood.

Colour changes and morphological performance of impregnated jabon wood using polymerised merbau extractives

Colour can be one of the preferencial factors prior to making a decision when people want to make a purchase of a wood product. Impregnation treatment can alter the wood colour. This study investigated the colour change of young plantation Jabon wood due to impregnation using Polymerised Merbau Extractives. Colour evaluation was done using the CIEL*a*b* system. Investigations also included morphological appearance by Scanning Electron Microscopic and chemical change by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. The results demonstrated that impregnation treatment using selected Polymerised Merbau Extractives i.e. PME22 and PME33, resulted in the colour change of the wood. Appearance of the impregnated wood was different from the original wood; it was like a ‘new wood’. The colour was changed permanently. PME33 caused Jabon wood samples to be darker. The SEM results of untreated and treated Jabon wood showed apparent difference due to deposited cured polymerised Merbau extractives (PME) in wood vessels. Obviously, a certain amount of cured PME precipitated on the surface of wood vessels and filled in the cell wall illustrated by the cross section of treated wood. FTIR spectra revealed that impregnating treatment using polymerised Merbau extractives made chemical changes in the wood of new functional groups bonded to Jabon wood.

Natural durability assessment of thermo-modified young wood of eucalyptus

This study focuses on the effect on wood strength and natural durability of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus botryoides when subjected to heat treatments with low energy consumption. The objective was to improve the wood durability, without negatively impacting the strength properties. Six-year-old trees from Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus botryoides were used. The samples were heat treated for 4 h conditioned to very low oxygen availability. A field test for assessing the resistance to termites and fungal degradation was conducted according to EN 252:1989/AC1:1989 Inspections were made every six months for 3 years. All the samples of Eucalyptus globulus showed signs of termite and microorganisms attack, most showing extensive galleries. Eucalyptus botryoides wood showed no sign of termite attack and only few traces of microrganisms presence. The wood bending strength was smaller upon thermal treatment for both species, decreasing 3.8% and 4.8% for Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus botryoides, respectively. Overall the results are promising regarding some common utilizations, mainly floor coverings, decks, doors and door and window frames, fences (only for Eucalyptus botryoides), decorative arbors and pergolas (only for Eucalyptus botryoides), but excluding structural beams for building roofs or bridges due to the fragility of the wood treated thermally towards impacts.