Young Nobleman Research Articles

The Psychology of Patients With Oral-Facial Clefts: A Review of Victor Hugo's The Man Who Laughs (L'homme qui rit).

In Victor Hugo's The Man Who Laughs, the protagonist has a facial cleft. The authors aimed to comprehend the psychological experience of a patient with a facial cleft by analyzing this novel. The novel concerns the life of a young nobleman, Gwynplaine, disfigured as a child, who travels with his protector and companion, the vagabond philosopher Ursus, and Dea, a baby girl he rescued. During the oppressive rule of the king, one of his adversaries was Lord Linnaeus Clancharlie, who had taken refuge in Switzerland. The tyrannical monarch ordered the execution of Gwynplaine's father and commissioned a surgeon, Dr Hardquannone, to carve the boy's face into a perpetual grin. The king declared that he should "laugh forever at his fool of a father." Subsequently, the king sold the boy to a group who specialized in the mutilation and disfigurement of children. On the psychology of a boy with an appearance giving the impression of laughing, Hugo wrote: "By laughing Gwynplaine made people laugh. However, he wasn't laughing. His face laughed, his thoughts did not." When Ursus met Gwynplaine, Ursus asked the boy: "What are you laughing at?" The boy replied: I'm not laughing. Ursus: Then you are terrible. Gwynplaine's unnatural laughter, which stems from an artificial deformation of the muscles, is a silent form of laughter. It represents the eternal laughter of those who do not truly laugh, signifying emotional emptiness and an accompanying sense of indifference. Plastic surgeons can restore an "unnatural laughing face" to a "natural smiling face."

Destiny, Discretion, and the Demonic: On Isak Dinesen's 'Alkmene'

Abstract: What kind of role does fate play in a world that denies its existence? This article explores this question in relation to 'Alkmene', a tale by Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen), which depicts the relationship between a young nobleman and the title character, an orphan who resists the Christian faith of her adoptive parents. The article examines the mysterious events that conspire to thwart the budding romance between the two. The denial of destiny draws the nobleman into the grip of a demonic silence.

EDUCATIONAL TRAVELS AS A PHENOMENON OF THE EARLY MODERN AGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF STORIES OF EDUCATION ABROAD OF THE DESCENDANTS OF POLISH NOBLY FAMILIES OF THE RIGHT BANK OF UKRAINE IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES)

The article highlights one of the newest forms of education in the mentioned period in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, namely educational journeys. These journeys became an important part of the educational program for the noble youth. Peregrination did not involve studying in a specific educational institution. The journey often took place parallel to institutional education or even without it. Besides knowledge, these journeys expanded cognitive horizons, social capital was accumulated, and contacts with representatives of the European elite were established. It is noteworthy that this expensive event contributed to preparing the nobles for future political careers.
 The educational component of life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the XVI-XVIII centuries, which included some Ukrainian lands, had its own hierarchy. Its first degree was home education. Gradually, parents and the younger generation began to get used to the idea of upcoming separation. After the young nobleman began to attend an educational institution (the nearest geographically Jesuit collegium, taking into account the confessional peculiarity of the territory), the family mentally prepared for a new step – a trip to Europe to get education and acquire practical skills.
 The author also noted that the most extensive academic travels are represented in parental instructions. As a result, it became possible to present certain peculiarities of European society's development. It is mentioned that this issue is scarcely covered in Ukrainian history of pedagogy. Instead, it has attracted and continues to attract lively interest among Polish researchers.

Sir Gawain and Saint Julian the Hospitaller: An Overlooked Allusion

The general significance of the Gawain-poet’s mention of Saint Julian in line 774 of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (hereafter SGGK) has long been known.1 Saint Julian the Hospitaller is the patron saint of wayfaring travelers and it is logical for Gawain, lost in the forest, to supplicate the saint for help. However, the specific significance of Saint Julian’s presence in the poem has not been fully appreciated, nor has the unique allusive potential that the saint brings to SGGK been fully recognized. This potential will be outlined here. But first an outline of the Julian story. The young nobleman Julian receives a miraculous prophecy. A deer he is hunting tells him that he will one day kill his own parents. To avoid this fate, Julian flees to a foreign land, where he eventually marries. Later, his parents learn of his whereabouts, travel to his castle and encounter his wife. She treats the parents kindly and offers them the marital bed. Meanwhile Julian, who has been out hunting, returns to find the couple sleeping in his bed. Assuming them to be his wife and her lover, he slays them in a fit of rage. After realizing his mistake, Julian repents and makes a vow of poverty. He and his wife go into exile. Eventually, they build a hostel beside a river and care for pilgrims and travelers. One night, a strange leper arrives. The couple treat him kindly and the leper is revealed to be an angel who announces that God has accepted Julian’s penance. Julian and his wife are both taken to heaven.

Haris Durrani on Muslimness, Orientalism, and Imperialism in Dune

Art never exists within a vacuum: it is always embedded within a broader historical context and political interpretations. Frank Herbert's 1965 science-fiction epic Dune, currently in the midst of a two-part film adaption, exemplifies this dynamic. Dune narrates the story of a humanity dispersed across the stars 20,000 years into the future. It focuses on the young nobleman Paul Atreides as he acts upon a prophecy to control the planet Arrakis and its valuable spice—which makes space-travel possible—with the messianic command of Arrakis' indigenous Fremen people. Far more than a pulpy adventure tale, Herbert incorporated environmental science, history, religious thought, and political philosophy from the nearly two-hundred books he consulted to write Dune, resulting in a rich tome with commentary on religious and cultural synthesis, resource-based geopolitics, and colonialism and anti-colonial resistance. In this interview, GJIA covers these themes and more with Haris Durrani, a Ph.D. candidate in history at Princeton University who is also dubbed, the "leading post-colonial Dune scholar of our time."

La figure obstinée d’une vielleuse savoyarde (1803-1891)

The vielle was a popular musical instrument that was taken up by high society in the eighteenth century. This dual status explains the astonishing success of Bouilly and Pain’s comedy Fanchon la vielleuse of 1803. A young Savoyard immigrant makes her fortune in Paris by playing the vielle and devotes her wealth to acts of charity according to an aristocratic model. She marries a young nobleman. The play sparked a host of imitations, from Chaussier’s melodrama La Vielleuse du boulevard to the fictional tales Fanchon, ou la vielleuse du boulevard du Temple and Histoire véritable de Fanchon la vielleuse, which evince the wish to transcend the conflicts of the Revolution. This article follows the tracks of this character up to the opéra-comique La Fille de Fanchon la vielleuse of 1891.

What You Should Know about Versailles: Leonhard Christoph Sturm’s Die zum Vergnügen der Reisenden geöffnete Baumeister-Academie

Almost two decades before his Architectonische Reise-Anmerckungen (Architectural Travel Notes), published in 1719, the German architectural theorist Leonhard Christoph Sturm published another ‘guide’ for construction-related travel studies, which, however, received far less attention in the relevant research. Die zum Vergnügen der Reisenden Geöffnete Baumeister-Academie (first edition, Hamburg, 1700/1702) is mainly addressed to the dilettante reader, primarily the young nobleman, and represents a summary of his teaching as professor at the Wolfenbüttel Ritterakademie. Based on this contextual background, the article examines the importance of Versailles in particular in Sturm’s canon of buildings worth seeing and studying, and the differences that become evident in comparison with the Architectonische Reise-Anmerckungen.

Die Italienreise des Freiherrn Guidobald von Welsperg und Primör 1675–1676

Abstract The article exemplifies the role of the Grand Tour as the conclusion and culmination of an aristocratic education. The educational journey of the Tyrolean nobleman Guidobald of Welsperg began immediately after he completed his academic studies at the university of Innsbruck, taking him and his tutor through Italy, which was particularly popular as a Grand Tour destination thanks above all to its political diversity and cultural richness. Although Rome’s importance was waning, it continued to be regarded as the Caput Mundi by Catholic noblemen, especially during the 1675 Jubilee, underscoring the religious aspect of the journey. The advantages Rome had to offer must inevitably have had a formative effect on the young Tyrolean nobleman. The costs of the journey were high and out of reach of the majority, and therefore represented an important element of social distinction. At the same time, such an educational journey was a means of improving one’s education and polishing one’s manners that was almost obligatory for career purposes. Only by visiting foreign countries and courts could one acquire the Weltkenntnis, or knowledge of the world, qualifying an individual for higher posts at court, in the diplomacy or administration.

The Seven Knights of Lara: Text, Context, and Translation by Peter J. Mahoney

Reviewed by: The Seven Knights of Lara: Text, Context, and Translationby Peter J. Mahoney Katherine Oswald Mahoney, Peter J. The Seven Knights of Lara: Text, Context, and Translation. Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs , 2019. ISBN: 978-1-58871-318-6. In his contextualization of the legend of The Seven Knights of Lara(henceforth SKL) within the Alphonsine cultural project, Peter Mahoney elucidates that King Alfonso X's use of the vernacular served to make knowledge accessible to a broader group than it otherwise had been. The Seven Knights of Lara: Text, Context, and Translation, which contains English translations of the Estoria de España's and the Crónica de 1344's versions of the SKL, serves a similar purpose. With a substantial introduction that addresses the legend's origins and offers in-depth analyses of central figures and themes, along with exceptionally readable and well-contextualized translations, Mahoney has allowed an entirely new audience to experience the betrayals, heartbreak, and redemption endured by the house of Gonzalo Gústioz. Mahoney's introduction occupies close to one third of the text, providing necessary background for new readers of the Spanish epic and fresh analyses for those familiar with the genre. Presupposing minimal prior knowledge, he includes a concise introduction to the epic before entering into his detailed discussion of the legend itself. He begins his introduction to the SKLwith an overview of the theories regarding the origin and composition of a now-lost epic poem that would have been prosified by the Alphonsine chroniclers (15-21). In doing so, Mahoney centers on two overarching theories. The first is an early composition, around the year 1000, which would have occurred chronologically close to the events narrated. The second is a later composition in the thirteenth century, which places the poem's formation closer to the composition of the Estoria de España–the earliest preserved account of the SKL. This discussion of the SKL's initial formation leads to a consideration of the challenges presented by the version included in the Crónica de 1344—specifically, whether or not Pedro de Barcelos knew a second epic poem about the brothers. Closely related to the questions surrounding the legend's formation is that of its historicity, which Mahoney addresses in a later section (63-68). He gives an overview first of arguments that link elements of the legend to historical figures and events, such as name coincidences, and then cites refutations of such theories. Addressing the legend itself, Mahoney moves into a review of proposed foreign influences and a subsequent delineation of the characteristically Spanish qualities [End Page 233]of the legend, centering his discussion on the figures of Almanzor, Mudarra, Lady Lambra, and Lady Sancha (19-25). He then considers practical questions, including the purpose of epics such as the SKL, the intended audiences, and the applications of such tales (25-29). In doing so, Mahoney situates the legend within the Estoria de España's overarching purpose and, as such, within the political context of Alfonso X's reign—specifically, the King's preoccupation with treason and loyalty. Establishing first the primary objectives of the Estoria de Españaand then cautioning against a general reading of the consequences of nobiliary feuds, he concludes that the SKLin the Estoria de Españaserved as a condemnation of treason and an exaltation of loyalty, primarily (and respectively) through the characters of Ruy Velázquez and Gonzalo González. Mahoney's analyses of Gonzalo González and Mudarra (29-53) and the SKL's place within the Alphonsine cultural project (53-63) are the strongest of the introduction, as it is in these sections that his critical voice most comes across. He challenges the notion that responsibility for the legend's tragedy falls on Gonzalo González, centering his argument on the question of honor. Using terminology presented in Alfonso X's Siete partidas, Mahoney situates Gonzalo González's reactions within the contexts of honor and expected knightly behavior. While he does not gloss over the young nobleman's more reactive moments, he does effectively rationalize his seemingly impulsive responses. With respect to Mudarra, Mahoney offers a...

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ ПЕРСОНАЖЕЙ ФЭНТЕЗИ В ТРИЛОГИИ ДЖО АБЕРКРОМБИ «ПЕРВЫЙ ЗАКОН»

Joe Abercrombie is a prominent contemporary British author famous for working in such a currently popular branch of fantasy as grimdark. The characteristic feature of Abercrombie’s novels is a conscious play with conventions, traditions and clichés of classical fantasy. This article is devoted to analysis of some central figures of Abercrombie’s The First Law trilogy: infamous warrior Logen Ninefingers, young nobleman Jezal dan Luthar, inquisitor Sand dan Glokta, and Bayaz, First of the Magi. The study aims to reveal, through comparison with classical models, how the mentioned characteristic feature of Abercrombie’s books manifests itself at the level of character development. The analysis shows that for creating his characters Abercrombie employs classical archetypes (a wise mentor, a young protagonist on a long journey to find treasure), which have roots, as much as fantasy literature itself, through adventure fiction and chivalric romance, in the fairy tale and mythos. However, in distinction from the authors of classical fantasy such as J.R.R. Tolkien and his numerous less talented followers, Abercrombie fills the characters who impersonate those archetypes in his works with psychological content that is not in accord with or even contradicts their traditional plot functions. Moreover, the writer changes and transforms the meaning of those functions, thus creating a complex, shadowy realistic image of his grimdark fantasy world instead of an optimistic fairy-tale one typical of earlier fantasy books. Abercrombie’s characters are not only realistic and impressive, they are built upon a three-element structure, more complex than that of characters in classical fantasy, which demonstrates the development of this kind of literature in general.

Lietuvių draugijų veiklos atspindžiai Vytauto Civinskio (1887–1910) Dienoraštyje

ACTIVITY OF THE LITHUANIAN SOCIETIES IN THE DIARY (1904 – 1910) OF VYTAUTAS CIVINSKIS The egodocuments (letters and diaries) provide historians and linguists with the rare opportunity to observe the everyday life of generations, who lived long ago. The Diary of Vytautas Civinskis (1887–1910), a young nobleman, tells about the years he spent abroad while studying in Leipzig, Berlin, and Dorpat in the first years of the 20th century. Along with other information, one can find rather scarce, but nevertheless valuable data about the societies of Lithuanians in Moscow, Berlin, and Dorpat which he described. In Moscow Civinskis attended Lithuanian parties, in Berlin he joined some meetings and a picnic, arranged by the local society of Lithuanians. Most closely he observed the life of the Society of Lithuanian Students of Dorpat. Civinskis became an active member of this society, and temporarily worked as a secretary, a librarian, and even one of its leaders. Spending his vacations in the Lithuanian estate Mituva, which belonged to his family, Civinskis also helped to establish the Agricultural Society of Skapiškis, arranged a theatrical performance and founded its library. This Diary, previously practically unknown, adds some interesting new details and trivia about all the mentioned societies, their activities and members. Many surnames of members are mentioned, the printed program of the party in Moscow adds to our knowledge of the cultural life of Lithuanians there, and previously unknown facts about women studying in Tartu are also published. This article includes some good quality photographs, taken by the diarist in Tartu.

Eliza Haywood's Captive Message

Eliza Haywood's Captive Message Catherine E. Ingrassia One of the most popular texts published by Eliza Haywood is one to which few scholars have attended. Memoirs of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman, Return'd from a Thirteen Years Slavery in America, published in April 1743, was, according to her bibliographer Patrick Spedding, Haywood's "fastest selling work by far."1 By any metric Spedding uses, Memoirs was among the ten most popular texts Haywood published. In 1743 alone, five complete editions were printed in London, along with two Dublin editions and an abridgement in the Gentleman's Magazine. An Italian translation appeared in 1745. Certainly, as Orlando asserts, the text's popularity stemmed, in part, from "the subject matter" of this "fictional topical biography" of the nobleman James Annesley (1715–60), the Irish heir to the Barony of Altham.2 Kidnapped as a child by his uncle Richard (who wanted to claim the title himself), Annesley was sent to the American colonies as what Haywood—and other contemporaneous accounts—termed an "indentured Slave."3 After laboring for thirteen years in the American colonies, Annesley escaped and found passage to Jamaica, where he was discovered, identified, and rescued by Vice Admiral Edward Vernon (1684–1757). Upon his return, Annesley promptly initiated court proceedings to claim his title in a well-publicized trial that began on 11 November 1743. Haywood's Memoirs was one of more than sixty publications focused on Annesley that appeared between 1741 and 1745. Unquestionably, Haywood—who sold the book from her own shop at the Sign of Fame in Covent Garden—sought to capitalize on a narrative with immediate popular cultural currency. Perhaps because of Memoirs' apparent focus solely on the Annesley narrative, this publication has received little critical attention from Haywood scholars, who see it as a bit of an outlier in her oeuvre. Leah Orr, who has confirmed Haywood's authorship [End Page 67] of the text, observes that, as "one of the only works … which fictionalizes a popular news story," the narrative was "unusual for Haywood." It is, she suggests, "an odd choice of subject matter."4 I would assert that Memoirs is not "unusual" or an "odd" choice of subject matter for Haywood if we look closely at what the subject matter really is. I want to suggest in this essay that we must read her complex, popular, and under-discussed text in three distinct but interconnected ways. First, in the story of Annesley's quest to reclaim his title, Haywood addresses birthright, identity, and inheritance. These concerns might have been particularly familiar to Haywood, as Spedding notes, given the experience of her former associate Richard Savage (1697–1743). And, of course, narratives of mistaken male identity populate numerous mid-century novels; in fact, a section of Tobias Smollett's Peregrine Pickle (1751) draws directly on the Annesley affair.5 In tackling the tale of a kidnapped heir—even a true story—Haywood was tapping into themes explored by contemporaries throughout the decade. Second, within Memoirs Haywood explores various forms of domestic or colonial captivity in which British subjects might find themselves. In detailing both the types of confinement Annesley experiences in England, including workhouses and orphanages, as well as the state of indentured servitude in colonial America (the title's "Thirteen Years Slavery"), Haywood creates a narrative of confinement and control that both fascinated and resonated with mid-century readers. The text offers great detail about "the Hardships of an American Slavery," which she characterizes as "infinitely more terrible" than "Turkish" or "West Indian."6 She reminds readers of a world of global captivity. Captivity remained in the consciousness of early modern Britons, suggests George Boulukos, in part because around them existed reminders of the various "ways in which Britons imagined that they themselves could become enslaved."7 After the Transportation Act of 1718, British subjects could be transported as a punishment for a crime (more than 50,000 convicts were sent from England to the colonies between 1718 and 1775) in an era when everything from vagrancy to petty theft could result in that draconian punishment.8 Further, during this period, nearly 200,000 English, Irish, and Scottish subjects entered into...

Old Polish warrior's path - psychophysical and martial preparation of a young nobleman in modern Poland

The article attempts to outline the path a young nobleman underwent in the 16-17th century Poland in order to achieve prowess in battle martial arts. It presents patterns and ways of training the nobleman was subjected to from an early age, the process of a future warrior’s mental and physical preparation. Furthermore, it describes various types of body exercises and trainings with many weapon types. A fundamental novelty is presentation of the training methodology. Its over four centuries of age notwithstanding it has basically been valid until nowadays and encompasses such features as diet or exercise intensity. Eventually this article presents the individual stages of said training, closely related to warrior’s age and psychophysical development. Material for the study was obtained thanks to the textual analysis, both from the era (16 to 17th century sources) and from the limited literature on the topics (monographs, magazine articles, periodicals, the Internet) addressing the subject. The result depicts arduous, however consistent and sensible old Polish training system. After many years of wisely carried out exercises an effective, skilled warrior was produced, furnished with high fighting skills and morale, ready to fight his country enemies. At the same time whilst getting old such a warrior could train the next generations of Homeland’s knights-defenders. The objective of the article is to draw attention to the subject of Polish warriors, their training and martial arts, hitherto unmentioned in English literature and to encourage further research in this field.

Akademickie niestatki, czyli o niechlubnym żywocie polskich studentów w podróżach edukacyjnych po Europie Zachodniej od XVI do XVII wieku

Initially, the article describes the perfect educational tour for a young nobleman in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the ideal, as exemplified by the instructions and advice of parents, was in stark contrast with the actual behaviour of the students. Their excesses, triggered by leaving their family nests, their youth and pride in their heritage, took many forms. Among them were laziness, lack of respect for teachers, scuffles with other Poles or foreign students, drinking, gambling and fornicating. Such behaviour disgraced the young noblemen and led to them being expelled from universities, being incarcerated, or having to pay fines. Sometimes, the young men caught venereal diseases as a result of their sexual promiscuity, or sired illegitimate offspring. A number of them died due to excessive drinking and eating, or during street duels. The lives of Polish students have been described in numerous accounts from the universities of Padua, Bologna, Rome, Leiden and Altdorf.

Troski ojca wysyłającego synów po edukację za granicę w świetle korespondencji Stanisława M. Rzewuskiego, wojewody podlaskiego, z lat 1720-1727

Concerns of the Father Sending his Sons Abroad for Education in the Light of the Correspondence of Stanisław M. Rzewuski, Voivode of Podlasie in the Years 1720–1727 The paper presents educational trips of sons: Seweryn Józef (older) and Wacław (younger) from the viewpoint of their father Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski – the Voivode of Podlasie, later the Great Crown Hetman. Seweryn’s travel through Germany, Belgium, France, Italy and Austria took place under the custody of Marcin Kawiecki in the years 1720–1723. Knowing his son, the hetman was afraid of the results of the trip, but he did not spare his time and costs to ensure its successful accomplishment. However, he did not expect his son to cause so much trouble to him. The incident in Brussels affected the further course of the trip and forced the hetman to keep reminding the son of his expectations. Seweryn’s attitude also made the whole trip much more expensive. Less turbulent was Wacław’s trip (from circa the middle of 1724 to circa Easter of 1727), which he made on a similar route, also under Kawiecki’s custody. The hetman was satisfied with its results, but he was concerned about his son’s passion for flute playing that had emerged in the meantime. The educational trips under consideration were an example of a typical educational path of a young nobleman, which comprised home education, school lessons and travelling abroad. Their aim was to prepare sons for active participation in political life and to reinforce the family’s position in the Commonwealth.

„Ultimus” Marii Konopnickiej – nowela o deprawacji

W swojej wczesnej noweli Ultimus podjęła Konopnicka oryginalną realizację koncepcji Falkentheorie Paula Heysego, wykorzystując motyw żurawia jako tematyczny i kompozycyjny zwornik. Konopnicka, zainspirowana w dużej mierze Romanową Orzeszkowej, opowiada o deprawacji moralnej młodego szlachcica, wykorzystując paralelizm: człowiek-zwierzę w dwu porządkach: naturalistycznym i symbolicznym. Empatyczny odbiór lektury odbiegający od interpretacji dawnych pozwala usytuować Ultimusa w przestrzeni tekstów, które upominają się o miserables personas.

„Wychowanie dobre dziecięciu szlacheckiemu” – Hieronim Baliński o edukacji

Hieronim Baliński’s treatise on upbringing a noble boy, written in 1598, commissioned by Jan Łączyński for his son Kasper, has been used in literature for a long time. It is among the best known educational instructions the Old Polish period. Providing his guidance, Baliński showed exemplary education of a nobility boy. Baliński divided it into stages, taking into account the most important elements: religious and moral, physical and mental education. He also showed how to deal with a child and not discourage him from learning. In his opinion, religious education was of greatest importance as it was necessary for a young child to know God, His goodness, patience, mercy and love of human beings. The first stage of education was home schooling after which Baliński recommended a country school, followed by a trip abroad. A boy should take his first trip to Germany at the age of 12 and stay abroad for 2–3 years. According to Baliński, it was a prelude to the main journey which was to take place after a short stay at home. During the break, a young nobleman should be acquainted with the local law, operations of the court and the Parliament. Around the age of fifteen, a young man with a guardian appointed by his father should go abroad once again, this time to Italy, to develop his education and skills. Upon return from the trip, the young man continued education by transition to the adult life. Baliński recommended a court chancellery and military service. In the treatise he points out how a boy should behave towards other people; he also raised issues related to child nutrition and clothing. What is more, Baliński provided tips on physical development and exercises appropriate for children. The major source of Baliński’s treatise was religious literature although he probably referred to Quintilian’s and Mikołaj Rej’s works. According to his own account, Baliński drew on his experience and numerous conversations. The ideal man, as presented by him, bears resemblance to Rej’s faithful and mediocre “kind-hearted man”.

Возможности и ограничения стипендиальной системы Венгерского королевства в XVIII в.: дворянский юноша Янош Черски

Возможности и ограничения стипендиальной системы Венгерского королевства в XVIII в.: дворянский юноша Янош Черски

Celebrating the canine II: the hunt in Medieval Ireland, with special reference to the evidence of Classical Irish poetry

This paper investigates the nature of the hunt in Medieval Ireland. It confirms from the evidence of Fianaigecht material backed up by contemporary Classical Irish poetry that the hunt was in the nature of a drive and ambush rather than a chase; that two types of hound were used in the hunt, the gadhair to drive the quarry from its covert and the coin to hem it in by securing the corridor to the ambush site, where the latter were slipped on the quarry; that this practice was common in Scotland as well as in continental Europe at the time; and that the deployment of the hunt was an important part of the training of a young nobleman in Ireland. Crossover material reflecting parallels between hound and hero celebration is also investigated.

BLOOD-COLOURED SWANS: HOR.CARM.4.1.10 AND HOMER'S PURPLE DEATH

InCarm.4.1 Horace asks Venus to stop waging war against him, who is now over fifty (1–7), and suggests that she should set her aim instead on Paulus Maximus, a young and passionate nobleman who will be happy to obey Venus' orders (9–20).