Young Myopes Research Articles

A comparison of the results of old-generation (MEL 60) and new-generation (SCHWIND AMARIS) refractive excimer laser treatments

AbstractPurposeThe present study compares the efficacy of refractive surgery using third-generation and sixth-generation laser vision correction procedures in terms of postoperative visual acuity. The goal of the authors was to determine whether advances in laser technology had improved patients' uncorrected visual acuity, as measured at six-month follow-ups.Materials/MethodsResults were reported from one of Europe's leading laser eye clinics, which has performed an outstandingly high number of treatments (over 100,000). The results of the clinic's first 10,000 treatments and most recent 10,000 treatments were evaluated.ResultsThe analysis was performed by treated dioptric range and age group. The raw six-month visual acuity results show a statistically significant improvement over the last 10,000 interventions. The treatments resulted in significant improvements in all groups compared to the previous technology. With the new devices, visual acuity increased to above 1.0 in young myopes. The best results were seen in patients between 18 and 45 years of age, in the dioptric range between −1.0 D and −6.0 D.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that advances in technology improved refractive outcomes in all patient groups. This conclusion has excellent reliability and predictability due to the particularly high number of cases.

Ocular biometry and anthropometric measurements in young myopes – A case–control study

Background: The prevalence of myopia in the 5–15-year age group in India has been 7.5% over the past four decades. While ocular growth and physical growth occur simultaneously during early life, the existence of a common regulatory system for both is still debated. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to analyze the ocular biometry and anthropometric values of young myopes and emmetropes aged 18–25 years. Materials and Methods: This case–control study involved a sample size of 86 participants. Corneal curvature was measured using keratometry, while A-scan ultrasonography was utilized to measure axial length, lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, and vitreous chamber depth. Results: The results indicated that there were no significant differences in ocular biometry and anthropometric values between the case and control groups, except for corneal thickness and axial length. The mean corneal thickness was found to be 549.64 μm in the case group and 566.05 μm in the control group, while the mean axial length was 24.70 mm in the case group and 23.41 mm in the control group. An increase in height was correlated with longer axial length in myopes. Conclusion: There was no difference in anthropometry and ocular biometry in emmetropes and myopes in the age group of 18–25 years of age. Myopes tend to have thinner corneas, which should be taken into consideration before performing refractive surgeries. The presence of thin corneas in individuals with myopia can result in inaccurately low measurements of intraocular pressure, potentially hampering the early detection of glaucoma within this high-risk demographic.

Ultra-Widefield–Guided Swept-Source OCT Findings of Peripheral Vitreoretinal Abnormality in Young Myopes

To evaluate the ultra-widefield fundus photography (UWF-FP)-guided swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) images of peripheral vitreoretinal abnormality (PVRA) in young asymptomatic myopes. Cross-sectional, single-center study. A total of 1966 eyes of 983 consecutive patients aged 18 to 42 years with refractive error in the spherical equivalent of < 0 diopters (D) who visited KEYE Eye Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, for refractive surgery. The prevalence of PVRA and their characteristics, including shape, location, presence of pigmentation, membrane, retinal breaks, and detachment, were evaluated. A logistic regression analysis was done to evaluate the risk factors of PVRA and the risk of retinal breaks or detachment among eyes with PVRA. Among 1966 eyes, 317 (16.1%) had PVRA, and 182 (57.4%) and 135 (42.6%) had focal and linear lesions, respectively. The risk of PVRA was increased with axial length of the eyes (odds ratio [OR], 1.238, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.112-1.379, P < 0.001), corneal astigmatism (OR, 1.320, 95% CI, 1.148-1.519, P < 0.001), presence of discrete margins of different retinal reflectivity (DMDRR; indicating outer retinal disruption from abnormal vitreoretinal traction) (OR, 1.751, 95% CI, 1.334-2.300, P < 0.001), and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) at the posterior pole of the retina (OR, 1.833, 95% CI, 1.352-2.485, P < 0.001). Among eyes with PVRA, patient age (OR, 1.063, 95% CI, 1.008-1.121, P= 0.025), linear lesions (OR, 15.234, 95% CI, 7.891-29.407, P < 0.001), and multiple lesions (OR, 3.432, 95% CI, 1.780-6.620, P < 0.001) were independently associated with the presence of retinal breaks or detachment. The follow-up for PVRA among young myopes should be personalized on the basis of their ocular characteristics, including asymmetric ocular expansion (axial length and astigmatism) and vitreoretinal interface status. The treatment plan for PVRA eyes should emphasize the greater risk of retinal breaks and detachment with increasing age and the presence of linear and multiple lesions. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Assessment interocular symmetry of peripapillary vessel density in young myopes with optical coherence tomographic angiography

PurposeThe purpose of our study was to evaluate the interocular symmetry and distribution of peripapillary vessel density in young myopic eyes.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was designed. A total of 174 eyes of 87 young myopic patients were recruited in this study. According to spherical equivalent (SE), 48 eyes were classified as mild myopia with a mean SE of − 2.12D (SD 0.66D), 66 as moderate myopia with a mean SE of − 4.50D (SD 0.87D), and 60 as high myopia with a mean SE of − 7.39D (SD 1.30D). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to measure the vessel density. The distribution and interocular symmetry of peripapillary vessel densities were analyzed.ResultsThe vessel densities in the whole image, peripapillary, superior and inferior sectors were significantly lower in the high myopia group than in the mild or moderate myopia group (All P < 0.001), and the density in the nasal sector was significantly lower in the high myopia group than in the mild group. And most interesting, the vessel densities in the inside disc and temporal sector showed no difference among the three myopic groups (All P > 0.05). By Pearson correlation analysis, the vessel densities in the whole image, peripapillary, superior, inferior and nasal sectors were negatively correlated with axial length (AL) and SE (All P < 0.001), but vessel densities in the inside disc and temporal sector did not show this correlation (All P > 0.05). Interocular symmetry was observed in all the vascular parameters through paired-samples t-tests (All P > 0.05), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Pearson correlation analysis (All P < 0.001).ConclusionThe density of radial peripapillary capillaries decreased in the myopic eye with axial elongation, and optical vascular parameters showed significant interocular symmetry among young myopic eyes.

IMI-Global Trends in Myopia Management Attitudes and Strategies in Clinical Practice-2022 Update.

Surveys in 2015 and 2019 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern/activity about myopia, but the majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to provide updated information. A self-administered, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in 13 languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally. The questions examined awareness of increasing myopia prevalence, perceived efficacy and adoption of available strategies, and reasons for not adopting specific strategies. Of the 3195 respondents, practitioners' concern about the increasing frequency of pediatric myopia in their practices differed between continents (P < 0.001), being significantly higher in Asia (9.0 ± 1.5 of 10) than other continents (range 7.7-8.2; P ≤ 0.001). Overall, combination therapy was perceived by practitioners to be the most effective method of myopia control, followed by orthokeratology and pharmaceutical approaches. The least effective perceived methods were single vision distance undercorrection, spectacles and contact lenses, as well as bifocal spectacles. Practitioners rated their activity in myopia control between (6.6 ± 2.9 in South America to 7.9 ± 1.2/2.2 in Australasia and Asia). Single-vision spectacles are still the most prescribed option for progressing young myopia (32.2%), but this has decreased since 2019, and myopia control spectacles (15.2%), myopia control contact lenses (8.7%) and combination therapy (4.0%) are growing in popularity. More practitioners across the globe are practicing myopia control, but there are still significant differences between and within continents. Practitioners reported that embracing myopia control enhanced patient loyalty, increasing practice revenue and improving job satisfaction.

Outcomes of chronic macula-off retinal detachment repair.

PurposeThere have been disparate outcomes in the few studies that have looked at anatomic success and visual acuity (VA) in chronic retinal rhegmatogenous detachment (RRD) repair. Chronic retinal detachments (RD) without a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) occur in young myopes often secondary to an atrophic hole. These patients are often asymptomatic, and studies report good surgical anatomic results. However, chronic RD with a PVD is symptomatic but presents late due to patient compliance. This paper aims to evaluate this lesser-studied chronic macula-off RD with PVD.MethodsAfter obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, patients who had undergone surgical intervention for all diagnosis codes of RD were identified in the Denver Health Medical Center database. Medical records were reviewed, and patients found to have open-globe injuries, tractional RD due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, macula-on detachments, and RD due to previous ocular surgery were excluded. Similarly, patients without PVD were also excluded. A total of 37 patients with PVD-type chronic macula-off RD were thus identified and preoperative characteristics, surgical intervention, and complications were analyzed.ResultsThe average patient age was 53.8 years. The length of RRD duration ranged from 30 to 365 days (mean 136.7 days). Twenty-six (70.3% patients had proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) grade C or greater. Initial anatomic success—defined as re-attachment after one surgery—was 54.1%. The final attachment was 94.6%. Fifteen of 37 (40.5%) of the patients had issues with drop adherence, positioning, or missing post-operative appointments.ConclusionChronic macula-off RD with a PVD should be identified as it is associated with much lower rates of initial re-attachment. Socioeconomic factors likely are the driving factor for patients with PVD-type chronic macula-off RD to present late, struggle with positioning, and have difficulty with follow-up and drop compliance. These extended periods without treatment then lead to high rates of PVR and poor initial anatomic success. However, repair of PVD-type chronic macula-off RD should still be pursued as final anatomic success is high.

Changes in corneal thickness, corneal volume, and densitometry after long-term orthokeratology wear

PurposeTo investigate changes in the corneal volume, corneal densitometry and pachymetry of young myopes wearing over-night orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses. MethodsThe medical records of 28 right eyes of young myopes wearing OK between 2013 and 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. The baseline refractive error, best corrected visual acuities at baseline and uncorrected visual acuity at the most recent visit were recorded. Corneal volume of the central 10 mm cornea; densitometry at central, nasal and temporal cornea; and pachymetry along the horizontal and vertical meridians were collected from the Pentacam® HR at baseline, after one night of lens wear, and at the latest visit. ResultsThe mean age of subjects was 12.03 ± 3.80 years at the time of OK lens fitting and wore OK overnight for a mean duration of 666 days (range 206–1736 days). The baseline spherical equivalent refractive error was −3.03 ± 1.56 D (range −1.00 to −6.00 D). The corneal volume increased significantly after OK wear (p = 0.001). Corneal densitometry increased after OK wear, but the change did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.113). Pachymetry in the central cornea did not change significantly across all visits (p > 0.05) but increased significantly in the mid-peripheral regions of the cornea. Baseline refractive error was not found to be correlated with the changes in corneal volume, corneal densitometry, or pachymetry. ConclusionThe increase in corneal volume and densitometry and no significant change in the central corneal thickness may indicate the presence of corneal oedema from long-term OK wear. The baseline refraction was not correlated with the changes in corneal volume, densitometry or pachymetry.

Hemodynamic and morphological changes of the central retinal artery in myopic eyes

Due to excessive elongation of the eyeball, myopia-related vascular abnormalities are frequently observed in the central retinal artery (CRA) and its intraretinal branches. In addition to inconsistency in previously reported findings, hemodynamic (reduced flow velocity, increased vascular resistance) and morphological changes (narrower vessel diameter) were usually studied separately. This cross-sectional study evaluated the hemodynamic and morphological characteristics concurrently in a large sample of healthy myopes, by using the color Doppler ultrasound and adaptive optics retinal camera. Results showed that the retrobulbar segment of CRA had a tendency of slightly reduced flow velocity in eyeballs with longer axial length, but the correlation was not significant after adjusting for the multiple correlations. Vascular resistance was not affected by the axial elongation. With respect to the intraretinal branches, no significant changes in longer eyes of total diameter or lumen diameter were observed, while both the wall thickness and the wall cross-sectional area were significantly increased, but only a marginally increase in the wall to lumen ratio was found with increasing axial length. This implies some potential small artery remodeling in the intraretinal CRA branches. Overall, blood supply of the inner retina in healthy young myopes is likely to be maintained. Additionally, morphological parameters of vascular microstructure could be potential biomarkers to monitor myopia progression and understand myopia-related vascular abnormalities in future studies.

Multifocal contact lens design, not addition power, affects accommodation responses in young adult myopes.

Prolonged nearwork has been implicated in myopia progression. Accommodation responses of young-adult myopes wearing different multifocal contact lenses were compared. Twenty adults, 18-25years, with myopia (spherical equivalent refraction -0.50 to -5.50D, mean -2.1±1.6D) wore five lens types in random order: Proclear single vision distance (SV), MiSight concentric dual-focus +2.00 D Add (MS), Biofinity aspheric centre distance +1.50 D Add (CD1) and +2.50 D Add (CD2) (all Coopervision), and NaturalVue aspheric (Visioneering Technologies) (NVue). Using a Grand-Seiko WAN-5500 autorefractor with binocular correction and viewing right eye accommodative responses were measured after a 10min adaptation period at 4.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.33 and 0.25m distances. Dynamic measurements were taken for 4s at 6Hz. Accommodative stimuli and responses were referenced to 4m (i.e., refraction differences between 4m and nearer distances). Accommodation lags and refraction instabilities (standard deviations of dynamic responses) were determined. For comparison, results were obtained for an absolute presbyopic eye, where trial lenses counteracted the accommodation stimulus. For SV and MS, accommodation responses were similar to the stimulus values. For aspheric lenses CD1, CD2 and NVue, accommodation responses were approximately 1.0D lower across the stimulus range than with SV and MS, and rates of change were approximately 0.84D per 1D stimulus change. MS produced greater refraction instabilities than other lenses. For the presbyope, changes in refraction matched the trial lenses, indicating that corrections due to measurement through the different lenses were not needed. Reductions in accommodation response occurred in young myopes wearing aspheric multifocal contact lenses independent of the labelled 'add' power. The concentric dual-focus MS lens produced minimal lags but had greater instability than the other lenses. The results indicate that the mechanism of multifocal contact lenses slowing myopia progression is unlikely to be through relaxing accommodation, at least in young adults.

Prevention of Choroidal Thinning by 0.01% Atropine Administered 24 h Before Exposure to Hyperopic Blur in Young Myopes.

Purpose: To evaluate the persistence of atropine's effect upon choroidal thickness and ocular biometrics and its interaction with hyperopic blur in a population of young adult myopes. Methods: Twenty young (aged 18-35 years) myopic participants with spherical equivalent refractive error of -0.75 to -6.00 D (mean ± SD -2.85 ± 1.64 D) had subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) measurements derived from scans collected from the right eye only with a SD-OCT instrument (Copernicus SOCT-HR) before, as well as 60 min following the introduction of 3 testing conditions: (1) placebo/hyperopic (-3 D) blur, (2) placebo/hyperopic blur one day after administration of 0.01% atropine, and (3) placebo/no blur. Each combination of blur and pharmacological agent was tested on a separate day at approximately the same time of day between 9 am and 2 pm. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that hyperopic blur and placebo were associated with a decrease in choroidal thickness (mean change: -10.7 ± 2.7 μm, P < 0.001 after 60 min), whereas administration of 0.01% atropine one day before the introduction of hyperopic blur prevented the thinning of the choroid (mean change of +1.1 ± 3.7 μm after 60 min) compared to baseline (both, P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the baseline choroidal thickness measurements for any of the conditions tested. Conclusion: Low dose atropine can inhibit signals associated with hyperopic defocus that cause thinning of the choroid for at least 24 h after initial instillation.

Factors Influencing Higher-order Aberrations in Young Myopes

Purpose : To investigate the effects of age, refractive errors, corneal refractive power, pupil diameter, and pupil center shift on high-order aberrations (HOAs) in young myopic eyes. Methods : The myopic eyes of aged 20 to 39 years who had no ophthalmologic diseases and refractive surgery were recruited. I-Profilerplus (Zeiss, Berlin, Germany) was used to measure HOAs and refractive errors, corneal refractive power, pupil diameter, and pupil shift, and factors affecting HOA were analyzed. Results : In young myopes, as the age increased, the total HOA was increased in the positive (+) direction (p<0.001), and the horizontal coma, vertical coma, and spherical aberration (SA) were increased in the negative (-) direction (all, p<0.001). As the equivalent spherical refractive errors increased in the negative (-) direction, the total HOA was increased in the negative (-) direction (p<0.001), and the SA was increased in the positive (+) direction (p=0.004). As the mean corneal refractive power increased, the total HOA and SA were increased in the negative (-) direction (p<0.001, p=0.025), and the horizontal coma and vertical coma aberration were increased in the positive (+) direction (p=0.001, p<0.001). As the pupil diameter increased, vertical trefoil and SA were increased in the positive (+) direction (all, p<0.001). As the pupil center shift increased toward the lateral, the horizontal coma aberration increased in the positive (+) direction (p=0.003), and as the pupil center shift increased toward the superior, the vertical coma aberration increased positive (+) direction (p<0.001). Conclusion : The ocular HOAs of the young myopes changes according to age, refractive error, corneal refractive power, pupil size, and pupil center shift and the results in this study would be cornerstones in designing lenses for spectacle and contact lens.

Macular Vessel Density Changes in Young Adults With High Myopia: A Longitudinal Study.

Background: To characterize the longitudinal changes of macular vessel density in young adults and its associated factors.Methods: The right eyes of 309 participants (75 high myopic, 194 mild-to-moderate myopic, and 40 healthy) were followed up for 21 months. OCTA images were acquired at two visits using follow-up scans. Macular vessel density was calculated globally and in the nine early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) subfields of the macula superficial layer.Results: The macular vessel density significantly decreased in young myopes after a 21-month follow up (p < 0.05), with variations among sectors. Compared with healthy eyes, HM group exhibited a faster reduction in global macular vessel density (p = 0.0307) as well as in sectors of inner-inferior (II), inner-temporal (IT), and outer-temporal (OT) (all p < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that longer baseline axial length (AL) was significantly associated with larger reduction of macular vessel density in the inner-inferior, inner-temporal and outer-temporal sectors (all p < 0.05).Conclusions: Compared with emmetropes, high myopes presented greater loss of macular vessel density over time in global and in the inner-inferior, inner-temporal and outer-temporal sectors. A longer baseline AL was associated with larger changes of macular vessel density in the inner-inferior, inner-temporal and outer-temporal sectors.

Correlation between retrobulbar blood flow parameters and retinal nerve fiber, ganglion cell and inner plexus layer thickness in myopia.

To assess the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell and inner plexus layer (GCIPL) and blood flow parameters in retrobulbar vessels, and to analyze correlations between these parameters in myopes. The study included forty myopic and 20 healthy eyes. Standard eye examination was supplemented with OCT of the optic nerve and macula (GCIPL, RNFL, RNFL in each quadrant and rim area of the optic nerve) and color Doppler imaging of retrobulbar arteries [peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities, pulsatile index and resistance index (RI) in the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA), nasal posterior ciliary and temporal posterior ciliary arteries]. Significant correlations were found between blood flow parameters in the CRA, RNFL and GCIPL thickness, and axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE). There were significant positive correlations between RNFL with PSV and EDV in the CRA and negative correlations between RNFL and RI in the CRA. GCIPL was positively correlated with PSV and EDV in the CRA. The decrease in RA was associated with reduced blood flow velocities in the CRA, TPCA and NPCA. The reduced retrobulbar blood flow in healthy young myopes is correlated with increasing AL and refractive value, and thinning of the RNFL and GCIPL. Reduction of the rim-area of the optic disc is associated with vascular and retinal circulatory disorders. These phenomena indicate the vascular basis of the described changes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which correlates ocular circulation with retinal structure.

Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy

Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a variety of pathological changes and a higher risk of blinding complication. Purpose: To identify the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and to determine whether there are associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and spherical equivalent (SE) in young healthy myopes without maculopathy. Methods: A total of 116 young subjects without maculopathy were recruited in this study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed for CT measurement and assessment. SFCT, as well as CT at 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior and inferior to fovea were measured. Univariable linear regression analysis and Multiple regression analysis were used to study the correlation between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP. To assess the CT at each location and explore it’s associated factors. Results: The SFCT of high myopes was notably thinner (197.00±35.21 µm) compared with mild myopes (287.05±68.31 µm) and moderate myopes (251.13±64.40µm). For all three groups, CT at 3 mm nasal was the thinnest (195.21±52.43µm, 168.43±59.24µm, 129.56±30.97µm, respectively.) Univariable linear regression analysis indicated that SFCT decreased by 15.49 µm per diopter in myopic refractive change (P <0.001, R2 = 0.146) and decreased by 17.87 µm per 1mmHg increase inintraocular pressure (IOP) (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.440). Multiple regression analysis indicated that there were significantly correlations between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP in mild myopes and moderate myopes, but not in high myopes. Conclusions: A significant difference of the CT distribution was found in the centre region among myopes. However, nasal choroid thinning was the most obvious in all myopia groups. SFCT was significantly correlated with IOP and SE in the myopic population. However, the same correlation was not observed in young highly myopic eyes.

Changing the trajectory

Mark Halling explains to Andrew McClean how CooperVision's Brilliant Futures programme creates exciting prospects for young myopes.

Accommodative Changes with Center-Near Multifocal Contact Lenses in Young Adults with Accommodative Infacility

Purpose : To evaluate changes in accommodative function after near works in young myopes with accommodative infacility fitted with center-near multifocal soft contact lenses. Methods : Thirty-one soft contact lens wearers were participated and divided into the accommodative infacility group and normal group according to the accommodative facility. Subjects were fitted with single vision contact lenses (SVCLs) and center-near mid-add multifocal soft contact lenses (MFCLs). In case of MFCLs wearing, accommodative functions were measured after more than 7 days of adaptation. The amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence, accommodative facility and vergence facility were measured after watching video using a smartphone for inducing accommodative burden for 30 minutes. Results : Among the subjects, twenty-four were normal in accommodative facility and seven were accommodative infacility. In young adults group with accommodative infacility, the near point of accommodation after watching video, was significantly increased with SVCLs(p=0.012) and no difference with MFCLs compared with before watching video. And the near point of convergence with MFCLs after watching video was significantly shorter than that with SVCLs, and shorter than before watching video(p=0.009), and accommodative facility with MFCLs was statistically significant increased compared with SVCLs, and higher than that of before video watching(p=0.004). Conclusion : The med-add center-near MFCLs enhance accommodative function that could be effective to alleviated accommodative burden for the young adults with accommodative infacility.

Ocular Biometrics of Vietnamese Young Adults with Myopia.

BACKGROUND:Myopia is most prevalent type of refraction error. In some Asian countries, the prevalence of myopia can be 80 – 90% in the population aged 17 – 18.AIM:To analyze the correlation between ocular biometric indices and refraction status in Vietnamese young myopes.METHODS:A prospective cross – section study was conducted in young myopes. Data on axial length, central cornea thickness, corneal topography & anterior chamber depth and spherical equivalent were collected. Independent Sample T Test and ANOVA test were used to compare between groups. The correlations between ocular biometry and myopic spherical equivalent refraction were examined by Pearson Correlation with the level of significance p < 0.05.RESULTS:Totally, 418 eyes from 209 patients were recruited. The average axial length, central cornea thickness, cornea refraction & anterior chamber depth were 25.68 ± 1.09 mm, 539.78 ± 32.665 µm, 43.16 ± 1.369 D, 3.30 ± 0.243 mm, respectively. The correlation between axial length and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was high (r = - 0.742, p < 0.0001) while those between central cornea thickness and cornea refraction were negligible (r = - 0.107, p = 0.029; r = -0.123, p = 0.012; respectively). There was no correlation between anterior chamber depth and spherical equivalent refraction (r = 0.019, p = 0.697).CONCLUSION:Among ocular biometric indices, axial length was significantly correlated with spherical equivalent of young adult patients.

Global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice – 2019 Update

PurposeA survey in 2015 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern about myopia with a reported moderately high level of activity, but the vast majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to update these findings 4 years later. MethodsA self-administrated, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in eight languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally. The questions examined: awareness of increasing myopia prevalence, perceived efficacy of available strategies and adoption levels of such strategies, and reasons for not adopting specific strategies. ResultsOf the 1336 respondents, concern was highest (9.0 ± 1.6; p < 0.001) in Asia and lowest (7.6 ± 2.2; p < 0.001) in Australasia. Practitioners from Asia also considered their clinical practice of myopia control to be the most active (7.7 ± 2.3; p < 0.001), the North American practitioners being the least active (6.3 ± 2.9; p < 0.001). Orthokeratology was perceived to be the most effective method of myopia control, followed by pharmaceutical approaches and approved myopia control soft contact lenses (p < 0.001). Although significant intra-regional differences existed, overall, most practitioners did not consider single-vision distance under-correction to be an effective strategy for attenuating myopia progression (79.6 %), but prescribed single vision spectacles or contact lenses as the primary mode of correction for myopic patients (63.6 ± 21.8 %). The main justifications for their reluctance to prescribe alternatives to single vision refractive corrections were increased cost (20.6 %) and inadequate information (17.6 %). ConclusionsWhile practitioner concern about myopia and the reported level of activity have increased over the last 4 years, the vast majority of eye care clinicians still prescribe single vision interventions to young myopes. With recent global consensus evidence-based guidelines having been published, it is hoped that this will inform the practice of myopia management in future.

Optical coherence tomography angiography for the assessment of choroidal vasculature in high myopia

AimsTo assess specific layers of the choroid in highly myopic young adults and to examine their associations with levels of myopia.MethodsWe recruited 51 young myopes (n=91 eyes) from the Singapore...

Study on the Pupil Center Offset and High-order aberration after Wearing Spherical Soft Contact Lens in Young Myopes

Study on the Pupil Center Offset and High-order aberration after Wearing Spherical Soft Contact Lens in Young Myopes