Young Motorcyclists Research Articles

Impact of Masculine Identity on Racing Engagement Among Young Motorcyclists in Penang, Malaysia

Impact of Masculine Identity on Racing Engagement Among Young Motorcyclists in Penang, Malaysia

Hazardous traffic scenarios for motorcyclists in Indonesia: a comprehensive insight from police accident data and self-reports

Motorcycle safety remains a concern in low- and middle-income countries. This study addresses this issue by identifying hazardous scenarios for motorcyclists in Indonesia. We conducted a two-step cluster analysis and injury analysis to examine motorcycle accidents based on the police accident dataset (2020–2021) of Brebes Regency, Indonesia. We integrated the findings with accident self-reports from 104 young motorcyclists using a joint display to obtain a more comprehensive insight. As a result, we identified four hazardous traffic scenarios: motorcycle-to-vehicle collisions on median roads, motorcycle-to-vehicle collisions on non-median roads, motorcycle-to-pedestrian collisions, and single-motorcycle collisions. We suggest countermeasures for each scenario and propose a public transport policy as a safer mobility solution. Applying a two-step cluster analysis on accident data and integrating the findings of accident data and self-report analysis proved beneficial in this study. Therefore, we encourage the use of this novel approach in future studies.

Testing the efficacy of the cognitive interview to road traffic accident investigations

AbstractIn the current set of experiments, we examined the effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview (CI) on memory for traffic accidents. Three online experiments were conducted among Indonesian young motorcyclists who had an accident experience. Participants were interviewed about their most memorable accident experience, either with a CI or a Standard Interview (SI) method (Experiment 1). We added the time delay as the second independent variable (less than a month versus between 6 and 10 months) in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, the interview methods were compared across two age groups (adolescents versus young adults). In all experiments, the CI led to more event‐related and peripheral recall than the SI. Furthermore, this effect persisted even when the event happened a long time ago and was replicated in both age groups. Our results show empirical evidence for the effectiveness of the CI in a traffic accident context, especially in a non‐WEIRD country.

How supplementary sign features can improve traffic safety among motorcyclists? The effect of capitalization and information length on road sign comprehension

Objectives Supplementary signs are essential to improve riders’ understanding of road signs. In order to attract the rider’s attention and ensure the information on the supplementary sign is effectively delivered, a study on the effective ways to display the information in the supplementary sign is needed. The current study examined the effects of capitalization and information length in supplementary signs on road sign comprehension among riders. Method A randomized 2 (capitalization: all letters capitalized vs the first letter capitalized) × 2 (information length: long vs. short) factorial design experiment was conducted on 131 young motorcyclists in the Jakarta area. Road sign comprehension was measured using sign comprehension time and sign comprehension level. Result A 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA analysis showed a significant effect of information length on sign comprehension time: less information in supplementary signs can increase sign comprehension time. Additionally, a significant interaction was found between capitalization and information length on sign comprehension level: sign comprehension levels would be improved if supplementary signs were presented with capitalization at the beginning of each word and had a long information length. Conclusion This study suggests that there is a need to consider the capitalization and length of information in designing supplementary traffic signs. The effective design of supplementary signs could help riders to comprehend the road sign quickly and accurately, thus improving traffic safety.

Male and female students: who are more likely to be involved in risky riding behaviours and which are influencing factors?

Young motorcyclists have been considered a high-risk population contributing to a high number of traffic crashes. Since rider risky behaviours have a serious impact on traffic safety, identifying the rider’s mindset can help clarify the nature of accidents. The data of the study were collected from students in some universities located in Da Nang city, Vietnam using a self-report questionnaire. Based on the combined framework of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and deterrence theory (DT), psychological factors affecting risky riding behaviour are explored. The research results show that the factors in the TPB model have a positive and significant influence on the intention to involve in risky riding behaviours among university students. In contrast, certainty has a negative impact on the behavioural intention. Additionally, in this study, a multi-group analysis is performed to further explore the differences between male and female riders. The results of this study are useful for developing strategies which aim to reduce risky riding behaviours among young riders, particularly in the context of a motorcycle-dependent country.

Analysing Young Motorcyclist Trip and Parking Behaviours: A Strategy to Reduce Motorcycle Accident Numbers

Motorcycle numbers in Indonesia are growing rapidly and contribute 84.4% of total motor vehicles. The death numbers from road traffic accidents (RTA) involving motorcycles also increase to 74% of the deaths, including young motorcyclists. WHO reported that RTA is the leading cause of death for people aged between 5-29 years. A series of Revealed and Stated Preference surveys have been undertaken to explore the characteristics of young motorcyclist trips and their behaviors towards three different virtual parking schemes aimed at finding the best parking schemes to control motorcycle usage among young motorcyclists. Therefore, the number of young motorcyclist-related RTA could be reduced. The finding suggests that young motorcyclists preferred using off-street parking over on-street parking. The preferred distance between parking premises and activity centers is less than 50 meters. The off-street parking would be selected instead of the on-street parking, although its price is higher. The Willingness to pay for each proposed parking scheme is IDR 3,373, IDR 3,509, and IDR 3,618. It is below the ability to pay, which is IDR 4,100. Thus, an on-street parking scheme with progressive pricing and a minimum base price of IDR 5,000 is proposed, where at least 30% of parking lots should be allocated for short-term parking. Finally, the proposed parking scheme must be supported by reliable public transport services based on the young motorcyclist preferences, which would be the direction of future research.

Masculine Identity: How It Affects Street Racing and Aggressive Behaviour in Young Motorcyclists

Youth illegal racers who adhere to socially defined masculinity ideals often engaged in illegal racing and aggressive behaviours solely to demonstrate the assertiveness of masculinity. This mixed-method study was carried out to investigate the extent of masculine identity among young motorcyclists and how it affects street racing and aggressive behaviour. Phase 1 of this study was conducted in December 2020 involving a group of young illegal racers in Penang, Malaysia and the masculine identity levels were measured using the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-22 (CMNI-22) survey. The association between masculine identity, illegal racing status (Model 1) and aggressive behaviours (Model 2) was determined using Multiple Logistic Regression. Phase 2 of the study explored the meaning of self-perceived masculine identity among 400 young motorcyclists. Participants that had high masculine levels were found to be four times more likely to a racer (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 3.57, 6.12; P = 0.001) and five times more likely to commit aggressive behaviours (95% CI 3.57, 6.12; P = < 0.001) compared those with low masculine identities. This study revealed that illegal racers perceived masculine identity as having a macho appearance, exhibiting playboy behaviours, and driving recklessly. This study demonstrated the need for a special awareness program that helps youths to explore their masculinity and channel it in the right way.

STUDY OF YOUNG MOTORCYCLISTS’ RISK BEHAVIOURS TOWARDS ROAD ACCIDENTS IN KUANTAN

In Malaysia, the number of motorcycle-related traffic accidents has gradually climbed over time. Road traffic accidents are typically caused by a combination of individuals and environmental circumstances.Young motorcyclists had significantly over-represented number of deaths in motorcycle road accidents. Many aspects, such as inexperience, lack of riding competence, and risky riding behaviour, have been linked to road traffic crashes among young adults aged 16 to 19 years old. However, less study has been conducted to analyze these young motorcyclists (high school students) riding behaviour. Therefore, this review aims to identify secondary school student’s risk behaviours for road traffic accidents among motorcyclists in Kuantan with young motorcyclists being the main contributor to the road accidents. Most of the youngster use motorcycles as their daily mode of transportation. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design and a simple random sampling method. It was conducted among students in three different school in Kuantan area. This study used on-site behavioural observation survey which data observation forms are specifically designed to collect data on motorcyclists’ risk behaviours by using a video camera in the school area. Results: The findings proved that the male students had higher frequency number that contribute to break the speed limits behaviour compare to the female students. Subsequently, breaking the speed limit and riding without crash helmets, failing to keep proper side to side movement with another vehicle and tailgating with another vehicle with unsafe distance are the most influenced risk riding behaviour factors among the students. Apart from that, riding while impaired, performing stunting acts, riding against traffic and riding without headlights on & traffic violation are the behaviours that less contributed to the number of motorcycle accidents. Conclusion: Each risky riding behavior factor has a different effect on road safety among young mototcyclists, especially the students in urban areas. Other than that, the estimated number of crashes can be a reference to authority to reduce the number of accidents in Malaysia.

Association of Illegal Motorcyclist Behaviors and Injury Severity in Urban Motorcycle Crashes

Motorcycle crashes have been a significant cause of death and serious injury in urban regions, which has a negative effect on the development of sustainable urban transportation. In this study, two logit models, one model for illegal motorcyclist behaviors and the other for crash injury severity, are developed using urban motorcycle crashes in Hunan Province, China. The two developed models could allow us to simultaneously identify significant factors related to specific illegal behaviors and the severity level of crashes. The results show that illegal motorcyclist behaviors, including unlicensed riding, drunk riding, and improper overtaking/lane changes, are more likely to cause serious injuries or death. Young motorcyclists are associated with a higher likelihood of illegal behaviors, while old motorcyclists are associated with a higher likelihood of serious injuries or death. Night conditions without street lights are significantly associated with a higher probability of illegal motorcyclist behaviors as well as higher injury severity. Crashes caused by drunk riding have the highest likelihood of fatal/severe injury. Based on these findings, efficient interventions are recommended to curb illegal motorcyclist behaviors and alleviate crash injury severity.

ATTITUDES AND DRIVING BEHAVIOR FACTORS ON THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AMOUNG YOUNG MOTORCYCLIST IN SURABAYA CITY

The majority of traffic accidents in Surabaya are dominated by motorcycles and drivers which whom mostly were teenagers This study aims to examine the relationship between attitudes, driving behavior, and traffic accidents among young motorcyclist in Surabaya. The study used a primary dataset of 435 motorcyclists from 17to 25-year-old. This study uses a structural equation modelling approach to determine the relationship between attitudes towards risky driving behavior, driving behavior, and traffic accidents. The driving behavior parameters used are divided into six parameters: traffic errors, speed violations, control errors, traffic violations, safety violations, and stunts. The results of this study indicate that all driving behavior parameters are significantly influenced by the driver's attitude towards risky driving behavior. In which the parameters that have a significant effect on traffic accidents are traffic errors and traffic violations.

ROAD SAFETY AND PREVENTION OF INJURIES

Maxillofacial injury is a serious clinical problem resulting in serious dysfunctions including damage to the central nervous system. The esthetic and psychological aspects of injuries to the maxillofacial region are of great importance, as minor changes in the patient’s facial appearance after trauma may cause severe psychological disruption. The public health importance for countries to assess and evaluate their data on the magnitude, impact and characteristics of RTA cannot be overstated. Maxillofacial trauma resulting from RTA has been rising steadily over the past decade and is expected to increase by two and a half times in the next two decades. Young motorcyclists are losing their lives or suffering lifelong disabilities. An estimated 53.71% of maxillofacial surgical resources are being utilized in the management of these injuries. The recent seminar on Road Safety by Road Safety Council of Pakistan in collaboration with Research & Development Cell Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar and Capital Traffic Police Peshawar is a key step towards understanding the gravity of compromised road safety. Road traffic accidents are predictable and preventable and the basic knowledge regarding road safety measures and its implementation is necessary.In our country, large scale research is needed to further uncover factors that distinguish road traffic crashes and their characteristics from the rest of the world. Information gathered can be used to develop novel interventions. Regulating informal public transportation systems and enforcing safety legislation like seat belts and restriction of mobile phone use while driving, could go a long way in reducing the burden of RTAs. It is imperative that government makes this issue a top priority alongside other pressing public health problems in order to prevent deaths and dissibilities.

A Focus Group Study to Explore Risky Ridership among Young Motorcyclists in Manipal, India

Road crash injuries have emerged as a significant public health issue in many low and middle-income countries in recent years. In India, motorized two-wheelers comprise 70% of the vehicle population and are considered the most vulnerable road users. Road crash injury is common among the young-aged population leading to premature deaths. It is essential to understand risky riding behaviors to develop accurate, evidence-based risk reduction programmes that fit the target population’s characteristics and the intervention setting. The current study aims to improve the understanding of the typical characteristics of motorcycle crashes among young riders in India, primarily focusing on the prevalence and role of risky riding behaviors. Five focus group discussions with eight to ten participants in each group (N = 35) were conducted in Manipal, in the Karnataka state of Southwestern India. A thematic analysis was completed using MAXQDA software to identify, analyze, and report on themes within the data. Speeding, riding under the influence of alcohol, and the poor maintenance of motorcycles were indicated as leading causes of crashes. Furthermore, using mobile phones while riding, violations of the traffic rules, and helmet non-use were identified as other risky behaviors among young riders. Future research can be taken up in other settings for the target population. Generational awareness with the involvement of young riders, government authorities, university officials, and the Regional Transport Office can be initiated. Engaging young riders, government authorities, university officials, and the Regional Transport Office through behavioral interventions such as persuasive communication techniques, an active experimental approach (such as the use of a simulator), and regulating the licensing procedure can reduce the number of road crashes.

What Factors Would Make Single-Vehicle Motorcycle Crashes Fatal? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan.

The existing research on motorcycle safety has shown that single-vehicle motorcycle crashes (SVMC) account for a higher fatality rate than other types of crashes. Also, motorcycle safety has become one of the critical traffic safety issues in many developing countries, such as Pakistan, due to the growing number of motorcycles and lack of sufficient relevant infrastructure. However, the available literature on SVMC and motorcycle safety in developing countries is limited. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate the factors that contribute to the injury severity of SVMC in a developing country, Pakistan. For this purpose, a random parameter logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances is developed using two years of data extracted from the road traffic injury research project in Karachi city, Pakistan. The study’s findings show that the presence of pillion passengers and young motorcyclists indicators result in random parameters with heterogeneity in their means and variances. The study’s results also reveal that the summer, morning time, weekends, older motorcyclists, collisions with fixed objects, speeding, and overtaking are positively, while younger motorcyclists and the presence of pillion passengers are negatively associated with fatal crashes. More importantly, in the particular Pakistan’s context, female pillion passenger clothes trapped in the wheel, riding under the influence, intersections, U-turns, and collisions due to loss of control are also found to significantly influence the injury severity of SVMC. Based on these research findings, multiple appropriate countermeasures are recommended to enhance motorcycle safety in Pakistan and other developing countries with similar problems.

Assessment of Risk-Taking Behaviour of Young Motorcyclists at Un-Signalised Intersections – A Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling Approach

At un-signalised at-grade intersections or roundabouts, motorcyclists have to make a quick decision to manoeuvre and avoid crash. Many studies show that risk-taking behaviour is the major cause of accidents in young motorcyclists. In this study, we analysed various factors that are involved in the risk-taking behaviour of young motorcyclists at un-signalised intersections. Online questionnaires were distributed among university and college students in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The data of 490 respondents were collected to test the research model. Partial least square structural equation modelling approach was used to evaluate the measurement model, structural model and importance-performance map analysis. In this study, we assumed that risk-taking behaviour of young motorcyclists at un-signalised intersections could be influenced by several factors, i.e., demographic, past crash involvement, and peer influence. The results revealed that past crash involvement, confidence level, and peer influence were the significant factors that affect the risk-taking behaviour. Peer influence has the highest effect on the risk-taking behaviour. The person whose friends encourage them to take risk and accept challenges is more likely to exhibit the risk-taking behaviour. Those people who are more confident while riding a motorcycle are more likely to take risks.

Factors affecting motorcyclists’ behavior in car-following condition

Car-following (CF) maneuver plays an important role in both traffic flow analysis and road safety assessment. However, many studies on this issue have focused on the drivers’ behaviour, neglecting the different driving behaviour of the motorcycle riders and the vulnerability of this type of user. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the factors affecting the riders’ behaviour in CF condition, by using two surrogate safety indicators, Time Headway (TH) and Time To Collision (TTC). A field experiment was conducted to collect data. Twenty young motorcyclists participated in the study driving their own motorcycles, which were instrumented with a camera and a global positioning system device (GPS). A digital image processing algorithm was used to obtain CF related indicators. The results of the study showed that Time Headway (TH) and Time To Collision (TTC) are independent of each other, extending the result obtained in the literature for the four wheeled vehicles to the motorcycles. TTC and TH were therefore analyzed separately. As for TTC, it was observed that only in few cases (0.8%) the riders were found in risky condition (TTC < 5 s), confirming the role of this parameter for the detection of an impending risk. On the other hand, TH gives information about a potentially risky situation, and 99% of the riders were found in such condition (TH < 2 s). Due to the few cases in TTC risky conditions, only TH was further modelled by using the hazard-based duration analysis. Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) model specification was used, and the Weibull distribution provided the best fit of the data. The model identified four covariates affecting TH and all of them had the effect of reducing TH, increasing the collision risk. The time spent on CF condition, the speed of the motorcycle, the willingness of overtaking and the engine size of the motorcycle were the factors that reduced TH.The findings of this study could be considered in the development of microsimulation models; the factors that were found affecting the motorcyclists’ behavior in car-following condition could be considered for a more realistic simulation of the riders’ choice of Time Headway.

Peran Norma Deskriptif dan Kepribadian terhadap Perilaku Melawan Arah pada Pengendara Sepeda Motor

This study aims to investigate the role of descriptive norms and personality traits in predicting contraflow riding behavior among motorcyclists. A correlational study was conducted to 156 riders who have the active riding licenses, aged 17 to 51 years old. Participants was given validated scenarios to measure descriptive norm and the contraflow riding behavior, and the Indonesian adapted version of the Big Five self-report to measure extraversion and conscientiousness traits. The results show that descriptive norms have a significant role in predicting contraflow riding behavior. Age has also a significant role in predicting contraflow riding behavior. When the riders perceived that many riders perform contraflow behavior and the younger their age, they are more likely to perform the contraflow riding behavior. Based on this study, the policy makers should make a serious effort in developing the descriptive norms to reduce contraflow riding behavior, especially among young motorcyclists.

The effect of noise on motor task functioning among young motorcyclist: A controlled experiment

Motorcycle is a complex machine, and its riding requires mental alertness along with mind and body coordination. On the road, motorcyclists are subjected to excessive level of noise (&gt; 90 dBA). High noise exposure can impair the motor task functioning. The assessment of motor task (dexterity) of motorcyclists under noise exposure has not been examined formerly as well as their psychological health profiling. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the effects of noise-induced motor task functioning among young motorcyclists (19 – 24 yrs.). The controlled laboratory experiment was conducted on undergraduate university motorcyclists ( n = 60; 30 males, 30 females). Two groups were formed experimental (Exp-G; n = 30) and a controlled (Con-G; n = 30). The Exp-G operated motor activity test under 85-90 dBA motorcycle noise exposure, while Con-G exposed to controlled noise (65 dBA) levels. The sound level was examined concurrently by calibrated (114 dBA) Sound Level Meter. Purdue Pegboard battery test was used to measure motor task functioning consisting four subtests (Dominant Hand; Non-Dominant Hand; Both Hands; Assembly). The Independent sample t -test was used across all subtests to examine the comparison effect of motor task function (dexterity) between Exp-G and Con-G, and amongst genders. Result showed that the Con-G had significantly good quality presentation ( p &lt; 0.05) in all the subtests of Purdue Pegboard as compared to Exp-G. Gender differences were not found statistically significant ( p &gt; 0.05). Based on mean values, male participants of the Exp-G performed better under high noise levels than females, while among Con-G, females performed better. The results demonstrated significant effect of motorcycle noise on decreased motor task functioning of the participants (Exp-G). Therefore, it concludes that on-road excessive noise level exposure can hinder the motor task functioning and can contribute to impair the reaction time on excruciating hazardous position.

The effect of noise on motor task functioning among young motorcyclist: A controlled experiment

Motorcycle is a complex machine, and its riding requires mental alertness along with mind and body coordination. On the road, motorcyclists are subjected to excessive level of noise (&gt; 90 dBA). High noise exposure can impair the motor task functioning. The assessment of motor task (dexterity) of motorcyclists under noise exposure has not been examined formerly as well as their psychological health profiling. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the effects of noise-induced motor task functioning among young motorcyclists (19 – 24 yrs.). The controlled laboratory experiment was conducted on undergraduate university motorcyclists ( n = 60; 30 males, 30 females). Two groups were formed experimental (Exp-G; n = 30) and a controlled (Con-G; n = 30). The Exp-G operated motor activity test under 85-90 dBA motorcycle noise exposure, while Con-G exposed to controlled noise (65 dBA) levels. The sound level was examined concurrently by calibrated (114 dBA) Sound Level Meter. Purdue Pegboard battery test was used to measure motor task functioning consisting four subtests (Dominant Hand; Non-Dominant Hand; Both Hands; Assembly). The Independent sample t -test was used across all subtests to examine the comparison effect of motor task function (dexterity) between Exp-G and Con-G, and amongst genders. Result showed that the Con-G had significantly good quality presentation ( p &lt; 0.05) in all the subtests of Purdue Pegboard as compared to Exp-G. Gender differences were not found statistically significant ( p &gt; 0.05). Based on mean values, male participants of the Exp-G performed better under high noise levels than females, while among Con-G, females performed better. The results demonstrated significant effect of motorcycle noise on decreased motor task functioning of the participants (Exp-G). Therefore, it concludes that on-road excessive noise level exposure can hinder the motor task functioning and can contribute to impair the reaction time on excruciating hazardous position.

Evaluating sleep deprivation and time-of-day influences on crash avoidance maneuvers of young motorcyclists using a dynamic simulator

Introduction: Motorcyclists are particularly at risk of being injured when involved in a road traffic accident. To avoid such crashes, emergency braking and/or swerving maneuvers are frequently performed. The recent development of dynamic motorcycle simulators may allow to study the influences of various disturbance factors such as sleep deprivation (SD) and time-of-day (TOD) in safe conditions. Methods: Twelve young healthy males took part in 8 tests sessions at 06:00 h, 10:00 h, 14:00 h, 18:00 h after a night with or without sleep, in a random order. Participants had to perform an emergency braking and a swerving maneuver, both realized at 20 and 40 kph on a motorcycle dynamic simulator. For each task, the total distance/time necessary to perform the maneuver was recorded. Additional analysis was conducted on reaction and execution distance/time (considered as explanatory variables). Results: Both crash avoidance maneuvers (emergency braking and swerving) were affected by increased speed, resulting in longer time and distance at 40 kph than at 20 kph. Emergency braking was mainly influenced by sleep deprivation, which significantly increased the total distance necessary to stop at 40 kph (+1.57 m; + 20%; p < 0.01). These impaired performances can be linked to an increase in reaction time (+21%; p < 0.01). Considering the swerving maneuver, TOD and SD influences remained limited. TOD only influenced the reaction time/distance measured at 40 kph with poorer performance in the early morning (+30% at 06:00 h vs 18:00 h; p < 0.05). Discussion: Our results confirm that crash avoidance capabilities of young motorcyclists were influenced by the lack of sleep, mainly because of increased reaction times. More complex tasks (swerving maneuver) remained mostly unchanged in this paradigm. Practical Applications: Prevention campaigns should focus on the dangers of motorcycling while sleepy. Motorcycling simulators can be used to sensitize safely with sleep deprivation and time-of-day influences.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Traffic-Violation Behaviours among Two Groups of Motorcyclist in Bandung, Indonesia

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The capability and limitations of car drivers or motorcyclists are believed to change over time as a response to external and internal triggers. As a fact, studies regarding behaviour of young motorcyclists from developing countries are very rare while motorcyclists from developed and developing are believed as different. This study aims to explore the change of behavior of young motorcyclists in committing traffic violations in urban areas from experience in developing countries. Analyses employed datasets collected using questionnaire survey from Bandung, Indonesia from two periods, namely 2010 and 2017. Comparison analyses were completed to compare traffic violations attributes between the two datasets. Two causal models from two data collections were estimated using structural equation modelling to analyse the influencing factors to traffic violations as well as to analyse the relationships of influencing factors, characteristics of motorcyclist, and type of violations. Between the two datasets it is found the difference of the type of violations which implies the change of attitudes in committing traffic violations, while the change of causal relationships is not found in the models. This study confirms the flexibility of behavior change in riding motorcycles between young motorcyclists, while relationships among constructs seem more stable.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;