Young Male Children Research Articles

Acute Poisoning Among Children Admitted to Alexandria Poison Center, Egypt: Patterns and Predisposing Factors.

Acute poisoning in children is a major public health problem worldwide. Children poisoning ranksamong the top unintentional injuries in children aged less than four years. This paper aimed to describe the pattern and characteristics of acute poisoning incidents, estimate the percentage of medication poisoning among those children and highlight the possible risk factors. All children aged below 10 years admitted to Alexandria Poison Centre (APC) with acute poisoning from the July1, 2022, to December 31, 2022, were included in the study. A pre-designed structured interviewing questionnaire was used to collect data: socio-demographic data of the poisoned child and his/her caregiver, medical history of the poisoned child and family members, history of previous poisoning incidents in the family, details of the poisoning incident including causative agent, route of poisoning, scene of poisoning, time interval to reach APC and the first aid done. 350 children admitted to APC were included in our study, of which 59% (n=208) of poisoned children were males with mean age 3.14 ± 2.28years. The types of poisoning found were 46.6% chemical compounds, 31.4% medication, 18% household and 4% food poisoning. Most of the children were poisoned orally. High education of caregiver, urban residence and the presence of chronic disease within a family member were significantly associated with medication poisoning while low education of caregiver, drug addiction, having chronic disease among a family member and the presence of previous poisoning accident in the family were significantly associated with poisoning with chemical compounds. The study found that acute poisoning is more common among young male children in Alexandria; the chemical compounds came first as the main source of poisoning followed by the medication poisoning.

Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies in the pediatric age. An experience in a quaternary care hospital in Maputo, Mozambique

Foreign bodies are very common in emergency services. The aim of this study is to analyze FBs in pediatric age, in terms of type, location, age, and gender and method of extraction, type of anesthesia and complication. The present study is a retrospective cross-sectional study based on records from the Mozambican hospital (1983-2009). These were specifically based on medical records for all pediatrics patients diagnosed with the presence of a FB in Otolaryngology. During the study period, 3130 patients under 14 years of age visited this hospital with FB in the ear, nose and throat area; 54.34% were males. Of the 3130 patients, 40.47% had FB in the ear, 32.74% in the esophagus, 18.62% in the nose. The FB was removed with anesthesia in 59.7% patients. In adults the FB story is clear, but in young children it is a challenge, because they do not tell for fear of being heard, or out of shame and a strong suspicion is crucial to avoid unwanted outcomes. The present study showed that FB are more frequent in young male children under 4 years of age, especially in the ear. General anesthesia was most often used to remove foreign bodies.

Epidemiology and Pattern of Orthopedic Trauma in Children and Adolescents: Implications for Injury Prevention.

Orthopedic injuries are prevalent in children and can result in hospitalization and damage. The number of accidental injuries among children increases every year, leading to a huge burden on communities and health institutions. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological pattern of orthopedic trauma among children and adolescents in Abha, Saudi Arabia. A retrospective record-based study was carried out to investigate the epidemiological pattern of orthopedic trauma among children and adolescents treated at Abha Maternity and Children Hospital in Saudi Arabia, a traumatic center for pediatric patients. The study covered all children and adolescents treated at the hospital for orthopedic trauma. The parents of the children and adolescents were called to get their consent to participate in the study. The following data were extracted from the medical files: personal information, medical history, trauma-related details, management, hospitalization, and complications. A total of 295 children and adolescents were included. The mean ± standard deviation age was 6.8 ± 3.1 years old (range 1 month to 13 years). Of the patients, 186 (63.1%) were male. The most reported causes of traumas were fall from height (48.1%) and injury while playing (19.7%). The most affected body parts included the forearm (22.4%), head (21.7%), thigh (20%), and leg (10.8%). The vast majority of the children and adolescents (87.1%) had no complications. The current study revealed that pediatric orthopedic injuries are not rare, and there is a higher likelihood of injuries among young male children. Fall from height and play-associated injuries are the most frequent causes.

Decreased bone mass in adolescents with bone fragility fracture but not in young children: a case-control study.

The incidence of distal forearm fracture due to minimal/moderate trauma shows a bimodal distribution for age at event, with one peak occurring during early adolescence, in both boys and girls and the other one in postmenopausal females. The aim of this study was, therefore, to document whether the relationship between bone mineral density and fracture is different in young children compared with adolescents. A matched-pair, case-control study has been conducted to evaluate bone mineral density in 469 young children and 387 adolescents of both sexes, with/without fracture due to minimal/moderate trauma with assurance that the compared groups were equally susceptible to the outcome event. All fractures were radiographically confirmed. The study utilized bone mineral areal density of the total body, spine, hips, and forearm; volumetric bone mineral density of the forearm; and metacarpal radiogrammetry measurements. The study controlled for skeletal development, bone geometry, body composition, hand grip strength, calcium intake, and vitamin D status. Adolescents with distal forearm fracture have reduced bone mineral density at multiple skeletal regions of interest. This was documented by the bone mineral areal density measurements at multiple skeletal sites (p < 0.001), volumetric bone mineral density measurements of the forearm (p < 0.0001), and metacarpal radiogrammetry (p < 0.001). Adolescent females with fracture had reduced cross-sectional areas of the radius and metacarpals. The bone status of young female and male children with fracture was no different to its controls. Increased body fatness was more prevalent among fracture cases than in controls. Around 72% of young female and male children with fracture had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels below the threshold of 31 ng/ml, compared with only 42% of female controls and to 51% of male controls. Adolescents with bone fragility fracture had reduced bone mineral density at multiple skeletal regions of interest, whereas this was not the case with younger children. The results of the study may have implications for the prevention of bone fragility in this segment of the pediatric population.

Effect of a 12-Week Football Programme on Body Composition, Physical Condition, and Analysis of Physical Demands in Young Male Children

The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the effects of a 12-week football programme on body composition (fat mass, muscle mass, and bone mass) in children compared to a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the physical demands and loads required in training and matches in young football players (U10–U12). Forty children were included, divided into two groups: a football group (FG; n = 20) and a control group (CG; n = 20). Body composition was analysed using DXA and physical demands were analysed using GPS, with a total of 504 observations. Total bone mineral content (BMC) was significantly increased in FG-U12 (p = 0.025) after training. Total bone mineral density (BMD) was increased after the 12 weeks in FG-U10 (p = 0.001) and FG-U12 (p = 0.002). Leg BMC in FG-U10 (p &lt; 0.05; 2.2 to 7.1 g) and FG-U12 (p &lt; 0.05; 2.0 to 17.0 g) was increased after 12 weeks. VO2 max after training was significantly improved in FG-U10 (p &lt; 0.05; ES: 1.7 to 5.2 mL/kg/min) and FG-U12 (p &lt; 0.05; 0.3 to 3.8 mL/kg/min). Among U10s, midfielders covered greater distances and had higher intensity accelerations (p &lt; 0.05; ES: 1.05 to 2.00) than forwards and defenders. Among U12s, midfielders in matches covered greater distances and at higher intensity than in training (p &lt; 0.05; ES: 1.05 to 2.39). Football practice produces benefits in total and lower limb BMC, BMD, and VO2 max. The training and position of midfielders require higher physical demands.

The K9-Teen Pandemic: When Good Boy Goes Bad. The Epidemiology, Management and Public Health Ramifications of Facial Dog Bite Injuries: Newcastle, Australia, Experience.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, pattern of injury and management of facial dog bite injuries. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study over a 5-year period of patients who sustained a facial dog bite injury. The study setting was an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at a level 1 trauma centre, servicing an estimated catchment population in excess of 950,000 people. Results: In total, 171 patients were managed in the designated period from January 2017 to January 2022. The median age was 9years (range 11months to 77years), with the highest incidence of a single age 4years. The frequency was slightly greater amongst males (n = 93) than females (n = 78). The most common responsible breed were Pitbull types (n = 26). Overall, bites most often resulted from the family dog (n = 87), in the victim's own home (n = 84) and whilst playing with the dog (n = 64). The primary sites involved were the lips (n = 70), cheek (n = 53) and nose, representing the so called 'target area'. In 53 cases, the injuries were classified as severe. 138 patients required hospital admission, and of these, 130 required surgical management under general anaesthesia. Conclusions: Facial dog bite injuries present a significant burden on the healthcare system and result in physical, functional and/or emotional distress for the patient. As the rates of dog ownership continue to rise, a consequential increase in these injuries is also likely. Further, public health intervention is essential, particularly as the most susceptible demographic remains young male children.

An Estimation of Five-decade Long Monkeypox Case Fatality Rate: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

On July 23, 2022 the World Health Organization (WHO) has announced the Monkeypox disease (MPXD) as a worldwide public health issue. This study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the overall case fatality rate (CFR) of MPXD worldwide during 1970–2022. The tenure-tracked MPXD outbreaks associated with CFR were calculated based on available published data from six different periods (i.e., 1970-79, 1980-89, 1990-99, 2000-09, 2010-19, and 2000-2022). A total of 229 peer-reviewed accessible articles were investigated, of which, 17 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the studies on MPXD CFR were published in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) providing 47% of data for the current meta-analysis. The overall pooled CFR of MPXD was 4.14% (range: 0.62% – 9.51%) during 1970–2022. In this study, total of 379 death cases were found from published MPXV based research articles where the pooled estimate CFR was 1.87%. The pooled CFR was higher during the earlier outbreak of the MPXD such as 10.71% in 1970-1979. With the progress of time, the CFR from MPXD followed a decreasing trend and reached 5.38% in 1980-1999 and 4.45% in 2000-2022. Young male children aged&lt; 10 years were found to experience the worst outcome with a CFR of &gt;73.0%. This is the first meta-analysis using 52 years of data which indicates that the CFR of MPXV is decreasing from previous years. The findings of this meta-analysis might be paramount for the policymakers to tackle MPXD and minimize the overall CFR of MPXD through strategic actions.

Maladaptive Behavior and Associated Factors among Young Children with Autism.

The present study assessed the prevalence of clinically significant maladaptive behaviors and associated factors among young male children diagnosed with autism. A cross-sectional study including mothers of 88 male children with autism aged 2 to 5 y old was conducted in the year 2019. Using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), mothers rated their child's maladaptive behaviors. CBCL overall scores in the clinically relevant range were found in 76 (86.4%) children with autism (87.5% and 42% children had clinically significant internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively). Withdrawn (94.3%), attention problems (60.2%), and sleep problems (53.4%) were the predominant CBCL syndrome scales. Sociodemographic factors like autism severity and caffeine consumption were found to be significantly associated with maladaptive behaviors. There is an urgent need for designing effective behavioral management strategies incorporating various risk factors to enhance the quality of life among these vulnerable children.

Spectrum of Clinical Presentations and Outcomes in Children with Poisoning at a Tertiary Care Center

Objective: The purpose of this research was to better understand the severity and treatment options for paediatric poisonings at a major medical centre. Study Design: Retrospective Study Place and Duration: Niazi Medical and Dental College, Sargodha, From September, 2021 to February, 2022. Methods: There were 65 children had age 6 months to 14 years were presented in this study. All the included patients had accidental poisoning. After obtaining written consent from the parents of participants, detailed demographic information including age, sex, place of residence, and weight, was determined. Symptoms of poisoning, causes and products containing poison substances were assessed. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: We found that 38 (58.5%) cases were males and females were 27 (41.5%). Most of the children 32 (49.2%) had age 6-months to 3 years, 20 (30.8%) had age 4-6 years and 13 (20%) had age 7-14 years. Diarrhea was the most common symptom found in 28 (43.1%) cases, followed by drowsiness and fever. Organo-phosphorus compounds was the most common poison substance found in 26 (40%) cases, kerosene oil in 15 (23.1%) cases, pharmaceutical drugs in 14 (21.5 %) cases, opioid poisoning in 7 (10.8%) cases and plant/atropine in 3 (4.6%) cases. Most common container of substance was bottle pack found in 22 (33.8%) cases, followed by spray bottle in 16 (24.6%) cases, glass in 11 (16.9%) cases and 21 (32.35) were others. Conclusion: In this study, we found that young male children are more susceptible to poisoning. The most frequent symptoms of poisoning from organophosphorus chemicals are diarrhea. Keywords: Accidental Poisoning, Children, Organo-phosphorous, Diarrhea

Analysis of the relationship between muscular strength and joint stiffness in children with Down syndrome during drop landing.

BACKGROUND: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have critical biomechanical impairments such as increased ligamentous laxity, muscle hypotonia, and dysfunctional motor coordination, which makes performing everyday tasks challenging.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to explore the differences in the vertical joint stiffness, plantar force, and range of motion during drop landing for DS and age-matched typically developing children.METHODS: Six young male children with DS and age-matched seven healthy typically developing children (TD) assessed joint strength using an isokinetic dynamometer and performed five trials of single-leg drop jump using force platform and motion capture system.RESULTS: The peak vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), Range of motion (ROM), joint stiffness, and joint strength of lower limb were calculated and compared across DS and TD groups. The results revealed a significantly larger peak VGRF [2.857, 0.001] values for the DS group compared to the TD groups. The results of Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between hip joint stiffness and knee joint ROM [0.886, 0.05] and ankle joint stiffness and knee joint ROM [0.829, 0.05] for DS.CONCLUSIONS: The abnormal movements observed among DS was not due to the difference in stiffness of the lower extremity but due to the utilization of different landing mechanisms with changes in ROM.

Clinico-Radiological Profile and Outcome of Airway Foreign Body Aspiration in Children: A Single-Center Experience From a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern India.

BackgroundForeign body aspiration is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality among older infants and toddler age groups. Missed and delayed diagnosis of foreign body aspiration can lead to increased incidence of complications. Early diagnosis can prevent life-threatening complications and morbidity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological details, types, localization of foreign bodies, complications, and outcomes in pediatric patients who presented to our hospital with foreign body aspiration.MethodologyWe conducted a retrospective analysis of hospital case records of children aged one month to 14 years who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics between June 2018 and May 2020, with clinical suspicion of foreign body aspiration.ResultsA total of 22 children with a diagnosis of airway foreign body were included. The mean age of presentation was three years (SD: ±2.22), with a boy-to-girl ratio of 3.4:1. Cough (81.8%) and tachypnea (72.7%) were the most common clinical symptoms. The median duration between symptom onset and diagnosis was three (interquartile range: 6) days. Unilateral reduced breath sound (81.8%) was the most common clinical examination finding. The common site of impaction was the right main bronchus in 59.1% of cases. The foreign bodies retrieved during bronchoscopy were organic substances in 63.6% of cases, with peanuts being the most common (31.8%). Chest radiographs were normal in 36.3% of cases, and common abnormalities included hyperinflation, collapse, consolidation, and mediastinal shift. Mechanical ventilation was required in 54.5% of cases. The mean duration of hospitalization was five (SD: ±2.84) days. Complications such as pneumothorax were seen in one (4.5%) case. Mortality was seen in 4.54% of cases during the bronchoscopic procedures.ConclusionsForeign body aspiration was common in young male children, with cough being the common symptom. Normal X-rays of the chest were seen in one-third of cases. The common site of impaction was the right main bronchus, and organic substances such as peanuts were common foreign bodies retrieved. Strong clinical suspicion of foreign body aspiration should be kept in cases with acute onset of cough in young children. Prompt medical attention is needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with foreign body aspiration.

Initial Design and Testing of Multiplayer Cooperative Game to Support Physical Activity in Schools

Recent studies have shown that children are not adequately physically active and there is a need to increase children’s physical activity. This study describes new opportunities and solutions for using existing games and gamification to increase physical activity among children in Sweden. We adopted the principles of Tic-Tac-Training to redesign, build, and test a classical multiplayer cooperative game, Battleship, to create a PA game that children experience as fun and engaging. The low fidelity prototype of the game was developed using an iterative game development life cycle and tested with 13 young male children aged 8–11 in a real-world informal setting. A mixed-method research approach was used to understand the users’ experiences and the impact of the Battleship-PA game on behavior change regarding physical activity. Research data were collected through audio recordings of interactions, direct observation, and a user experience questionnaire. The results of this study indicate both positive and negative feedback that can be used to improve the game and user experiences. The results from the unfiltered recordings revealed that both teams were competitive, cooperated within their team, and became excited whenever they destroyed opponent’s ships or were close to winning. However, the children felt bored and exhausted when many gamification tasks were repeated several times in a game session. Direct observation indicated that the children enjoyed the physical activities resulting from playing the game. However, participants who had not previously played the classical version of Battleship were confused about the objectives and concept of the game. The analysis of the user experience questionnaire indicated that most children found the game easy to play, motivating, engaging, interactive, fun, cooperative, competitive, and visually appealing. Furthermore, most children agreed that the game helped them to be physically active and strongly agreed that they enjoyed performing the physical activities in the game. Future work is needed to improve the game user interface, gamification elements, and prepare additional physical activity tasks for a rewarding experience.

Prevalence of Ascaris Lumbricoides in School Children of Nangarhar Province, Eastern Afghanistan

‌Backgroud: The rising major health concern with high rate of prevelence is Ascariasis in developing countries. The fundamental objective of present research was the parasitological investication estimating the prevelence of Ascaris lumbricoides based on age and sex among students of urban (Jalalabad City) and rural (Khogyani) schools in eastern, Afghanistan. Materials and Mehtods: For accomplishment of research objective, totally 400 samples were obtained from students of selected schools and further procedure applied by formal-ether concentration technique. The entire population of 400 students in two groups of ages; 7-10 years and 10-13 years are chosen. 200 samples were collected from Jalalabad city school and the remaining 200 samples were collected from a local school in Khogiani district of Nangarhar province. Descriptive analysis of obtained data was performed using the R x64 3.3.1 version. Findings: The results reviewed that in Urban areas schools twenty three were found positive and infection rate was 11.5%. In Urban areas schools children’s, the infection was higher in 7-10 years old than 10-13 years old. The results documented that disease pattern in male and female children’s was higher in males compared to females. Whereas, in rural areas schools 28, were found positive and infection rate was 14%. Furthermore, the occurrence of Ascariasis in rural areas schools children’s, was higher in 7-10years old than 10-13 years old. Conclusion: The recorded high contamination rate in young male children indicate to emphasize on better and improved sanitation and should be educated on the mode of infection and epidemiology of the parasite. The findings may also stimulate the development of customised strategies for the improved control and prevention of Ascaris infection Nangarhar.

CLINICAL SPECTRUM AND OUTCOME OF CHILDREN PRESENTING WITH POISONING TO TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Accidental poisoning is one of the important emergencies in children. The objective of this study was to enlighten the clinical spectrum and outcome of poisoning in children presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective study was done in one of tertiary care hospitals, from Jan 2018 to Dec 2019. Retrieved from data, children of either sex aged from one month to 13 years admitted with diagnosis of accidental poisoning were included. Patients’ age, sex, poisoning product, presenting symptoms to hospital and outcome from hospital as discharge, expired, transfer out, or left against medical advice were documented. Analysis of data was done using SPSS-20 and p&lt;0.05 was taken as significant. Results: There were 51 patients, 33 (64.7%) males and 18 (35.3%) females. Patients’ mean age was 4.24±3.6 years (Range: 1 month to 13 years). Children up to two years of age accounted for 45.1% of patients. The majority (41.2%) of poisoning was due to organophosphorus compounds. Opioids were major type of poisoning in younger children. Most common clinical presenting feature was vomiting and diarrhoea in 45.1% patients followed by the other presenting feature of respiratory difficulty which was present in 21.6% patients. Antidote was given in 68.6% patients. Out of 51 patients, 45 (88.2%) got discharged, 4 (7.8%) expired while 2 (3.9%) were transferred to other hospitals. Conclusion: Young male children are more at risk of poisoning. Organophosphorus compounds are leading cause of poisoning and the most common presentation is with vomiting and diarrhoea. Pak J Physiol 2021;17(4):15?8

244 Traumatic Brain Injury Related Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Aim Three million cases of paediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) occur annually, the majority of which occur in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). However, there is a paucity of data on the outcomes of pTBI available. We aimed to systematically review and synthesise the reported morbidity and mortality from pTBI in the published literature about LMICs. Method A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, and Global Index Medicus were searched for relevant articles from January 2000 to May 2020. Observational or experimental studies on pTBI (individuals between the ages of 0 to 16 years) in LMICs were included. Morbidity data were descriptively analysed, and a random-effects model was used to pool mortality rates. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020171276. Results We included 145 studies from 38 countries representing 174073 patients with pTBI. Males were twice (95% CI: 1.6 – 2.4) as likely to have a pTBI than females. Where available, mild TBI represented ≥ 60% of all pTBI cases in most reports (n = 24/43, 56%). The commonest cited cause of pTBI was road traffic accidents (n = 16643/43083, 39%), followed by falls (n = 10927/43083, 25%). 4385 patients (n = 4385/18092, 24%) had a reduction from normal function on discharge. On average, there were 6.7 deaths per 100 cases of pTBI. Conclusions Only 38 LMICs have published data on the volume and burden of pTBI in their country. Limited data available suggests that young male children are at a high-risk of pTBIs in LMICs, particularly from road traffic accidents.

How university students in South Africa perceive their fathers’ roles in their educational development

The larger study that has influenced this article was designed to explore what influenced rural men’s capabilities to actively participate in children’s early social development and its impact on transition to adulthood among their university-going children. Studies have established an increase in the level at which fathers in South Africa have been found wanting in terms of supporting their children’s development at early stages in their lives. It has been reported that this unacceptable behaviour can be transmitted or carried over from one generation to the next. There is the belief that the majority of the young male children who experienced non-supportive fathers will grow up repeating this behaviour with their children. This calls for a study on the perceptions of young people about what fatherhood is all about, hence this study. This study used a descriptive survey with a sample size of 300 students studying education in one university in the Eastern Cape Province. A 25-item questionnaire titled Perception of Fatherhood by University Students (α = 0.75) was used to collect data that were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The participants perceived that the experience and level of education influence men’s perception of fatherhood positively. Extra‑curricular programmes for proper fatherhood transition of young boys are recommended, commencing from Grade 1 through to Grade 12, to expose them to the kinds of dispositions that will enable them to be responsible fathers. There is also a need for compulsory empowerment programmes such as for designers, artists and sportsmen and other semi-skilled professions for male children who cannot acquire higher education to strengthen them socio-economically to provide education for their children.

Early childhood fat tissue changes – future risk for metabolic related diseases: subcutaneous and visceral fat adipose tissue CD163+ cells expression and collagen deposition in young male children

Early childhood fat tissue changes – future risk for metabolic related diseases: subcutaneous and visceral fat adipose tissue CD163+ cells expression and collagen deposition in young male children

Venous Air Embolism Following a Dog Bite Injury in a Pediatric Patient

Young male children are more likely than adults to sustain dog bite injuries, and up to 80% of these occur in the head and neck region [1]. Timely assessment of these injuries and appropriate decisions for surgical exploration can prevent further insult. One of the most feared complications of neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position, we present the case of a venous air embolism (VAE) in the prone position during repair of a cranial vault injury from a dog bite in a 14- month-old. Informed consent was obtained from the patient's family to publish this letter to the editor.

Dermatomyofibroma in a young Irish female

Introduction: Dermatomyofibroma represents a rare, benign mesenchymal neoplasm of fibroblast and myofibroblast differentiation. They are most often found in young adult women and male children. Case Report: We report a case of dermatomyofibroma, which to our knowledge is the first reported case in Ireland. Histologically, dermatomyofibroma typically demonstrates proliferation of uniform spindle cells arranged as well-defined intersecting fascicles, parallel to the epidermal surface. The tumor respects skin appendages and the epidermis remains unchanged. Elastic fibers are preserved. With regard to immunohistochemistry, the spindle cells are variably positive when stained with antibodies directed against actin and negative for desmin, S100, and CD34. There are no reports of metastases or recurrence of this benign tumor in the literature. Conclusion: Dermatomyofibroma typically occurs in young females and represents a benign tumor with no reported potential to recur or metastasize. It should be considered in the differential by the dermatologist when evaluating lesions resembling large dermatofibroma.

Comparative evaluation of Tweed's analyses in Class I, Class II, and Class III participants of Central India: A pilot study

Objective: Comparative evaluation of Tweed's analyses in Class I, Class II, and Class III participants of Central India in two different age groups. Materials and Methods: Sample size comprised 240 participants belonged to Central India. Participants were divided into two main groups: Group I comprised 120 young children in the age group of 12–16 years and Group II comprised 120 young adults in the age group of 18–22 years. Tweed's analysis was performed from the collected sample. Results: The lower incisor inclination (incisor-mandibular plane angle [IMPA]) in Central India participants was higher (100.13°) compared to the original Tweed norm of IMPA 90°. Statistically higher value of IMPA was found in young male children compared to young female children in Class II div 1 and Class II div 2 participants and opposite trend was seen in Class III young adults. The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle was found to be significantly more in young adult females (24.93°) than males (18.07°) in Class III participants. Angle IMPA was found to be significantly higher in Class I compared to Class III participants and significantly higher in Class III compared to Class II div 2 participants. Conclusion: The differences of Tweed's parameters in this pilot study indicate that Caucasian norms cannot be truly adhered to Central India participants during orthodontic treatment. Lower incisors were normally more proclined in Central Indian participants and their over retraction during orthodontic treatment would cause prominent chin. Proclination of lower incisor was more in young male children compared to young female children in Class II div 1 and Class II div 2 participants and opposite trend was seen in Class III young adults. Class III female adults show tendency toward vertical growth pattern compared to males. Proclination of lower incisor was found to be more in Class I compared to Class III participants and more in Class III compared to Class II div 2 participants.