Young Filaments Research Articles

Polyfunctional Nanofibril Appendages Mediate Attachment, Filamentation, and Filament Adaptability in Leptothrix cholodnii.

Leptothrix is a species of Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacteria known to form long filaments composed of chains of cells that eventually produce a rigid tube surrounding the filament. Prior to the formation of this brittle microtube, Leptothrix cells secrete hair-like structures from the cell surface, called nanofibrils, which develop into a soft sheath that surrounds the filament. To clarify the role of nanofibrils in filament formation in L. cholodnii SP-6, we analyze the behavior of individual cells and multicellular filaments in high-aspect ratio microfluidic chambers using time-lapse and intermittent in situ fluorescent staining of nanofibrils, complemented with atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. We show that in SP-6 nanofibrils are important for attachment and their distribution on young filaments post-attachment is correlated to the directionality of filament elongation. Elongating filaments demonstrate a surprising ability to adapt to their physical environment by changing direction when they encounter obstacles: they bend or reverse direction depending on the angle of the collision. We show that the forces involved in the collision can be used to predict the behavior of filament. Finally, we show that as filaments grow in length, the older region becomes confined by the sheath, while the newly secreted nanofibrils at the leading edge of the filament form a loose, divergent, structure from which cells periodically escape.

New Data on the Morphology, Reproduction and Distribution of a Freshwater Brown Alga Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae)

This paper provides information on the morphology, reproduction and distribution of a freshwater brown alga, Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae). The alga was recorded in oligotrophic water from Mlava Spring, a karst limnocrene in eastern Serbia (44°11′298″N, 21°47′021″E). This is the first record of freshwater brown algae in general in Serbia, and the first record of P. fluviatile in southeastern Europe. The thallus of P. fluviatile formed small, dark-brown tufts, with multicellular, uniseriate filaments that were irregularly branched. An anastomosis was noticeable between some filaments. The vegetative cells of the young filaments were cylindrical (17-38 µm long × 2.5-4.0 µm wide). The cells had 1 or 2, rarely 3, plate-like parietal plastids. The reproductive organs of P. fluviatile (asexual reproduction) originate from the transformation of vegetative cells. Elongated vegetative cells develop inflated vegetative cells (5-10 µm in diameter) with lipid droplets. Further transformation of these cells leads to the formation of intercalary plurilocular sporangia with 4 to 8 (rarely 16) cells. Nonmotile, round aplanospores, which develop by protoplast division in elongated vegetative cells, are described for the first time in this species.

Homogalacturonan Accumulation in Cell Walls of the Green Alga Zygnema sp. (Charophyta) Increases Desiccation Resistance.

Land plants inherited several traits from their green algal ancestors (Zygnematophyceae), including a polysaccharide-rich cell wall, which is a prerequisite for terrestrial survival. A major component of both land plant and Zygnematophyceaen cell walls is the pectin homogalacturonan (HG), and its high water holding capacity may have helped algae to colonize terrestrial habitats, characterized by water scarcity. To test this, HG was removed from the cell walls of Zygnema filaments by pectate lyase (PL), and their effective quantum yield of photosystem II (YII) as a proxy for photosynthetic performance was measured in response to desiccation stress by pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Old filaments were found to contain more HG and are more resistant against desiccation stress but relatively lose more desiccation resistance after HG removal than young filaments. After rehydration, the photosynthetic performance recovered less efficiently in filaments with a HG content reduced by PL, independently of filament age. Immunolabeling showed that partial or un-methylesterified HG occurs throughout the longitudinal cell walls of both young and old filaments, while no labeling signal occurred when filaments were treated with PL prior labeling. This confirmed that most HG can be removed from the cell walls by PL. The initial labeling pattern was restored after ~3 days. A different form of methylesterified HG was restricted to cell poles and cross cell walls. In conclusion, it was shown that the accumulation of HG in Zygnema filaments increases their resistance against desiccation stress. This trait might have played an important role during the colonization of land by Zygnematophyceae, which founded the evolution of all land plants.

Ecological Succession of Sulfur-Oxidizing Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria During Colonization of a Shallow-Water Gas Vent.

In this study, we integrated geochemical measurements, microbial diversity surveys and physiological characterization of laboratory strains to investigate substrate-attached filamentous microbial biofilms at Tor Caldara, a shallow-water gas vent in the Tyrrhenian Sea. At this site, the venting gases are mainly composed of CO2 and H2S and the temperature at the emissions is the same as that of the surrounding water. To investigate the composition of the total and active fraction of the Tor Caldara biofilm communities, we collected established and newly formed filaments and we sequenced the 16S rRNA genes (DNA) and the 16S rRNA transcripts (cDNA). Chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing members of the Gammaproteobacteria (predominantly Thiotrichales) dominate the active fraction of the established microbial filaments, while Epsilonproteobacteria (predominantly Sulfurovum spp.) are more prevalent in the young filaments. This indicates a succession of the two communities, possibly in response to age, sulfide and oxygen concentrations. Growth experiments with representative laboratory strains in sulfide gradient medium revealed that Sulfurovum riftiae (Epsilonproteobacteria) grew closer to the sulfide source than Thiomicrospira sp. (Gammaproteobacteria, Thiotrichales). Overall, our findings show that sulfur-oxidizing Epsilonproteobacteria are the dominant pioneer colonizers of the Tor Caldara biofilm communities and that Gammaproteobacteria become prevalent once the community is established. This succession pattern appears to be driven - among other factors - by the adaptation of Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria to different sulfide concentrations.

Arp2/3 Exhibits Higher Affinity for Young than for Mature Actin Filaments

Actin undergoes a conformational transition during polymerization, known as maturation. Caldesmon (CaD) or its C-terminal fragment, H32K, when present before the transition, inhibits this process and arrests the actin filament at the pre-transitional “young” state, which is otherwise transient (Huang et al., J Biol Chem 285, 71-79, 2010). However, CaD in cells usually binds to stable actin filaments, except when it is phosphorylated and translocated to the cell leading edge where actin is being actively assembled (Kordowska et al., Exp Cell Res 312, 95-110, 2006); this may be the only occasion that CaD could interfere with actin maturation in vivo. We hypothesized that the young actin filaments stabilized by phosphorylated CaD are rendered more amenable to remodeling. Electron microscopic images indeed show that these young filaments have a rough and fuzzy morphology (Collins et al., BioArchitecture 1, 127-133, 2011). The question then arises: Could such an irregular appearance in fact provide more available docking sites for other actin-binding proteins, and thereby facilitate actin dynamics? To test this idea, we have performed binding experiments between Arp2/3 and actin filaments formed under the condition favoring either the young or the mature state. Actin filaments polymerized in the presence and absence of the CaD fragment H32K were incubated with the Arp2/3 complex and centrifuged; the amount of actin-bound Arp2/3 in the pellet was then analyzed by immuno-reactivity toward anti-Arp2 after serial dilutions. We found that the level of Arp2/3 cosedimented with actin filaments polymerized in the presence of H32K was higher than that bound to CaD-free F-actin, indicating stronger binding of Arp2/3 to the young actin filaments than to the mature filaments. These results appear to support our hypothesis. Supported by a grant from NIH.

A cortical band of gelatinous fibers causes the coiling of redvine tendrils: a model based upon cytochemical and immunocytochemical studies

A cortical band of fiber cells originate de novo in tendrils of redvine [Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shiners] when these convert from straight, supple young filaments to stiffened coiled structures in response to touch stimulation. We have analyzed the cell walls of these fibers by in situ localization techniques to determine their composition and possible role(s) in the coiling process. The fiber cell wall consists of a primary cell wall and two lignified secondary wall layers (S(1) and S(2)) and a less lignified gelatinous (G) layer proximal to the plasmalemma. Compositionally, the fibers are sharply distinct from surrounding parenchyma as determined by antibody and affinity probes. The fiber cell walls are highly enriched in cellulose, callose and xylan but contain no homogalacturonan, either esterified or de-esterified. Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) epitopes are not detected in the S layers, although they are in both the gelatinous layer and primary wall, indicating a further restriction of RG-I in the fiber cells. Lignin is concentrated in the secondary wall layers of the fiber and the compound middle lamellae/primary cell wall but is absent from the gelatinous layer. Our observations indicate that these fibers play a central role in tendril function, not only in stabilizing its final shape after coiling but also generating the tensile strength responsible for the coiling. This theory is further substantiated by the absence of gelatinous layers in the fibers of the rare tendrils that fail to coil. These data indicate that gelatinous-type fibers are responsible for the coiling of redvine tendrils and a number of other tendrils and vines.

Immobilization of Cuscuta reflexa starch phosphorylase: Production of glucose-1-phosphate using bioreactors

Starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from young filaments of Cuscuta reflexa was immobilized on egg shell. The immobilized enzyme showed an alkaline shift in the optimum pH and an increase in optimum temperature compared with the soluble enzyme. The immobilized enzyme also displayed increased thermostability at 30°C, with a half-life of 18 h; at this temperature, the half-life of the soluble enzyme was 6 h. The immobilized enzyme could be reused 44 times at 30°C, with a decline of 10% in the enzyme activity. The increase in thermostability and reusability of the immobilized enzyme was useful for the production of glucose-1-phosphate, a cytostatic agent used in cardiopathy therapy. Two types of reactors, packed bed and fluidized bed, were developed and operated using egg shell-bound starch phosphorylase. The fluidized bed reactor operated at 30°C and a flow rate of 5.5 ml/h showed better potential for the production of glucose-1-phosphate. The product was obtained with 97% purity after adsorption chromatography on norite and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose.

Akinetes of the cyanobacteriumNostoc PCC 7524: morphological changes during synchronous germination

Following dilution into fresh medium in the light, akinetes ofNostoc PCC 7524 germinated synchronously. Synchrony was maintained at a high level during the first 24 h, at which time the young filaments were composed either of three cells (with N2 as nitrogen source) or four cells (with NO 3 - or NH 4 + ), and at a slightly lower level during the next 24 h of growth. The pattern of cell division was similar in media containing the different nitrogen sources although the timing of the major events varied. In the presence of N2 or NO 3 - , heterocysts differentiated synchronously; the first developed invariably from a terminal cell of the young filament at approximately 19 h, the second from the other terminal cell after further vegetative cell division. Heterocyst differentiation did not occur in the presence of NH 4 + . In the absence of nitrogen (gas phase argon: CO2) akinete germination initially followed the same pattern as that observed in N2, this early stage probably occurring at the expense of intracellular reserve materials.

Morphology and Ultrastructure of Mastigocladus Laminosus

Mastigocladus laminosus is a filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) with a complex morphology. It is the only thermophilic cyanobacterium known to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Relatively little is known of the detailed morphology and ultrastructure of this organism, especially in regard to its nitrogenfixing abilities. The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of M. laminosus, using SEM and TEM respectively.The complex morphology of M. laminosus is shown in Fig. 1. Young filaments had a diameter of ∼2.2 μm and consisted of relatively uniform, rod-shaped cells. The uniformity of these filaments was interrupted only by the occasional appearance of heterocysts (nitrogen-fixing bodies) about 4 μm in diameter (not shown). As young filaments elongated and aged, the older sections increased in diameter to 10-12 μm. Their cells became rounder and less uniform with respect to size and shape. Branches often formed in the older sections, giving rise to new young filaments.

Microscopy and biology of Uronema gigas, a filamentous eucaryotic green alga, and its associated tailed virus-like particle

A polyhedral virus-like particle (VLP) 390 nm in diameter was present in large numbers in some cells of two cultures of the filamentous eucaryotic green alga Uronema gigas. Cells which contained VLPs lacked nuclear membranes and were found only in germlings or young filaments. Extracellular particles of similar size and identical ultrastructure accumulated slowly over a 2-month period as the alga grew in liquid culture. Capsid size and appearance of partially purified VLPs was altered in vitro by fixation and pH. A 1-μm-long tail-like appendage with a central swelling was observed attached to some particles in vitro and was also detected in situ. VLPs accumulated to relatively high concentrations in some single-germling subcultures, but were hard to detect in others. No subcultures were obtained which failed to produce VLPs. A correlation was detected between high VLP productivity and debilitated growth. VLP productivity could be increased in a high yielding subculture by a heat shock treatment during the first 7 hr of a 2-week growth cycle. Pronase digestion of thin sections of fixed and embedded partially purified VLPs indicated that protein was a major component of the capsid shell and contents. DNAse treatments of thin sections and X-ray microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope suggested VLP-associated DNA.

30 Doradus as the active centre of the Large Magellanic Cloud

Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that the supergiantHii-complex 30 Doradus (NGC 2070) is the mildly active galactic nucleus of the Large Magellanic Cloud. For this purpose the general properties of galactic nuclei and the characteristics of active nuclei are reviewed (Section 2). Examination of 30 Doradus shows that it plasy the same exceptional role among allHii-regions of the LMC as Sgr A among those of our Galaxy, and has all the properties of a galactic nucleus (luminosity, emission spectrum, IR source, semistellar central object R 136, symmetry centre of an starting point of spiral structure). Evidence for the activity is given by the peculiar filamentary structure (Figure 1), the young spiral filaments superposed on old, broad and smooth near-circular arms (Figure 2), the splitting of the [Oiii] 5007 profile in two components corresponding to an expansion velocity of 50 km s−1, and the strong non-thermal component (Section 3). The mass loss of 30 Dor is estimated at 0.05M⊙/a. It is speculated that the nucleus of a galaxy may be wandering due to explosive events.

The role of gibberellins in the growth of floral organs of <italic>Pharbitis nil</italic>

Evidence that the synthesis of GA3 is involved in the growth of floral orga'ns of Pharbitis nil is presented. GAs in floral organs at different developmental stages were surveyed using TLC followed by the bioassay with two dwarf rice seedlings, ‘Tanginbozu’ and ‘Waito-C’. The amount of GAs in the petal and stamen increased rapidly after the petal emerged from calyx, reached a maximum 12 hr before anthesis, then declined markedly thereafter. The GA content in the calyx remained unchanged before and after anthesis, and that in the pistil increased after anthesis. Pharbitis flowers contained at least two active GAs, one of which was probably GA3, the other appeared to be GA19. GA3 was detected in relatively large amounts in both the petal and stamen during their rapid elongation. In the calyx, which showed little increase in fresh weight during rapid flower growth, GA9 was the dominant GA. Exogenously supplied GA3 promoted elongation of sections in excised young filaments. Sucrose was necessary for definite growth promotion by GA3. GA19 had little effect on filament elongation, and IAA was rather inhibitive.

Action Spectra for Light‐induced Elongation in Fern Protonemata

AbstractThe action spectrum for promotion of elongation of protonemata of Onoclea sensibilis has peaks at 400–420, 580–600 and 640–660 nm. The largest growth increments at saturating light doses are produced by yellow and far‐red light. Elongation induced by yellow and far‐red irradiation persists in old as well as young filaments, while red‐light promotion is found only in young filaments. The growth promotion caused by yellow light is partially reversed by red light down to the level of growth produced by red irradiation alone. Elongation of rhizoids is under reversible red, far‐red control, while yellow light is inactive. A model is proposed and discussed in which the light‐sensitive elongation of filaments is accounted for by the presence of three distinct photoreceptors: phytochrome; a pigment absorbing yellow light. P580; and a pigment absorbing blue light, P420.

Environmental effects on the structure of the blue-green alga, Chlorogloea fritschii

A study was made on the morphology and ultrastructure of Chlorogloea fritschii at different growth stages and under various environmental conditions. The environmental effects tested were a comparison of various light intensities, and the use of media, one with, and one without, a source of combined nitrogen. Both filamentous and endospore stages have the general ultrastructural features typical of a blue-green alga. The most marked differences found were in the arrangement of lamellae. These run parallel to the cell wall in young filaments, particularly in those grown at low light intensities. At the endospore stage these are much more scattered in arrangement. Two striking variations in this pattern were found. One cell type, possibly a spore, showed, along with other interesting features, marked reticulation of the lamellae. Material subcultured in the dark with sucrose for 3 years had the lamellae scattered throughout the cell. Differences were found also in the abundance of α-granules (probable polyglucoside bodies). These differences could to a certain extent be correlated with the growth conditions used. A brief comparison of Chlorogloea with other blue-green algae is included. Based on this, tentative hypotheses are presented concerning correlations between ultrastructural features and taxonomic groupings.

Rigenerazione E Moltiplicazione Vegetativa in Vitro inEnteromorpha Compressa(L.) Grev.

Abstract Regeneration and vegetative multiplication in ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA (L.) Grev. — Fragments of young filaments of Enteromorpha compressa were cultured in order to determine its regenerative and multiplicative power and time limit. The original fragments cultured in vitro produced a new strain of aposporical plants, by means of buds. These aposporical individuals, when grown up, bear rhizoids with propagula from which a new strain of free algs take place. The latter generation is supplied with a fixation apparatus and show regular shape and clear polarity.

Loss of aerial mycelium and other changes in Streptomycete development due to physical variations of cultural conditions.

Summary: Several isolates of monosporous lines of Streptomyces coelicolor, both normally pigmented and colourless variants, were obtained by microdissection of young vegetative mycelia. In each case their properties largely resembled those of the parents. This material was studied together with three strains of Streptomyces scabies of varying degrees of virulence, which had been isolated from potato scab lesions. Modifications of growth were noted with respect to gross colonial morphology on agars containing detergents, structure of aerial mycelium arising from various types of surfaces, and development of germinating spores in liquids and in contact with non-nutritive plane surfaces. In both species-groups those organisms which produced least aerial mycelium on stock nutrient agar were most susceptible to the inhibitory influence of 0·1% Gemex 29 on the development of aerial mycelium in simpler media. Distorted aerial growths on detergent agar resembled irregular swollen sporogenous filaments produced in pectin + ammonium salt liquid media. These were also reminiscent of cases of sporogenesis in submerged cultures described by other workers. Apart from surface tensions operating at the air/medium interface, the relative degree of humidity in the culture vessel was found to have some effect upon variation of spore size. Germinating spores and young filaments growing in contact with plane surfaces were more prone to elongation than those growing in liquids. Branching was also influenced to a considerable extent by the nature of the physical environment.

緑藻<i>Hormiscia</i> (<i>Urospora</i>) 屬の遊走子に就て

1) A cultural experiment was carried out in order to determine the morphology and embryology of either zoospores and gametes of Hormiscia penicilliformis (ROTH) FRIES and H. incrassata (KJELLM.) COLLINS. 2) In H. incrassata all kinds of the reproductive cells, namely the anisogametes, macro-and microzoospores are produced in one and the same filament. The macrozoospores are obovoid in shape, 30μ long, l6μ wide, provided with 4 cilia at the anterior end which is square pyramidal in shape, and extending posteriorly into a long tail. The tail is up to 30μ in length. The microzoospores are smaller, ovoid in shape, l6μ long, 10μ wide, with 4 cilia at the anterior end which is not pyramidal, and with a shorter tail. 3) The zoospores appear to be negatively phototactic. On germination they give rise directly to new filaments. Within three weeks the young filaments become composed of ten or more cells and already provided with the characteristic extramaterical rhizoids arising from some of the basal segments. 4) Sexual reproduction by 2-ciliated anisogametes. The macrogametes are spindle-shaped, 14μ long, 6μ wide, and bright green in color, while the microgametes much smaller, ovoid in shape, 4μ long, 2.5μ wide, and pale green. 5) The chromatophore of H. incrassata is coarsely reticulate with many large openings, containing a number of refractive globules, which the writer believes to be nuclei and not pyrenoids as interpreted by previous investigators. The chromatophore changes its form according to the reproductive condition of the segment. The breaking up of the chromato-phore into areolae precede the formation of the reproductive cells as has been described by some authors. In young sporangial segments the nuclei undergo mitotic division repeatedly.

Movement in the Cyanophyceae

Previous articleNext article No AccessMovement in the CyanophyceaeP. R. BurkholderP. R. Burkholder Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 9, Number 4Dec., 1934 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/394470 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 28Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Tilman Lamparter, Jennifer Babian, Katrin Fröhlich, Marion Mielke, Nora Weber, Nadja Wunsch, Finn Zais, Kevin Schulz, Vera Aschmann, Nina Spohrer, Norbert Krauß, Pushkar P Lele The involvement of type IV pili and the phytochrome CphA in gliding motility, lateral motility and photophobotaxis of the cyanobacterium Phormidium lacuna, PLOS ONE 17, no.11 (Jan 2022): e0249509.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249509F.M. Mahomed, T. Hayat, E. Momoniat, S. 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