Young Convicts Research Articles

At the Edge of Space: The Archaeology of Boundaries within a Landscape for Young Convicts

Within a landscape, boundaries are the physically or socially defined lines that mark the limits of spaces. They can appear static and binary, and therefore analytically restricted. Yet it is argued here that while space is often analyzed in archaeology to inform social, economic, or institutional interpretations of a landscape, the analysis of boundaries is a complimentary method that captures movement, control, and prohibition mechanisms. Analyzing boundaries is shown to reveal aspects of change – sometimes diachronic and sometimes ephemeral – and a malleability that is often linked to materiality. The examination of the early nineteenth-century historical boundaries of Point Puer, a juvenile convict prison (1834–49) located in lutruwita/Tasmania, Australia, is used as a case study to illustrate their common archaeological forms. It is reasoned that the analysis of boundaries contributes dynamic interpretations of historical landscapes by theorizing boundaries as spatial frameworks to examine social and experiential elements of space.

Emma D. Watkins, Life Courses of Young Convicts Transported to Van Diemen’s Land

Emma D. Watkins, Life Courses of Young Convicts Transported to Van Diemen’s Land

Life Courses of Young Convicts Transported to Van Diemen's Land by Emma D. Watkins

Life Courses of Young Convicts Transported to Van Diemen's Land by Emma D. Watkins

Adolescent growth and convict transportation to nineteenth-century Australia

ABSTRACT This paper explores growth patterns for British and Irish adolescents transported to Australia in the 19th century. During incarceration in Australia, the young convicts did not catch up with contemporary standards of potential stature—contrary to what we are led to expect by the existing literature and the high calorie convict diet. Rather, the experience of transportation stunted the adolescent male convicts. Variation between height on arrival and in later life confirms that teen convicts remained shorter than their shipmates transported after reaching maturity. We consider, but reject, age-dependent selection as a potential explanation. We speculate that the origin of this unfortunate experience lies in the low economic value of young and unskilled males. While fewer data are available for female convicts, their colonial experiences appear to have differed, again consistent with their relative economic value in the colony.

Социально-психологические характеристики осужденных, совершивших насильственные и корыстно-насильственные преступления

The problem of studying the socio-psychological characteristics of criminals who have committed violent and self-serving violent crimes is extremely relevant. This is due to its insufficient study, the high prevalence of convicts of this category in the population of convicts, the ability to understand the causes and origins of their criminal behavior. The aim of the research is to study the sociopsychological characteristics of convicts who have committed violent and self-serving violent crimes. According to the results obtained, the acceptance of responsibility for the committed crime is associated with the age of the offender (young convicts are more likely to attribute the blame for the committed criminal act to external circumstances). First-time convicts tend to deny the need for social support and show less desire for social contacts; their perception of life goals is less conscious, life is less meaningful compared to repeat offenders. The greater orientation of repeat offenders to social interaction and the perception of their own life as meaningful are considered as associated with the conscious acceptance of criminal values and the commission of criminal acts. The features of the relations of convicts in the parental family are related to the parameters of their further life: constructive employment at the time of detention, the level of education, the available family status, the severity of the crime committed.

EDUCATORS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS IN JUVENILE CORRECTION SETTINGS AS “SIGNIFICANT OTHERS” IN THE PROCESS OF REHABILITATION AND RE-SOCIALIZATION OF CONVICTS

Relevance. In the correctional facilities the staff plays a special role in the life of juvenile offenders serving sentences and isolated from the society. It is not only the rehabilitation process in the juvenile correctional facility but also the success of resocialization after serving the sentence that is determined by their actions and the attitude towards the juvenile convicts. Objective. The aim of the study was to study exactly which indicators of mental health and emotional state of juvenile convicts are associated with perceived and received socio-psychological support from psychologists and caregivers of the juvenile correctional facility in comparison with support from other sources. Methods and participants. The study involved 657 adolescents serving sentences in nine juvenile correctional facilities, aged 14 to 19 years (564 boys and 93 girls).The study used the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), an item specifically developed for identifying the frequency of seeking help from various categories of people present in respondents’ lives; the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - DASS-21); the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE). Results. Differences were identified in the relationship between perceived social support from different sources and the frequency of seeking help for different categories with indicators of mental health and emotional state of young convicts. The study also identified the impact of different support sources on anxiety, stress, and the strength of positive and negative emotions. The study emphasizes the special role of caregivers and psychologists compared to other categories of stuff in predicting the levels of depression. Conclusions. The perceived social support from the staff and the frequency of juvenile convicts asking psychologists and caregivers for help have a significant impact on mental health indicators and the emotional state of juvenile offenders. Peers and friends have the least impact on the mental health and emotional state of incarcerated youth, as opposed to free adolescents. On the contrary, “significant adults” represented by staff of correctional camps (educators and psychologists) make a significant contribution to reducing mental health disorders and improving the emotional state of offenders. Perceived social support from “significant others” helps reduce stress. Asking educators for help can be considered a predictor of lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in juvenile convicts. In turn, the level of positive emotions is mostly determined by seeking help from a psychologist.

Applying Labelling Theory to Selected Short Stories by James T. Farrell

For decades, “societal reaction theory” or “labelling theory” has provided the most significant explanation for deviant behaviour, particularly in the case of juveniles. The theory argues that once a stigma is attached to an individual, an irreversible process occurs whereby the labelled individual begins to identify as deviant and to embark on a deviant career. Hence, rather than deter bad behaviour, stigmatisation and shaming serve only to amplify it. Although the labelling perspective is rooted in sociology, we find proponents of some version of labelling theory in other disciplines, even in literature. The present study posits that in the short stories of Irish-American writer James Thomas Farrell entitled “Big Jeff,” “The Fastest Runner on Sixty-First Street,” “Young Convicts,” and “The Scarecrow,” labelling processes emerge as essential elements in a comprehensive understanding of each story. All four stories are the least critically acknowledged works by the author even though they demonstrate the author’s remarkable talent for illuminating the social and psychological factors associated with deviant behaviour among juveniles.

Sources of Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies among Teachers in Borstal Institutions in Kenya

Teaching has emerged as one of the most stressful professions in the last two decades. The need for knowledge for personal growth and national development puts pressure on the teachers to facilitate the achievement of these goals. Teachers in Borstal institutions are expected to teach and rehabilitate young convicts for re-integration into the society. The desire to find out sources of stress and coping strategies among teachers in Borstal institutions has necessitated an empirical study. The current study focuses on sources of occupational stress and coping strategies among teachers in Borstal institutions in Kenya. Phenomenology study design was used and purposive sampling in particular maximum variation was used to select the study participants. Results indicated that working conditions, living conditions and lack of resources were the main sources of stressors, while physical exercises, religious intervention, use of alcohol were among the coping strategies used. Lack of professional counseling services also emerged as a situation that lead to high stress levels.

Parental loss in young convicts transported to Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 1841–53

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the significance of parental loss for a sample of young convicts (aged under 25 years) transported from English and Irish ports to Tasmania in the mid-nineteenth century. These convicts experienced much higher levels of orphanhood than the general populations from which they were drawn, and women convicts were more likely than their male counterparts to have been orphaned, or to have lost at least one parent. The conclusion is that loss of family and household made orphans, and particularly girls, more vulnerable to crime as a survival strategy. We also find that the likelihood of parental loss varied by place of birth (male and female convicts), type of crime, occupation, and migration status (men only). Parental loss now emerges as a significant and differentiating characteristic for young convicts to be considered alongside neighbourhood and cultural effects.

Undocumented Immigrants, U.S. Citizens, and Convicted Criminals in Arizona

Using newly released detailed data on all prisoners who entered the Arizona state prison from January 1985 through June 2017, we are able to separate non-U.S. citizens by whether they are illegal or legal residents. Unlike other studies, these data do not rely on self-reporting of criminal backgrounds. Undocumented immigrants are at least 142% more likely to be convicted of a crime than other Arizonans. They also tend to commit more serious crimes and serve 10.5% longer sentences, more likely to be classified as dangerous, and 45% more likely to be gang members than U.S. citizens. Yet, there are several reasons that these numbers are likely to underestimate the share of crime committed by undocumented immigrants. There are dramatic differences between in the criminal histories of convicts who are U.S. citizens and undocumented immigrants. Young convicts are especially likely to be undocumented immigrants. While undocumented immigrants from 15 to 35 years of age make up slightly over two percent of the Arizona population, they make up about eight percent of the prison population. Even after adjusting for the fact that young people commit crime at higher rates, young undocumented immigrants commit crime at twice the rate of young U.S. citizens. These undocumented immigrants also tend to commit more serious crimes. If undocumented immigrants committed crime nationally as they do in Arizona, in 2016 they would have been responsible for over 1,000 more murders, 5,200 rapes, 8,900 robberies, 25,300 aggravated assaults, and 26,900 burglaries.

‘Come all you Wild and Wicked Youths’: Representations of Young Male Convicts in Nineteenth-Century English Broadsides

AbstractRecent investigations into nineteenth-century juvenile delinquency have tended to focus on how the image of the delinquent was represented through the judicial process and the language of institutional reform. The argument has been that the delinquent was an antithetical creation of middle-class views about childhood, family, criminality, and punishment. What has been overlooked in the discussion is how working-class audiences represented young men who committed crimes. Broadside ballads, a form of working-class street poetry, are unique in that they create representations of youthful criminality from within the community whence young convicts originated. This article looks at four different types of broadside ballads: valedictory, betrayal, confessional, and satirical ballads that offer fresh and unique ways of understanding youthful criminality, convictism, and penal transportation within working-class culture.

YOUNG CONVICTS: PRISON IN THE STREETS (36 minutes, color, 1972). Produced by ABC News. Distributed by ABC Media Concepts, 1330 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019. Purchase $350; rental, $35

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ArticleNo AccessYOUNG CONVICTS: PRISON IN THE STREETS (36 minutes, color, 1972). Produced by ABC News. Distributed by ABC Media Concepts, 1330 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019. Purchase $350; rental, $35Pam WilsonPam WilsonSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Apr 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.24.12.849-cAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail "YOUNG CONVICTS: PRISON IN THE STREETS (36 minutes, color, 1972). Produced by ABC News. Distributed by ABC Media Concepts, 1330 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019. Purchase $350; rental, $35." Psychiatric Services, 24(12), pp. 849-c–850 Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Personal login Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - Psychiatric Services Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 24Issue 12 December 1973Pages 849-c-850 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2006 Published in print 1 December 1973

Młodociani sprawcy przestępstw o charakterze chuligańskim na terenie Warszawy (próba analizy ekologicznej)

Młodociani sprawcy przestępstw o charakterze chuligańskim na terenie Warszawy (próba analizy ekologicznej)

Dead-End Justice

Sixteen hundred and fifty criminals, many of them desperate characters with records of three or more previous convictions, were turned loose yesterday to take up their war against society. Among them were killers, robbers, burglars, and thieves. You and other decent and law-abiding citizens will be their next victims. They roam the countryside and infest the cities seeking new opportunities for crime. Yesterday's jail-delivery might not seem so menacing if we did not know from past experience that many of these convicts will commit new crimes. Imprisonment has taught them nothing except skill in their trade. Confined for a few months or years in corroding idleness, they have swapped experiences and trained one another in the techniques of the under-world. They were turned loose yesterday. In a short time they will be at it again, robbing, knifing, shooting, making quick get-aways in stolen automobiles. Then states and cities will be put to the expense of finding and arresting them, trying them in the criminal court, locking them up again in prison. Some of their victims will be slugged, some will be killed. You may be one of these. Do you like the prospect? A striking fact about these ex-convicts is the proportion of very young men among them. A great part of yesterday's crop of sixteen hundred and fifty was made up of youngsters between the ages of 16 and 25. These adolescents have already committed every kind of crime. They have done time for it, have paid their debt to society; and now society, having wreaked its vengeance, has set them free to go and to sin again. You may be sure they will take advantage of their opportunity. These twigs have been bent very crooked indeed; they will grow into boughs still more crooked. The weary round of crime, arrest, imprisonment, and release, followed by crime, arrest, imprisonment, and release will be repeated again and again until these young convicts are old convicts or until they die in the electric chair or on the gallows. Meanwhile society will pay, and pay, and pay. But you will not read the above article in your favorite newspaper tomorrow. The facts it states are not news. They are not news because the release of over sixteen hundred convicts yesterday was no exception. The same thing happened day before yesterday, will happen today, and tomorrow, and the next day. These exconvicts form an ever growing indigestible mass of corruption in our body politic, the material of the successive waves of crime that menace our very civilization. The authorities are helpless, for these thousands upon thousands of released convicts are not the product of political upheaval or executive clemency. They are simply the daily turnover of America's prison population, set free because their terms have expired. So it is useless for editors to blame judges or