Young Children's Use Research Articles

Quantifying Parental Perceptions of Their Experiences With Their Young Children's Use of Power Mobility Devices.

To quantify and explore parental perceptions of their experiences with their child's use of the Explorer Mini (EM) and a modified ride-on car (mROC) in young children with cerebral palsy. Data were gathered throughout a multisite, randomized, counterbalanced AB crossover 16-week clinical trial, wherein all participants used device A (EM) and device B (mROC) for 8-weeks each. Semistructured parent interviews were conducted at baseline (T0), post-intervention period 1 (T1), and post-intervention period 2 (T2). The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program was used to objectively analyze the transcribed interviews. Twenty-four child-parent dyads participated in the study. Parental perceptions were related to children's gross motor abilities, cognitive development scores, and device use order (EM-mROC or mROC-EM). Parents were positive about a potential means of helping their children. While most preferred the EM, opinions were contingent on the PM device, device use order, and child-centered factors.

Four hours with dad, but 10 minutes with mom: variations in young children's media use and limits based on parent gender and child temperament

IntroductionResearch on children's media use has disproportionately focused on maternal reports of use. As such, we know little about how mothers' and fathers' reports of children's media use align, how such reports might be related to parental beliefs about the benefits of media for children, or the potential differential impact of child characteristics, such as temperament and gender.MethodUsing a sample of 210 low-to-moderate income, racially and ethnically diverse families, we asked new mothers and fathers about their child's media use and limits at 9, 18 and 24 months of age.ResultsOn average, reports of co-use of media, children's use of media alone, exposure to background television, diversity of daily media use, and use of media for behavior management did not significantly differ between mothers and fathers and were moderately correlated, r(df) = 0.2–0.7. However, comparisons within dyads found that parents did not often agree on their child's media use. Couples also tended to report different limitations on use, with fathers reporting much larger time limits. For both mothers and fathers, stronger beliefs in the benefits of media when children were infants were predictive of more reported media use at 24 months. Infant negative emotionality was predictive of the use of media for behavior management for both mothers and fathers, and for other types of media use for fathers.ConclusionParents of the same child reported media use over the first two years differently, which may indicate informant effects in media research or actual differences in young children's media use with each parent. Given the risks of media use in early childhood to displace important developmental processes, understanding young children's media use within the family system is important.

Parental report of vocabulary in 3- to 6-year-old Polish children: Reliable but not valid.

For over 30 years, parental reports have been used to study the vocabulary of children under 4 years of age. Research exploring parental checklists as a measure of vocabulary in older children is very limited. Typically, authors of parental checklists report the reliability of the developed tools but do not explore validity in terms of the agreement between parental assessments and the children's actual word knowledge. We aimed to explore the reliability and validity of a parental checklist for assessing vocabulary in children aged between 3 and 6 years. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the agreement between indirect (parental checklist) and direct (picture naming and picture recognition tasks) assessments of children's vocabulary. A group of 94 typically developing monolingual Polish-speaking children aged between 3 and 6 years were first directly tested onsite with picture naming and picture recognition tasks (Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks). Subsequently, the participants' parents completed an online checklist containing the same set of 128 items and marked all the words that they had ever heard in their child's spontaneous speech. The parental checklist demonstrated very high internal consistency. The scores of the parental checklist and vocabulary tasks were moderately correlated. We compared the total number of words marked by parents and the number of items correctly identified by children in the picture naming and picture recognition tasks. In picture naming, we found no difference between the children's scores and the number of words selected by parents. However, parents selected significantly fewer words than children correctly recognised in the picture recognition task. When data were analysed at the level of individual items (i.e., whether parents selected exactly the same items that children answered correctly), we found that the level of agreement was low. The level of agreement correlated negatively with the children's vocabulary; that is, the more words a child knew, the lower the agreement between the direct measure and the parental checklist. Parental checklists should be used with caution in children aged between 3 and 6 years, especially if the assessed children have a large vocabulary and if item analysis is planned. Such checklists may be of more use in younger children or in children with limited vocabulary. What is already known on the subject Parental checklists are commonly used to assess the vocabulary of children younger than 4 years of age. Previous research has indicated that parental checklists are reliable in terms of internal consistency and valid in terms of predictive and convergent validity. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This study introduces a parental checklist designed for assessing the vocabulary of monolingual Polish-speaking children aged between 3 and 6 years. Statistical analyses reveal that while the parental checklist exhibits high reliability, and the scores on the checklist correlate with direct measures of vocabulary, the agreement between parental reports and direct vocabulary measures (i.e., validity) is notably low, particularly when examining individual test items. What are the clinical implications of this work? These findings underscore the importance of exercising caution when using parental vocabulary checklists with children aged between 3 and 6 years. These checklists can serve as a replacement for direct vocabulary tests only when the general/overall score is needed. However, when specific words are the subject of interest, parental reports may not be a valid measure.

Parental executive functions and motivations unveil variations in young children's screen media use

BackgroundThe increased screen media use among children aged 3 to 5, particularly in the post-COVID era, is concerning. Despite several organizations' recommendation of a one-hour screen limit for young children, actual usage often exceeds this guideline. Objective: This study explored the influence of parental characteristics such as self-efficacy, motivation, socioeconomic status, and cognitive abilities on children's screen time habits.MethodsEmploying a feature selection model, 251 caregivers answered an online survey, presenting data from themselves and on-screen usage for 126 girls and 125 boys. We found that the caregiver’s executive functions, including cognitive flexibility, initiation, task monitoring, and material organization, significantly impact children’s screen time. Results: Our analysis highlighted the vital role of caregivers’ self-efficacy in moderating children's screen usage. Family net income, children's age and gender, and motivations related to children's desires and behavioral control were also significant contributors to usage patterns.ConclusionThis study offers insights into interventions and effective parenting strategies in the digital age, highlighting the importance of addressing socio-demographic factors in understanding this complex issue.

Promoting Healthy Screen Media Use in Young Children With Externalizing Behavior Problems Through an Adapted Parenting Intervention: Results of an Open Trial

In this article, we describe the development of an adapted parenting intervention for caregivers of preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems, which integrates content around screen media use into an existing evidence-based parenting intervention. We also present results of an open trial examining the feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of the adapted intervention in a sample of 10 low-income caregivers of children with externalizing behavior problems who were attending a community-based therapeutic summer program. Caregivers attended a once weekly (1.5-hour) intervention group, which was embedded in an 8-week community-based therapeutic program for children with externalizing behavior, and completed questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and 1 month following the intervention, and completed interviews about their experiences. Caregiver satisfaction with the adapted intervention was high, and fidelity and attendance measures suggested the intervention was feasible. Preliminary results showed postintervention improvements in caregivers’ skills in managing screen media use, including increases in caregiver self-efficacy to manage and set limits around screen media use. Results suggest that leveraging existing parenting interventions to promote healthy media use habits may be a promising avenue to maximize reach to families with children with externalizing behavior.

Connections between Parental Phubbing and Electronic Media Use in Young Children: The Mediating Role of Parent-Child Conflict and Moderating Effect of Child Emotion Regulation.

In this digital age, where parental attention is often diverted by digital engagement, the phenomenon of "parental phubbing," defined as parents ignoring their children in favor of mobile devices, is scrutinized for its potential impact on child development. This study, utilizing questionnaire data from 612 parents and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with moderated mediation, examines the potential association between parental phubbing and young children's electronic media use. The findings revealed a correlation between parental phubbing and increased electronic media use in children. Parent-child conflict, informed by instances of parental phubbing, was identified as a partial mediator in this relation. Notably, children's emotion regulation emerged as a moderating factor, with adept regulation linked to reduced adverse effects of parental phubbing and improved relational harmony. These findings underscore the importance of parental awareness of their digital behaviors and the benefits of fostering robust parent-child relationships and supporting children's emotional regulation to nurture well-adjusted "digital citizens" in the contemporary media landscape.

Factors Associated with Inhaled Bronchodilator and Oral Corticosteroid Use in Young Children with First Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

ObjectivesTo examine factors associated with claims for and potential overuse of inhaled bronchodilators (IB) and oral corticosteroids (OCS) for children < 2 years old at first lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) . Study designRetrospective cohort study using Colorado All Payer Claims data from 2009 through 2019. Children with asthma were excluded. Primary outcomes were 1) IB and 2) OCS claims within 7 days of index LRTI. Primary predictors were previous IB or OCS claims for each outcome respectively. Covariates included demographics, atopy, family history of asthma, complex chronic conditions (CCC), prior inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) claim, and location of index LRTI. Separate multivariable logistic regression models were used for each outcome. ResultsOf 10,194 eligible children, 1468 (14.4%) had an IB and 741 (7.3%) an OCS claim at or within 7 days of index LRTI. Index LRTIs were most often at outpatient (OP) visits (64%). Adjusting for covariates, prior IB prescription was associated with the IB outcome (AOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3, 2.8), and prior OCS prescription was associated with the OCS outcome (AOR 2.2; 95% CI (1.7, 2.9). Other variables associated with either outcome included age, sex, insurance, location, and atopy. Prior ICS claim, asthma family history, and CCC were not associated with either outcome. ConclusionsThis study identifies factors that might serve as opportunities for de-implementation strategies for IB and OCS overuse in young children with LRTI.

Toddlers, Tech and Talk: What does research literature tell us?

The second article in this series about the Toddlers, Tech and Talk project reviews the academic literature around young children's use of technology in the home. Dr Sandra El Gemayel, research associate at Manchester Metropolitan University, Rosie Flewitt, professor of early childhood communication at Manchester Metropolitan University and Dr. Lorna Arnott, senior lecturer and director of Early Years at The Strathclyde Institute of Education, discuss the current guidelines for children's use of digital tech and what ‘screen time’ means in practice, as well as share tips for how parents can be encouraged to help mediate children's tech use.

Are screen media the new pacifiers? The role of parenting stress and parental attitudes for children's screen time in early childhood

Screen media are increasingly shaping our everyday lives, including those of young children. Among other reasons, parents might use screen media as a problem-oriented coping strategy to reduce parenting stress levels. Furthermore, parental attitudes towards children's screen media use have been shown to predict screen time in young children. The present study examines the intertwined roles of parenting stress and parental attitudes to children's screen time throughout early childhood. Parents of N = 462 children aged up to 3 years (M = 1.28, SD = 0.61; 50% female) participated in four assessments within 10 months. Parents reported their level of parenting stress, their attitudes toward young children's screen media use, and their child's screen time at each assessment. Across all measurement time points, results indicated that both parenting stress and positive parental attitudes are positively associated with children's screen time. Furthermore, parental attitudes were found to strengthen the link between stress and children's screen time at two of the four measurement time points. Recommendations for children's screen time should consider parental stress and suggest alternative strategies for coping with parenting stress.

Patterns of Antibiotic Use in Young Children Hospitalized with RSV in Amman, Jordan

Abstract Introduction Antibiotic misuse is associated with the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. It is therefore important to limit antibiotic use for respiratory infections, especially those that are virus-associated. In developing countries, without point-of-care testing for common respiratory viruses (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV), clinicians rely on clinical judgment clinicians relay on clinical judgement to distinguish between viral and bacterial causes of illness. We sought to evaluate patterns of antibiotic use in young, hospitalized children with RSV in Amman, Jordan. Methods A prospective acute respiratory viral surveillance study was conducted between January 8 and March 17, 2020. Eligible children were &amp;lt;2 years old presenting with fever and/or respiratory symptoms within 72 hours of hospitalization. Nasal or throat swabs were collected from each child. Research molecular testing for RSV and other respiratory viruses was performed. Demographic and clinical data were collected through parental interviews and chart abstractions. For this analysis, we restricted our study to children with RSV detected by research molecular testing. We classified antibiotic patterns into three categories: 1) 1st line/empiric: ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and gentamycin; 2) azithromycin; 3) expanded: vancomycin, amikacin, imipenem/meropenem, and metronidazole. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between the three antibiotic groups using Pearson's χ2 test for categorical variables and linear regression with robust standard errors for continuous variables. Results Of the 531 children who were enrolled, 400 (75.3%) were RSV-positive by research molecular testing: 221 (55.3%) were male, median age was 2.9 months (IQR, 1.7–6.4), 174/390 (44.6%) reported consuming an antibiotic prior to hospitalization, and 387 (96.8%) received at least one antibiotic during their hospitalization. The most common antibiotic category was empiric 261 (67.4%), followed by azithromycin (n=106; 27.4%) and expanded (n=16; 4.1%). Table 1 compares clinical and demographic data between antibiotic categories for RSV-positive children during hospitalization. Children in the empiric group had higher mean age and were more likely to be diagnosed with bronchopneumonia at admission, while those in the azithromycin group were more likely to be diagnosed with pertussis-like cough or bronchiolitis at admission. Children in the expanded group were more likely to have fever, be diagnosed with pneumonia at admission, require oxygen, and be admitted to the intensive care unit. Among those who had a blood, urine, and/or CSF culture performed (n=209; 54%), a total of 10 (2.6%) were positive for gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion In our study, most children received an antibiotic during their hospital stay. Antibiotic stewardship programs and the implementation of point-of-care testing in Jordanian hospitals are needed to help limit antibiotic use for RSV.

Taiwanese parents' perspectives on young children's use of information communication technology.

How parents think and feel about their children's use of technology can influence how their kids behave online. The family's socioeconomic status (SES) may also affect this influence. In light of this, this research emphasizes the need for more investigation into parental attitudes and the role of SES in shaping how children consume media. This study surveyed 629 Taiwanese parents to explore their attitudes toward their young children's use of information communication technology (ICT), usage patterns, and the interplay with socioeconomic status. The findings revealed a significant disconnect: although approximately 50% of parents considered above six years old to be a suitable age for children to start ICT, over 80% of children had already engaged with ICT before that age, indicating a large disparity between parental expectations and actual initiation. Furthermore, parents highlighted "learning interest" and "various content" as the most positive impacts of children's ICT use, while "addiction and overreliance" emerged as their primary concern. Notably, parents, as a whole, tended to perceive their child's ICT use more negative than positively, with fathers displaying greater acceptance of negative viewpoints than mothers. Parental attitudes toward children's ICT use were categorized into five clusters, ranging from balanced and optimistic views to value emphasis, conservatism, and negative doubts. This classification underscores the intricate and multifaceted nature of parental perspectives, encompassing both positive and negative outlooks on children's ICT utilization. The findings underscore the nuanced character of parents' attitudes toward technology, shaped by the intricacies and challenges posed by the digital era. These insights emphasize that parental attitudes go beyond a simplistic positive-negative divide, reflecting a comprehensive response to the opportunities and complexities inherent in the digital age.

The effect of picture book reading on young children's use of an emotion regulation strategy.

Picture book reading is an enjoyable everyday activity for many young children with well-known benefits for language development. The present study investigated whether picture book reading can support young children's social-emotional development by providing a learning opportunity for the usage of emotion regulation strategies. Three-year-old children participated in two waiting situations designed to elicit negative affect. Between these waiting situations they read a picture book. In two experimental conditions, the book depicted how a protagonist (same-aged peer or young adult, respectively) waited for a desired object and distracted herself with toys while waiting. Children in an additional control condition read a picture book that was unrelated to waiting. Use of distraction did not differ between conditions. Parents often read picture book interactively with their children. Therefore, in an additional condition (Exp. 2), the experimenter read the picture book featuring the same-aged peer protagonist in an interactive way intended to facilitate transfer. Apart from the reading style, the design was identical to experiment 1. Experiment 2 intended to test whether changes in reading style lead to differences in three-year old children's social-emotional learning from picture books. When controlling for the children's picture book experience, children in the experimental conditions exhibited an increase in distraction in contrast to children in the control condition. In sum, results suggest that picture book reading could be an ecologically valid and versatile method for supporting 3-year-old children in their use of an age-appropriate adaptive emotion regulation strategies such as distraction.

Structures for Screens: Longitudinal associations between parental media rules and problematic media use in early childhood.

Media use is increasingly becoming an important facet of early childhood, and while professional organizations and researchers have attempted to present guidelines to parents to help them structure their children's media use, many parents either are not aware of these guidelines, or struggle to effectively implement them into their children's daily routine. This research aimed to examine what rules parents of young children are implementing to structure their children's media use and how specific media rules affected development of children's problematic media use (an early indicator of media dependence) longitudinally from ages 2-4 (three time points, each one year apart) in a sample of n = 435 children. We found that more parents have rules around their child's TV use than tablet use when children are around age 2 ½ years old, and that a sizable minority of parents (n = 45; 10.30%) or parents do not allow their child to use tablets at this same age. There was no relationship between media rules and problematic media use at Time 2. However, parents who did not allow their child to use tablets at Time 1 had lower levels of child problematic media use at Time 3, implying that the rules parents set around young children's use of tablets and other personal media devices may be impactful in protecting children from the development of problematic media use.

Creativity and flexibility in young children's use of external cognitive strategies.

A cardinal feature of adult cognition is the awareness of our own cognitive struggles and the capacity to draw upon this awareness to offload internal demand into the environment. In this preregistered study conducted in Australia, we investigated whether 3-8-year-olds (N = 72, 36 male, 36 female, mostly White) could self-initiate such an external metacognitive strategy and transfer it across contexts. Children watched as an experimenter demonstrated how to mark the location of a hidden prize, thus helping them successfully retrieve that prize in the future. Children were then given the opportunity to spontaneously adopt an external marking strategy across six test trials. Children who did so at least once were then introduced to a conceptually similar but structurally distinct transfer task. Although most 3-year-olds deployed the demonstrated strategy in the initial test phase, none of them modified that strategy to solve the transfer task. By contrast, many children aged 4 years and older spontaneously devised more than one previously unseen reminder-setting strategy across the six transfer trials, with this tendency increasing with age. From age 6, children deployed effective external strategies on most trials, with the number, combination, and order of unique strategies used varying widely both within and across the older age groups. These results demonstrate young children's remarkable flexibility in the transferral of external strategies across contexts and point to pronounced individual differences in the strategies children devise. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Preschool children's screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with family characteristics and children's anxiety/withdrawal and approaches to learning.

With schools closed due to the COVID-19, many children have been exposed to media devices for learning and entertainment, raising concerns over excessive screen time for young children. The current study examined how preschoolers' screen time was associated with their family characteristics and anxiety/withdrawal and approaches to learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 764 caregivers of 3- to 6-year-old children (mean age = 59.07 months, SD = 12.28 months; 403 boys and 361 girls) from nine preschools in Wuhan, China, where the pandemic started. The effects of family characteristics on children's screen time during the pandemic outbreak and the associations between screen time and children's anxiety/withdrawal and approaches to learning were examined using path analysis. The results showed that children who spent more time on interactive screen use (e.g., playing with tablets) showed higher levels of anxiety/withdrawal and fewer positive learning behaviors. Unexpectedly, children who spent more time on noninteractive screen use (e.g., watching TV) showed lower levels of anxiety/withdrawal. Additionally, children's screen time was related to family characteristics: children living in more chaotic families with fewer screen time restrictions spent more time on screen use after the pandemic outbreak. The findings suggest that young children's frequent use of interactive screens, such as tablets and smartphones, might be harmful to their learning and wellbeing during the pandemic. To mitigate the potential negative effects, it is essential to manage the screen time of preschoolers by establishing rules for their interactive screen use and improving the household routines related to the overall screen use.

Topical ruxolitinib: A new treatment for vitiligo.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder whose diagnosis is often psychologically upsetting. The efficacy of the available therapies, including topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors, has historically been limited and the management of vitiligo is still challenging. As vitiligo is a chronic disease limited to the skin, topical rather than systemic therapies may be preferable (especially among patients with localised lesions) to avoid the long-term side-effects of the latter. A topical formulation of ruxolitinib, a selective JAK1/2 inhibitor, has recently been approved in the United States for the treatment of non-segmental vitiligo in patients aged >12 years based on data from the phase III TRuE-V1 and TRuE-V2 clinical trials. The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence concerning the efficacy and safety of topical ruxolitinib in the treatment of vitiligo, and discuss issues regarding its use in younger children and pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as the duration and durability of treatment. The promising results obtained so far suggest that 1.5% ruxolitinib cream is an effective means of treating vitiligo.

How Do Parents' Experiences Affect Children's Use of the Traditional Korean Medical Services? A Regression Analysis Using Cross-Sectional Data.

Medical services are closely related to individual health and welfare, and health status in childhood or adolescence is widely recognized to be related to many socioeconomic outcomes. Therefore, providing appropriate medical services in childhood and adolescence is important. We aimed to investigate the determinants of traditional Korean medical services (TKMS) usage by children aged < 19 years. The focus was on the role of their parents' experiences with TKMS in determining TKMS use by children. Using a representative sample in South Korea, we conducted a regression analysis to assess how parents' experience with TKMS affects the probability of their children using TKMS. We found parents' experience with TKMS to have a significantly positive effect on the probability of TKMS use by children and parents' biological information, such as age and sex, to affect the probability of TKMS use. Specifically, parents' experiences with TKMS generally increased the probability of children using TKMS by approximately 20%. This study's results suggest that considering parents' opinions and providing them the opportunity to participate in programs that enhance young children's use of TKMS may be effective.

Young children's use of blue spaces and the impact on their health, development and environmental awareness: A qualitative study from parents' perspectives.

This study examined how families with young children access and use different types of blue spaces and the health and development benefits, and potential negative effects. Parents(n=25) of young children across four coastal communities in Western Australia were recruited via purposive sampling to participate in interviews. A generic qualitative study design grounded in the pragmatism paradigm was utilised. Beaches were the most frequently used blue space for families all year around, however families did not necessarily attend their closest beach. This appears due to certain beach features making them more or less attractive for use regardless of the distance from home. Parents perceived blue spaces as health promoting due to the increased physical activity children did in and around these spaces. They also reported blue spaces could be positive for child development, contributing to the development of identity. Blue spaces were also perceived to promote children's environmental awareness and environmentally friendly behaviours. However, blue spaces could also be potentially risky environments for families with young children. The findings highlight blue spaces are an important setting for supporting children's health, development and environmental consciousness. SO WHAT?: It is important to protect natural outdoor environments such as blue spaces for future generations. The findings can be used by governments and policy makers to improve the quality (features and amenities) of blue spaces and positively impact how often families (including those with dogs) use blue spaces and the benefits they experience.

Psychometric performance of the Chichewa versions of the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L among healthy and sick children and adolescents in Malawi

ObjectivesThe EuroQol Group has developed an extended version of the EQ-5D-Y-3L with five response levels for each of its five dimensions (EQ-5D-Y-5L). The psychometric performance has been reported in several studies for the EQ-5D-Y-3L but not for the EQ-5D-Y-5L. This study aimed to psychometrically evaluate the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L Chichewa (Malawi) versions.MethodsThe EQ-5D-Y-3L, EQ-5D-Y-5L and PedsQL™ 4.0 Chichewa versions were administered to children and adolescents aged 8–17 years in Blantyre, Malawi. Both of the EQ-5D-Y versions were evaluated for missing data, floor/ceiling effects, and validity (convergent, discriminant, known-group and empirical).ResultsA total of 289 participants (95 healthy, and 194 chronic and acute) self-completed the questionnaires. There was little problem with missing data (< 5%) except in children aged 8–12 years particularly for the EQ-5D-Y-5L. Ceiling effects was generally reduced in moving from the EQ-5D-Y-3L to the EQ-5D-Y-5L. For both EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L, convergent validity tested with PedsQL™ 4.0 was found to be satisfactory (correlation ≥ 0.4) at scale level but mixed at dimension /sub-scale level. There was evidence of discriminant validity (p > 0.05) with respect to gender and age, but not for school grade (p < 0.05). For empirical validity, the EQ-5D-Y-5L was 31–91% less efficient than the EQ-5D-Y-3L at detecting differences in health status using external measures.ConclusionsBoth versions of the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L had issues with missing data in younger children. Convergent validity, discriminant validity with respect to gender and age, and known-group validity of either measures were also met for use among children and adolescents in this population, although with some limitations (discriminant validity by grade and empirical validity). The EQ-5D-Y-3L seems particularly suited for use in younger children (8–12 years) and the EQ-5D-Y-5L in adolescents (13–17 years). However, further psychometric testing is required for test re-test reliability and responsiveness that could not be carried out in this study due to COVID-19 restrictions.

The Influence of Screen Media Usage on Child Social Development: A Systematic Review

The relative contribution of screen time and media content to young children's social development has been unclear recently, and information on effective interventions to reduce children's screen time is limited. This review investigates the current status of electronic media use among young children and the effect of screen media usage on children's social development and attempts to explore the correlation between the two in order to enrich and improve related research. It is also supposed to give ideas for how families can use electronic media better to help children develop socially and reduce behavior problems. Parenting styles, media content, household income, the number of children in the family, how the parents use media, their habits, and cognitive stimuli in the home were also linked to young children's media use. The correlations identified in this study suggest intervention pathways to decrease children's screen time consumption and optimize media content. But more research needs to be done to look at some of the environmental, sociocultural, and behavioral factors that haven't been looked at much in young children. This could help make prevention and intervention plans better.