Yoga Texts Research Articles

Should a Yogi Be Healthy? Health Concepts in Early Haṭhayoga Texts

Haṭhayoga texts, influential in the development of modern posture-based yoga, offer a conceptual framework intertwining physical cultivation, health, and soteriological aims. This article explores two interconnected inquiries regarding early Haṭhayoga texts: How do they conceptualize health, and how do they perceive the relationship between health and soteriology? These investigations illuminate the place of health in early yoga texts within Hindu traditions prior to its global recognition.This article reveals that early haṭha texts present a holistic approach to health, highlighting the interconnectedness of curing the mind and healing the body. This process entails not only eradicating physical diseases but also the transcendence of all forms of suffering. The transformative process of eliminating the misleading self-identity (ahaṁkāra) is pivotal, leading directly to health. This relationship extends beyond metaphorical comparisons of healing ignorance and suffering. This ontological framework proposes a harmonious integration between the material and soteriological realms, viewing the healthy body as a physical manifestation of the divine essence. Thus, the emergence of the biomedical discourse surrounding yoga in modern times did not occur autonomously. Haṭhayoga, with its roots dating back to the beginning of the second millennium CE, played a crucial role in shaping this historical transformation.

Ideal Time to Practice Yoga: Insights from Traditional Yoga Texts and Observations from Scientific Studies: A Narrative Review

Background: Those interested in practicing yoga often lack clarity on what would be the best time to practice yoga. This paper intends to review the ancient, scientific and contemporary literature to understand this. Ancient texts on yoga mention that the best time to practice yoga is early morning hours. Lack of information and standardization regarding timing of the yoga practice is a key indicator for us to explore current study on the influence of time on yoga practice which can set a direction for the future studies and possible outcomes that can be derived by choosing the best time to practice yoga. Methods: In this review article we searched the scientific and traditional literature to find an answer to this question. We searched Google Scholar and PubMed using the following criteria: 1) Research studies examining the influence of timing on practice of Yoga, exercise, meditation or mindfulness on various variables 2) Studies published in English language until March 1, 2024. Results: We found sixteen studies; most of them were surveys that tried to assess the influence of time of physical activity/mindfulness on various health parameters. We observed that there are studies that suggest that the best time to practice yoga could depend on the specific outcome that is attempted to be achieved. Awareness of the appropriate time to practice yoga is important for several reasons, including enhancing the effectiveness of the practice, to regulating the body's internal clock, reducing the chances of distractions and developing a consistent regimen for practice. Conclusion: Engaging in morning vigorous exercise or yoga is better than evening vigorous yoga or exercise for enhancing the state of mind/mood of the practitioner and improving sleep quality in the night. Evening yoga should be less intense, relaxing and more meditative. Intense exercise / yoga in the evening may reduce the sleep quality in night. Studies also suggest that the difference in chronotype of the individual could possibly play a role in determining the best time to practice yoga.

Development, Validation, and feasibility of Integrated Yoga module on Anidra (Insomnia)

Background: Insomnia is described as "a complaint of trouble beginning or maintaining sleep associated with daily effects that are not attributed to environmental factors or insufficient chances to sleep." According to the study, Yoga was shown to be safe and effective in improving sleep for individuals experiencing insomnia (Anidra). In this study, an Integrated Yoga Module (IYM) was specifically designed to manage Anidra (Insomnia). Method: The IYM was designed following a thorough review of classical yoga texts and prior research. Twenty-five yoga experts meeting the inclusion criteria were selected to validate the content of the IYM. The IYM comprised a total of 42 yoga practices, with each practice undergoing discussion and evaluation, categorized as (1) effective, (2) useful but less effective, or (3) not effective. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated using Lawshe's formula. The feasibility of the IYM was assessed by experts using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). To evaluate the feasibility of the intervention, we applied the developed program to 40 participants (20 in each group) in control and experimental groups for 45 days, with sessions conducted five days a week. Result: Data analysis revealed that, among the 22 IYM practices, 17 demonstrated significant content validity with a CVR exceeding the 0.44 cut-off, as determined by Lawshe's formula. Conversely, five yoga practices fell below the 0.44 CVR and were therefore rejected. Moreover, a significant improvement in sleep quality was observed in the experimental group. Conclusion: The yoga module designed and validated for the management of insomnia or A nidra is acknowledged as well accepted with good content validity and an efficacious program for insomnia management.

Struktur Yoga Bali Kuno Pakem UHN I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar

Yoga and the spiritual activities of Balinese people are basically two things that cannot be separated. As Bali tourism develops, yoga, which was initially a religious activity in a physical (worldly) dimension, has metamorphosed into a tourism product. Ancient Balinese Yoga is a yoga activity that is explored and sourced from the local wisdom of the ancestors of the Balinese people which for UHN I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa has a responsibility to preserve and has great potential to be developed into tourist packages. This research is classified as research and development (R & D). Data is collected through technical observation, interviews and document study. The results of data analysis are presented in descriptive-narrative form. The research obtained results in the form of a philosophical explanation and benefits of the UHN I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar Pakem Ancient Balinese Yoga. The UHN I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa DenpasarPakem of Ancient Balinese Yoga is the result of a combination of yoga teachings based on classical yoga texts, and three yoga colleges with an Ancient Balinese character in Bali, they are Seruling Dewata in Tabanan, the Windu Sara Foundation in Gianyar and Pasraman Bahung Tringan in Karangasem. In the philosophy of the UHN I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar Pakem Ancient Balinese Yoga is a ritual process for self-purification to eliminate dirt or inner darkness that covers the existence of the Self (Soul). This process is carried out with self-discipline in the form of physical exercise (asana and pranayama), offerings (yajna), correct knowledge (jnana), tapa and samadhi. The yoga package products offered are a day yoga package (daily yoga), a 3 day yoga package (atelun yoga), a 1 week yoga package and a 2 week yoga package. The benefits of the UHN I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar Pakem Ancient Balinese Yoga structure are projected to increase tourist attraction, strengthen cultural identity, improve community welfare, create jobs and increase income.

Concept of Diet in Traditional Yoga Texts: A Review

Concept of Diet in Traditional Yoga Texts: A Review

Effect of Selected Yogic Asanas on Lumbar Spondylosis: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Lumbar spondylosis most commonly occurs at the L4- L5 and L5-S1 vertebral level. It’s prevalence has increased in recent years across the middle age groups. Non pharmacological and non-invasive interventions like Yogic Asanas are economical and effective in Lumbar spondylosis. Almost 266 million (3.63%) cases are observed per year worldwide, which is a major cause of morbidity. Degenerative changes in the intervertebral joints can start after 40 years of age which become more common around 45 years of age. Approximately 10% of the adult population suffers from symptomatic lumbar spondylosis, with women and men affected equally. Aim & Objectives: To study and analyze the role of Yogic Asanas in the clinical management of lumbar spondylosis Materials and Methods: Screening of relevant material from the classical texts of Yoga. Systematic search of Pubmed, Google Scholar and other resources for published articles on Lumbar spondylosis and its management through Yoga and similar physical therapies. Discussion: A painful condition that puts stress on the muscles and bones of lumbar region is called lumbar spondylosis. In addition to limiting mobility, the medical condition additionally impacts quality of life. It may be caused by trauma, prolonged bike riding, poor sleeping habits, poor posture when sitting, and lack of physical activity. Numerous Yoga poses can help in lumbar spondylosis and offer particular therapeutic benefits for people with lumbar spondylosis. Conclusion: After a thorough review, reading and analyzing previous researches it can be concluded that physical, physiological, cognitive, and emotional levels are all affected by Yoga. Yogic Asanas are very much effective in improvement and strengthening the muscles of back, endurance and tone of whole back. Regular practice of Yoga poses stimulates many body parts, including the organs, muscles, joints, ligaments, vessels, and nerves. This is especially beneficial for treating lumbar spondylosis.

Traditional Nostril Yoga Breathing Practices and Oxygen Consumption: A Randomized, Cross-over Study.

Traditional yoga texts describe "cross nostril breathing," with inhalation and exhalation through different nostrils. Previous research reported no clear differences in oxygen consumption during uninostril breathing (i.e., inhalation and exhalation through the same nostril), hence not supporting right and left uninostril breathing as activating or relaxing, respectively, with no research on oxygen consumed in "cross nostril breathing." Oxygen consumed during "cross nostril breathing" was measured in healthy participants (n = 47, males, 26.3 ± 6.4 years). Five sessions (viz., right nostril inspiration yoga breathing [RNIYB], left nostril inspiration yoga breathing [LNIYB], alternate nostril yoga breathing [ANYB], breath awareness (BAW), and quiet rest (QR) were conducted on separate days in random order. Sessions were 33 min in duration with pre, during, and post states. Volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) and carbon dioxide eliminated (VCO2) increased during RNIYB (9.60% in VO2 and 23.52% in VCO2), LNIYB (9.42% in VO2 and 21.20% in VCO2) and ANYB (10.25% in VO2 and 22.72% in VCO2) with no significant change in BAW and QR. Diastolic blood pressure decreased during BAW and QR and after all five sessions (P < 0.05; in all cases). All comparisons were with the respective preceding state. During the three yoga breathing practices, the volume of oxygen consumed increased irrespective of the nostril breathed through, possibly associated with (i) conscious regulation of the breath; (ii) attention directed to the breath, and (iii) "respiration-locked cortical activation." Restriction of the study to males reduces the generalizability of the findings.

Introduction: Religion and Victorian Popular Literature

The introduction to this special issue of the Victorian Popular Fictions Journal, “Religion and Victorian Popular Literature,” opens by using Mary Ward’s best-seller Robert Elsmere (1888) as a case study for considering how recent critical strategies for engaging with popular texts enable us to paint a different and more complex picture of the Victorian religious landscape. We then explain the different ways in which our international network of contributors reconceptualises the relationship of religion to popular literary genres including the transatlantic social gospel, science writing for children, and popular yoga texts. We identify how topics as diverse as astronomy, copyright, and disaster fiction, which have often been examined through a primarily secular lens, can be better understood by considering the role religion played in their formation and articulation within and through popular literature. Drawing together threads shared between the seven articles in the special issue, we outline its key thematic contributions in exploring the role of religion to the formation of new literary markets and genres, revising the “conflict thesis” between religion and science, and the importance of popular literary forms in constructing and communicating theological ideas, as well as responding to recent calls to decolonise Victorian Studies.

Designing and validation of Yoga module for workers with prolonged standing

BackgroundProlonged standing is a part of several professions, which can have physical and psychosocial implications. Yoga as a mind-body therapy may be useful to prevent and manage such health issues. However, there is a lack of a standardized yoga module addressing the health issues of workers with prolonged standing. ObjectivesThus, the present study was undertaken to design and validate a specific yoga module for the target population. MethodsA yoga module was prepared by reviewing yoga texts for the specific needs of the target population. This was validated for content validity for the experts on a Likert scale.71 yoga experts validated the module. The content validity ratio (CVR) above 0.70 was considered to be valid. ResultsThe validated yoga module consists of joint loosening and strengthening exercises, asana, pranayama and relaxation techniques. The average CVR for the module was found to be 0.80. ConclusionThe designed yoga module is found to be valid by the experts. The module needs to be assessed for feasibility and efficacy in the target population.

Importance, techniques, benefits, safety and adverse effect associated with Shatkarma mentioned in traditional Hatha Yoga texts (HYP &amp; GS) along with comparison: A Review on Shatkarma

Shatkarma has contained six cleansing techniques mentioned in Hathayoga texts. These are the most effective techniques to cure and prevent disease. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (HYP) and Gherand Samhita (GS) (written between the 15th and 17th centuries) are the two most prominent and relevant foundational literature on Shatkarma, and are still relevant now. Previously published literature on Hatha Yoga covers book review, overview and comparative study on Hathayoga texts, comparative study on Asanas, concept of Kundalini and concept of Ghata and Ghata Sudhhi. The purpose of this review was to systematically review: (1) the importance of Shatkarma practises; (2) the types of Shatkarma practises; (3) techniques of Shatkarma; (4) the benefits of Shatkarma practises; (5) the safety and adverse effects associated with Shatkarma practises mentioned in HYP and GS; and (6) a comparison of Shatkarma between HYP and GS. The verses on Shatkarma are systematically reviewed, collected, and presented under the six specified aspects in this review.

Nitric Oxide, Humming and Bhramari Pranayama

Background: Nitric Oxide has been recently recognized as an extremely important molecule in biophysics that has a profound role in the regulation of various functions in the body. It is abundant and continuously replenished in the paranasal sinuses of the respiratory system in healthy adults. Studies have demonstrated that nasal Nitric Oxide levels in the airways increase multifold during humming compared to quiet nasal exhalation. Humming during exhalation is an integral part of Bhramari Pranayama. Objectives: This review is to understand how humming is associated with Nitric Oxide production, and evaluate the suitability of Bhramari Pranayama, and the classical version of Bhramari Pranayama, which has humming as its integral part, for the application of maintenance of the airway integrity. Method: We have searched relevant current scientific literature pertaining to Nitric Oxide, voice production especially humming. We also reviewed the classical yoga texts where Bhramari Pranayama is elaborated. We tried to correlate how Bhramari Pranayama may help to endogenously produce Nitric Oxide and thereby regulate various respiratory functions. We made special efforts to distinguish between general and classical versions of the practice of Bhramari Pranayama. Findings: Experimental evidence suggests that humming significantly influences Nitric Oxide production. Bhramari Pranayama which has humming as its integral part may therefore facilitate Nitric Oxide production endogenously, both during inhalation and exhalation, and thereby help in the regulation of respiratory processes. Novelty: Research to date, has been done on increased expression of Nitric Oxide during humming (during exhalation). The classical version of Bhramari Pranayama which also includes humming during inhalation also known as inhalation phonation, alternating with humming during exhalation seems to offer a wholesome solution for increased stimulation of Nitric Oxide as well as the optimal end use of the much sought-after molecule. Keywords: Nitric Oxide; Humming; Bhramari Pranayama; Para Nasal Sinuses; Inhalation Phonation

A Framework of Measurable Features of Bhramari Pranayama Leading to Meditation

Background: Bhramari pranayama, a yogic technique comprises a selfvocalized humming sound emulating a female bumblebee. Attention to this sound leads to a meditative state. The component of its stimuli, the sustained self-evoked humming sound with breath control, is overt unlike the stimuli of most of the meditations. These observable and measurable components of Bhramari pranayama offer a rare opportunity to study the causal component of meditation in research. Objectives: Considering the growing interest in this area, Bhramari’s potential as a unique research tool, and a framework of the mechanism of it leading to meditation is attempted. Methods: We review relevant current scientific literature and classical yoga texts to understand the framework of how the overt features of Bhramari pranayama cause the meditative state. We present our argument in three sections, where we present the Bhramari pranayama practice into its sub-components, namely i) pranayama, ii) Bhramari sound-producing phase, and iii) Shanmukhi practice. Findings: This has facilitated the identification of the measurable attributes of Bhramari like fundamental frequency, resonant vibrations, articulation, etc. Concepts related to its processing like efference copy, corollary discharge, and sense of agency, are also observable in electrophysiological investigations. This information would be useful to harness the therapeutic benefits of Bhramari pranayama due to its ability to produce self-evoked resonant vibrations, sensory entrainment, and gamma waves, that have specific clinical significance. Novelty: This framework elucidates the mechanism of how the overt, observable, and measurable features of Bhramari Pranayama cause meditation. It presents the relation between breath and self-vocalized acoustics, that produce synchrony among multisensory systems to facilitate meditation. Keywords: Bhramari Pranayama; Meditation; Self-evoked sound; Resonance; Sensory entrainment

Meditative techniques in classical hatha yoga texts: A comparative approach

Meditative techniques in classical hatha yoga texts: A comparative approach

Development and Validation of Yoga Protocol for Patients with Depression.

Scientific evidence suggests that yoga is beneficial for treating mental health disorders. To the best of our knowledge, minimal studies have been done on the development of a yoga module for the specific clinical aspects of depression and there is no particular study on yoga protocol development for mild depression and moderate depression. The primary aim of this study is to develop specific yoga protocol modules for treating patients affected with mild and moderate depression. Yoga protocols for treating mild and moderate depression were developed using classical yoga texts, previous literature, and with the help of yoga experts. 26 practices for mild depression and 35 practices for moderate depression were identified, each of which was scored as (a) not essential, (b) useful but not essential, and (c) essential, and content validity ratio (CVR) determined using Lawshe's formula for the validation. Expert's opinion revealed that 13 out of 28 practices and 12 out of 35 practices showed significant CVR (>0.60) for mild and moderate depression. The yoga practices developed based on experts' opinion is the first step toward the development of a validated protocol for mild and moderate depression. This will be assessed for its effectiveness through a randomized controlled study to confirm the module's efficiency.

Unravelling of the Number 16 in Corporeality, Percussion, and the Bengali Hindu Cosmos: The Experience of the Body/Mṛdaṅga

AbstractThis paper analyses how the body and sacred drum, mṛdaṅga—used as the rhythm-accompaniment of Bengal’s devotional music dedicated to deities, Rādhā–Kṛṣṇa (kīrtana)—are cultivated and experienced as homologous, mirror-reflections of a macrocosmic sonic buzz, Nāda-brahman. Dimensions of cosmic/acoustic transcendence and its materialising potential as the body and instrument are explored through the number 16. 16 is analysed as an unfolded, expanded expression of what Yoga texts describe as the unstruck drone, AUM̐, or Nāda-brahman, composed of 3½ (4-fold) parts, exactly like the Tantric kuṇḍalinī, spiralled as the feminine, sonic power at the spinal base. I argue that these Yogic, Tantric, and devotional ontologies come together in Bengal’s mahā-mantra: 16 nāma (names) 32 akṣara (syllables), or Hare Kṛṣṇa chant, which practitioners say, constitute both the body and mṛdaṅga. Based on decade-long ethnographic work with Bengal Vaiṣṇavas, and mṛdaṅga’s makers, players, and sound meditators, studying expert techniques, oral traditions of esoteric poems and myths relating the body–mṛdaṅga as mirroring agents, and through philosophy of sound readings in Yoga and Tantra, I argue that the meditative body’s transcendental potential is analogous with mṛdaṅga’s sounding. Both these vessels are constituted through various classifications of number 16: evident in the body’s/drum’s constructions, breathing, rhythming, tonality, and being. The body becomes the drum and vice-versa, and these resonant vessels throb with Nāda-brahman’s vibration, or AUM̐’s/16’s cosmic pulsations. In making the mṛdaṅga, the body externalises inner aural potential, and while playing it, fuses the body’s and drum’s constitutive buzzing hum, AUM̐, through their own immanent materialities.

Yogic agnisara increases blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery

ObjectivesMedieval yoga texts claim that a special exercise of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, called agnisara, improves digestive function. Main objective of the study was to demonstrate change in the blood flow through superior mesenteric artery (if any) after performance of agnisara. MethodsUltrasound examination of the linear and volumetric indicators of blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) before and after performing the agnisara yoga exercise 100 times was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers of both sexes (8 of them women). ResultsA significant increase in the diameter of the SMA, peak systolic and diastolic velocities, and blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery after performing the agnisara exercise 100 times was found, which contrasts with the established data on a decrease in splanchnic blood flow in humans in response to normal physical activity. ConclusionProperly performed agnisara increases blood flow to the splanchnic region, registered by the SMA, which should contribute to adequate blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract for successful performance of digestive function.

Development and validation of 20-min yoga module for reducing burnout among healthcare worker(s)

BackgroundA high prevalence of burnout has been reported among healthcare worker(s). During the current pandemic, such burnout has increased due to excessive load of patient care, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, working in long shifts, staying away from family due to isolation norms, and disrupted social life. Existing yoga techniques used for reducing burnout include 45 min to hour-long sessions, which may not be feasible for regular practice by the healthcare worker(s). ObjectiveThe proposed study aimed to develop a 20-min yoga module to reduce burnout among healthcare worker(s). MethodsTo develop a 20-min yoga module, we reviewed yoga texts and relevant scientific research articles. Components of the 20-min yoga module include sukshma vyayama (loosening exercises), pranayama (regulated breathing), and dhyana (meditation). Nineteen yoga experts validated the 20-min yoga module with an average (SD) of 11.47 (6.77) years of research and clinical experience in yoga. Content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated according to Lawshe's method. Items having a CVR of 0.47 and above were retained in the module. Results and conclusionThe content validity index (CVI) of the entire module was 0.83. CVR results of the elements of the 20-min yoga module indicated that experts consider these practices to be essential for reducing burnout among the healthcare worker(s). The strength of the 20-min yoga module lies in its short duration and easy-to-learn practices. 20-min yoga module can be implemented in practice by the healthcare worker(s) for reducing burnout following efficacy studies through further clinical trials.

Importance of Triguna in Healthy Lifestyle

Ayurveda the most ancient science of life, practiced in India for thousands of years based on its own unique fundamental principles such as prevention of disease, maintenance of health and promotion of health. Trayopasthambaconsists of Ahara (food), Nidra (Sleep) and Brahmacarya (good conducts). EachUpasthambahas its own importance in the prevention of disease. Various ancient texts of Yoga, Ayurveda and Puranas talk about the Gunas related to health, behavior and its effect of the personality in different ways.The concept of Gunadates back to Atharvaveda, it was discussed in Bhagawad Gita.The concept of Trigunahas been utilized to explain the concept of personality in modern era as well. The development of consciousness is apparently rooted in this concept of Triguna. These are known as sattvacalled as stability; Rajascalled as activation and Tamascalled as inertia. By quantifying those differences in thoughts, one can come to a conclusion where Gunasas a part of personality trait can be studied as aetiology for being diseased or disease free. It helps in building an individual’s personality, depending upon the predominance of Gunas (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas). Ancient Yogic science classified food in to three basic categories called the SatvikAhara, RajasicAharaand Tamasic Aharabased on their influence on Triguna of mind. In equilibrium, the three Gunas preserve the mind (and indirectly the body), maintaining it in a healthy state or in a state of equilibrium. Any disturbance in this equilibrium results in various types of mental disorders.

General features, types, techniques, benefits, safety and adverse effects related to Pranayamas mentioned in traditional Hatha Yoga texts: A review on Pranayama chapters

Pranayama is one of the most important and widely practiced components of Hatha Yoga. Among the traditional Hatha Yoga texts, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika (HYP) and Gheranda Samhita (GS) (written between 1200 A.D. and 1857 A.D.) are the two most influential and practical foundational texts on Pranayama, which are very useful even till date. Previously published reviews on Hatha Yoga texts only cover the brief overview, concept of Kundalini, concept of Pranayamas, and comparative study on Asanas. The present study was conducted to systematically review: (1) the general features of Pranayama practices, (2) types and techniques of Pranayama practices, (3) the benefits of Pranayama practices, and (4) safety and adverse effects related to Pranayama practices mentioned in HYP and GS. The original verses written in Sanskrit were translated into English for correct interpretation of the general features, types, techniques, benefits, safety, and adverse effects related to Pranayama as mentioned in the two Hatha Yoga texts. In this review, the verses on Pranayama are systematically reviewed, arranged, and presented under the four mentioned points.

Terapi Jalā Netī sebagai Upaya Pembersihan Saluran Pernapasan Hidung

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The nose is a vital respiratory organ that has a role as the first organ that protects the body in the respiratory tract against microorganisms and other harmful substances that are inhaled along with the entry of air. Therefore, nasal hygiene is something that needs to be considered, especially if there are disturbances. One way that can be done is by means of Jalā Netī therapy. Jalā Netī therapy or nasal cleansing is a simple technique that can be used to treat symptoms of problems or diseases that occur in the nasal cavity. Jalā Netī therapy or nasal cleansing has benefits if done properly. Jalā Netī is part of the six body cleansing techniques in Hatha Yoga called Shatkarmā. There are four main texts of Hatha Yoga that describe Jalā Netī including Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Gheranda Samhita, Shiva Samhita and Hatharatnavali. Jalā Netī is performed by flowing warm water mixed with a little salt (Lavan Jalā) from one nostril to the other using a specially designed pot or tool. Jalā Netī has a cleansing effect on the nasal cavity by removing the remaining dirt and microorganisms in the nasal cavity and providing healing therapy for disorders or diseases of the nasal respiratory tract.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;