Yin Deficiency Syndrome Research Articles

Discussion on the relationship between the distribution characteristics of TCM syndrome types and related objective indicators in hepatolenticular degeneration.

Hepatolenticular degeneration is a rare treatable autosomal recessive inherited copper metabolism disorder with a diverse clinical phenotype and an exceptionally complex pathogenesis. Early definitive phenotypic diagnosis and targeted treatment are major challenges worldwide. In this study, we strictly followed the "National Standards of the People's Republic of China - Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment (Syndrome Part)," "Chinese Medicine Nomenclature," and the clinical investigation-determined traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation standards at Anhui University of Chinese Medicine to select 6 of the most common traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiations. This study retrospectively analyzed 107 patients admitted between 2019 and 2023 with Wilson's disease based on real-world data. After testing for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance, corresponding analysis of variance was selected, followed by post hoc multiple comparisons. Of the selected 25 objective influencing factors, 22 exhibited normal distribution, while red blood cells, hemoglobin, and type IV collagen did not pass the homogeneity of variance test. After analysis of variance, the factors ceruloplasmin (CP) and copper oxidase (SCO) showed significant differences among patients with different traditional Chinese medicine syndromes (P < .05), with partial η2 for CP being 0.13 > 0.06 and for SCO being 0.143 > 0.14. Post hoc multiple comparison results indicated significant differences in CP and SCO among patients with certain traditional Chinese medicine syndromes (P < .05). There were significant differences in the factors CP and SCO among patients with different traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. Significant differences were observed in the copper blue protein factor between damp-heat syndrome and liver and kidney deficiency syndrome, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome and liver and kidney yin deficiency syndrome, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome and phlegm heat and wind syndrome, as well as liver and kidney deficiency syndrome and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis (P < .05). Significant differences were also found in the SCO factor between damp-heat syndrome and liver and kidney deficiency syndrome, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome and liver and kidney yin deficiency syndrome, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome and phlegm heat and wind syndrome, and liver and kidney deficiency syndrome and syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis (P < .05).

The effect of modified Qiyuan paste on mice with low immunity and sleep deprivation by regulating GABA nerve and immune system

BackgroundLow immunity and sleep disorders are prevalent suboptimal health conditions in contemporary populations, which render them susceptible to the infiltration of pathogenic factors. LJC, which has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine for nourishing the Yin and blood and calming the mind, is obtained by modifying Qiyuan paste. Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo has been shown to improve the immune function in sleep-deprived mice. In this study, based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory, LJC was prepared by adding D. officinale Kimura et Migo to Qiyuan paste decoction.MethodsIndicators of Yin deficiency syndrome, such as back temperature and grip strength, were measured in each group of mice; furthermore, behavioral tests and pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep tests were performed. An automatic biochemical analyzer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and other methods were used to determine routine blood parameters, serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM), cont (C3, C4), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the spleen, serum hemolysin, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) levels. In addition, serum levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hematoxylin–eosin staining and Nissl staining were used to assess the histological alterations in the hypothalamus tissue. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expressions of the GABA pathway proteins GABRA1, GAD, GAT1, and GABAT1 and those of CD4+ and CD8+ proteins in the thymus and spleen tissues.ResultsThe findings indicated that LJC prolonged the sleep duration, improved the pathological changes in the hippocampus, effectively upregulated the GABA content in the serum of mice, downregulated the Glu content and Glu/GABA ratio, enhanced the expressions of GABRA1, GAT1, and GAD, and decreased the expression of GABAT1 to assuage sleep disorders. Importantly, LJC alleviated the damage to the thymus and spleen tissues in the model mice and enhanced the activities of ACP and LDH in the spleen of the immunocompromised mice. Moreover, serum hemolysin levels and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels increased after LJC administration, which manifested as increased CD4+ content, decreased CD8+ content, and enhanced DTH response. In addition, LJC significantly increased the levels of complement C3 and C4, increased the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes, and decreased the percentage of neutrophils in the blood.ConclusionsLJC can lead to improvements in immunocompromised mice models with insufficient sleep. The underlying mechanism may involve regulation of the GABA/Glu content and the expression levels of GABA metabolism pathway-related proteins in the brain of mice, enhancing their specific and nonspecific immune functions.Graphical

Distribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine syndromes in diabetic kidney disease chronic kidney disease 1-5: a correlation study.

To analyze the distribution of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and its related factors. We enrolled 435 patients with DKD, who were not undergoing dialysis, admitted to the Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital from April 2020 to August 2021. Analysis of their TCM syndromes and related factors was carried out. The 435 patients included 109, 117, 86, and 123 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 1-2, CKD3, CKD4, and CKD5 cases, respectively. With the progression of CKD1-5, the proportion of Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome, and that of Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome showed a downward trend, whereas the proportion of spleen-kidney Yang deficiency, blood deficiency, blood stasis, water stagnation, and phlegm turbidity syndromes showed an upward trend; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome was positively correlated with hemoglobin [odds ratio (OR) = 1.022, P = 0.005], albumin (OR = 1.058, P = 0.006), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR = 1.020, P < 0.001) but negatively correlated with male sex (OR = 0.277, P = 0.004). Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome was positively correlated with albumin (OR = 1.056, P < 0.001) and eGFR (OR = 1.008, P = 0.022) but negatively correlated with age (OR = 0.977, P = 0.023). Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome was positively correlated with age (OR = 1.028, P = 0.021) and glycosylated hemoglobin (OR = 1.223, P = 0.007) but negatively correlated with total cholesterol (OR = 0.792, P = 0.006). Spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome was negatively correlated with hemoglobin (OR = 0.977, P < 0.001), albumin (OR = 0.891, P < 0.001), and eGFR (OR = 0.978, P < 0.001) but positively correlated with high density lipoprotein (OR = 3.376, P = 0.001). With CKD1-5 progression, TCM syndromes changed from Yin deficiency and dry heat syndrome to syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and Yin, liver-kidney Yin, and spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndromes. TCM syndromes were correlated with laboratory test results.

WITHDRAWN: Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Animal Models and Multi-omics Biomarkers in Type II Diabetes: A Review

IntroductionDiabetes, a chronic metabolic disease marked by hyperglycemia, predominantly manifests as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), representing over 90% of diabetes cases with intricate pathogenesis and varied pathological attributes. Drawing upon Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) principles, this article outlines the methodology and evaluation criteria for integrating TCM syndromes into animal models for T2DM while comprehensively examining T2DM pathogenic mechanisms and physiological characteristics from various omics perspectives to pinpoint essential biomarkers. MethodsResearchers conducted comprehensive searches using databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar and CNKI. Selection criteria were based on content relevance and publication date, resulting in the inclusion of 223 articles, including Chinese and English journal papers, master's and doctoral theses. This comprehensive review aims to highlight the importance of TCM in research related to T2DM, as well as its compatibility with modern technology, providing guidance for future development of targeted drugs and clinical treatment for T2DM. ResultsThis article, based on the fundamental theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine, summarized the methodology and evaluation criteria for constructing 6 types of T2DM animal models: Blood Stasis Syndrome, Kidney Yin Deficiency Syndrome, Spleen Deficiency Syndrome, Yang Deficiency Syndrome, Qi and Yin Deficiency Syndrome, and Yin and Yang Deficiency Syndrome. It comprehensively analyzed the latest research progress on the pathogenic mechanisms and physiological characteristics of T2DM from the perspectives of genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and gut microbiomics, providing crucial insights for the discovery of potential biomarkers for T2DM. DiscussionsThe broad use of multi-omics tech aids in T2DM pathogenesis understanding. For comprehensive insight, analyzing genes, proteins, metabolites and microbiota is vital. As a metabolic disorder, T2DM has a prolonged development process, necessitating the selection of different biomarkers for various stages of the disease progression and long-term monitoring of the overall changes in key biomarkers. The development of a “disease-syndrome” animal model is pivotal for the advancement of targeted drug therapies. The crux lies in the accuracy, repeatability, and stability of the model and its assessment criteria. Future investigations should focus on multi-omics analyses across diverse T2DM syndromes to facilitate personalized treatment strategies.

Establishment of a mouse model of yin deficiency syndrome by prednisolon

Background: We are conducting the project “Establishment of a mouse model of yin deficiency syndrome by prednisolone” due to the need to establish a mouse model to simulate yin deficiency syndrome and the actual situation of glucocorticoid abuse causing many complications, which, from the perspective of traditional medicine, are manifestations of yin deficiency syndrome. Materials and methods: In mice, establish a model of yin deficiency syndrome with prednisolone. Subjects and methods: We randomly divided four groups of healthy male Swiss albino mouse strains: a control group that drank distilled water, and three groups that took prednisolone doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg from day 1 to day 14. After stopping the drug, we continued to monitor the mice for an additional seven days. We monitored some primary yin deficiency symptoms, such as weight loss, tidal fever, dry thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and weakness, by recording data on body weight, food weight, water weight, urine weight, and rectal temperature measurements every day from day 0 to day 21. We also measured mouse activity on days 0, 7, and 14. Results: Taking 15 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg of prednisolone changed things like the ratio of food intake to body weight, the ratio of water intake to body weight, the ratio of urine weight to body weight, and the afternoon rectal temperature compared to the control group on days 4 and 9; mouse activity compared to the control group at day 7 and day 14. Taking 15 mg/kg of prednisolone also caused unstable yin deficiency symptoms, just like taking 2.5 mg/kg of prednisolone did with the same parameters. Conclusion: We recorded the onset of yin deficiency symptoms in Swiss albino white mice treated with 2.5 mg/kg of prednisolone on day nine, as well as the duration of symptom maintenance after stopping prednisolone for one day. Key words: Yin deficiency syndrome, mouse model, prednisolone

Study on blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive patients withdeficiency syndrome and a random forest model for predicting hypertension withdeficiency syndrome.

To investigate blood pressure rhythm (BPR) in Yin deficiency syndrome of hypertension (YDSH) patients and develop a random forest model for predicting YDSH. Our study was consistent with technical processes and specification for developing guidelines of Evidence-based Chinese medicine clinical practice (T/CACM 1032-2017). We enrolled 234 patients who had been diagnosed with primary hypertension without antihypertensive medications prior to the enrollment. All participants were divided into Yin deficiency group (YX, n = 74) and non-Yin deficiency group (NYX, n = 160). Participants were professionally grouped by three experienced chief Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) physicians according to four examinations (i.e., inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry and palpation). We collected data on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and YDSH rating scale. We divided 24 h of a day into 12 two-hour periods [Chen-Shi (7:00-9:00), Si-Shi (9:00-11:00), Wu-Shi (11:00-13:00), Wei-Shi (13:00-15:00), Shen-Shi (15:00-17:00), You-Shi (17:00-19:00), Xu-Shi (19:00-21:00), Hai-Shi (21:00-23:00), Zi-Shi (23:00-1:00), Chou-Shi (1:00-3:00), Yin-Shi (3:00-5:00), Mao-Shi (5:00-7:00)] according to the theory of "midnight-midday ebb flow". We used random forest to build the diagnostic model of YDSH, with whether it was Yin deficiency syndrome as the outcome. Compared with NYX group, YX group had more female participants with older age, lower waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and smoking and drinking rate (all P ＜ 0.05). The YDSH rating scores of YX group [28.5 (21.0-36.0)] were significantly higher than NYX group [13.0 (8.0-22.0)] (P < 0.001), and the typical symptoms of YX group included vexing heat in the chest, palms and soles, dizziness, dry eyes, string-like and fine pulse, soreness and weakness of lumbus and knees, palpitations, reddened cheeks, and tinnitus (all P < 0.05). The ratio of non-dipper hypertension in YX group was higher than in NYX group (56.9% vs 44.4%, P = 0.004). Compared with NYX group, 24 h DBP standard deviation (SD), nighttime DBP SD, Si-Shi DBP, Si-Shi mean arterial pressure (MAP), Hi-Shi systolic blood pressure (SBP), Hi-Shi DBP, Hi-Shi MAP, Zi-Shi SBP, Zi-Shi DBP, Zi-Shi MAP, Chou-Shi SBP SD, Chou-Shi DBP SD, Chou-Shi SBP coefficient of variation (CV) were lower in YX group (all P ＜ 0.05). Binary Logistic Regression analysis showed that the diagnosis of YDSH was positively correlated with age, heart rate, YDSH rating scores, and four TCM symptoms including vexing heat in the chest, palms and soles, string-like and fine pulse, soreness and weakness of lumbus and knees, and reddened cheeks (all P ＜ 0.05), but was negatively correlated with smoking (P﹥0.05). In addition, the diagnosis of YDSH was positively correlated with daytime SBP SD, nighttime SBP SD, nighttime SBP CV, and Hi-Shi SBP CV, but was negatively correlated with 24 h SBP CV, daytime DBP SD, nighttime DBP SD, and Hi-Shi DBP (all P ＜ 0.05). Hi-Shi SBP CV had independent and positive correlation with the diagnosis of YDSH after adjusting the variables of age, gender, course of hypertension, BMI, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, heart rate, smoking and drinking (P = 0.029). Diagnostic model of YDSH was established and verified based on the random forest. The results showed that the calculation accuracy, specificity and sensitivity were 77.3%, 77.8% and 76.9%, respectively. The BPR was significantly attenuated in YDSH patients, including lower 24 h DBP SD and nighttime DBP SD, and Hi-Shi SBP CV is independently correlated with the diagnosis of YDSH. The prediction accuracy of diagnosis model of YDSH based on the random forest was good, which could be valuable for clinicians to differentiate YDSH and non-Yin deficiency patients for more effective hypertensive treatment of TCM.

Comparison of the effects and mechanisms of Alismatis Rhizoma with and without salt processing in ameliorating edema due to kidney Yin deficiency based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and transcriptomics

Abstract Salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma (SAR) is extensively used in clinical practice and exhibits a more robust urination-promoting effect than Alismatis Rhizoma (AR). This study employed ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and pattern analysis to compare the terpenoids between AR and SAR. Additionally, this study compared the effects of AR and SAR on the gene expression in the kidneys of the rat model of edema (syndrome of kidney Yin deficiency) by transcriptomics to decipher the mechanism of salt processing. Materials and methods AR and SAR were extracted by ultrasonication, and data were collected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in the positive ion mode. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to determine the gene expression levels of the rat model treated with AR and SAR, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment was performed for the DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built, on the basis of which the core targets were screened out. Finally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted to verify the core targets. Results A total of 63 terpenoids were detected in AR and SAR, and salt processing had a significant effect on the content of terpenoids. AR and SAR mainly participated in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses, and SAR regulated more DEGs than AR. Additionally, SAR exerted more extensive regulatory effects on the targets than AR. Conclusion Salt processing mainly changes the content of chemical compounds in AR, which may indirectly optimize the proportion of the main compounds to enhance the therapeutic effect while reducing the toxicity. AR and SAR mainly ameliorate the edema due to kidney Yin deficiency by reducing inflammation and improving immunity. Finally, SAR regulates more genes and signaling pathways and exerts more extensive regulatory effects than AR.

Medication rules of Chinese herbs in treatment of H-type hypertension based on data mining

Based on the R language data mining technology, the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the treatment of H-type hypertension were discussed, and the basis and new ideas for the treatment of H-type hypertension with TCM were provided. CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed were searched to collect clinical studies on the treatment of H-type hypertension with TCM. The data were screened, and Excel was used to build a database. Rstudio was used to carry out drug efficacy classification, four Qi and five flavors, meridian homing, frequency of use, correlation, association rules, and clustering analyses of drugs and explore the medication rules of TCM. 191 TCM prescriptions were obtained, and the main syndromes were phlegm-dampness accumulation syndrome, phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, and Yin deficiency and Yang hyperactivity syndrome. A total of 169 kinds of TCM were used, and the frequency was 1 875 times. Among them, the drugs whose single use frequency was more than 20 times were high-frequency medicines, 26 kinds in total. They were Gestrodiae Rhizoma, Poria, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Achyranthis Bidenthis Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, etc. The efficacy of high-frequency medicines was mainly classified as tonic medicines, blood-activating and stasis-removing medicines, liver-relieving wind medicines, and damp-clearing medicines. The four Qi of the drug were mainly warm and flat, and the five flavors were mainly sweet and bitter. The liver meridian and spleen meridian were the main meridians. The association rule analysis obtained a total of 14 groups of commonly used drug combinations, and the correlation analysis obtained 20 drug combinations with a high correlation coefficient. A total of six drug combinations were obtained by cluster analysis. Eight groups of drug pairs were obtained by association rule analysis on H-type hypertension with phlegm-dampness accumulation syndrome. Seven drug combinations with high correlation coefficients were obtained by correlation analysis, and three drug prescriptions were obtained by cluster analysis. The pathological factors of H-type hypertension are mainly phlegm, stasis, and deficiency. The disease site is in the liver, involving the spleen, lungs, and other viscera. The commonly used drugs are Gestrodiae Rhizoma, Poria, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Achyranthis Bidenthis Radix, etc. Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction, Tianma Gouteng Decoction, and Buyang Huanwu Decoction are commonly used prescriptions. The medication rules shown in this study can provide certain ideas for the clinical treatment of H-type hypertension with TCM.

TCM syndrome differentiation in colorectal cancer patients assisted by differences in gut microbiota: An exploratory study

ObjectiveTo explore the difference in gut microbiota between different traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and its internal relationship. MethodsFrom June 2020 to August 2021, 109 colorectal cancer patients with a clear pathological diagnosis who had not yet undergone surgery or chemotherapy were classified according to the TCM syndrome classification, and the feces samples of 109 patients with preoperative colorectal cancer were collected. 16s rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut microbiota diversity and abundance in CRC patients with different TCM syndrome, and LEfSe analysis was made to screen different TCM syndrome for differential representative microbiota. Results109 patients were divided into 5 syndromes by TCM syndrome classification, which were Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency Syndrome (LKYDS, n = 19), Spleen Deficient Qi Stagnation Syndrome (SDQSS, n = 30), Stasis and Poison Obstruction Syndrome (SPOS, n = 17), Damp-Heat Syndrome (DHS, n = 30), Qi and Blood Deficiency Syndrome (QBDS, n = 13). Alpha diversity index showed significant differences among the five groups of TCM syndromes, with Shannon index being highest in the SDQSS group and lowest in the LKYDS (p = 0.003). ACE index being highest in the SDQSS group and lowest in the SPOS (p = 0.010). PD whole tree index being highest in the SDQSS group and lowest in the SPOS (p = 0.017). Similarly, beta diversity showed significant differences among the five groups of TCM syndromes, with principal coordinate analysis (PCo1 = 31.86 %, PCo2 = 5.62 %) showing separation and coincidence between the groups, and Adonis group differences showing coincidence between the QBDS-LKYDS (p = 0.702), QBDS-DHS (p = 0.133), and SDQSS-DHS (p = 0.260) groups. LEfSe analysis revealed that the representative microbiota of DHS patients was Dialister sp Marseille P5638 (LDA = 3.05, p＜0.001), the representative microbiota of SPOS patients was Oscillospirales (LDA = 4.78, p = 0.029), the representative microbiota of SDQSS patients was Selenomonadaceae (LDA = 3.94, p = 0.003), the representative microbiota of LKYDS patients was Dialister (LDA = 4.19, p = 0.001), and the representative microbiota of QBDS patients was Akkermansia muciniphila (LDA = 4.23, p = 0.006). ConclusionsThere are significant differences in gut microbiota between different TCM syndromes in CRC patients. The five microbiota, Dialister sp Marseille P5638, Oscillospirales, Selenomonadaceae, Dialister, and Akkermansia muciniphila, may be differential markers of TCM syndrome in CRC and are expected to be one of the bases for accurate TCM syndrome differentiation of CRC.

Gender differences in antidepressant effect of raw Rehmanniae Radix

For the first time, this study evaluated the gender differences and mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of raw Rehmanniae Radix(RRR) based on the classic depression model with traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of Yin deficiency and internal heat. The depression model with Yin deficiency and internal heat was established by the widely recognized and applied method of thyroxine induction of the classic depression model with Yin deficiency and internal heat(chronic unpredictable mild stress). Male and female mice were simultaneously treated with RRR. The study analyzed indicators of nourishing Yin and clearing heat, conventional antidepressant efficacy test indicators, and important biomolecules reflecting the pathogenesis and prevention and treatment mechanisms of depression, and conducted a correlation analysis of antidepressant efficacy, Yin-nourishing and heat-clearing efficacy, and biological mechanism in different genders, thereby comprehensively assessing the antidepressant effects of RRR on depression of Yin deficiency and internal heat, as well as its gender differences and mechanisms. RRR exhibited antidepressant effects in both male and female mouse models, and its antidepressant efficacy showed gender differences, with a superior effect observed in females. Moreover, the effects of RRR on enhancing or improving hippocampal neuronal pathology, nucleus-positive areas, postsynaptic dense area protein 95, and synaptophysin protein expression were more significant in females than in males. In addition, RRR significantly reversed the abnormal upregulation of nuclear factor(NF)-κB/cyclooxygenase 2(COX2)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) pathway proteins in the hippocampus of both male and female mouse models. The antidepressant effects of RRR were more pronounced in depression female mice with Yin deficiency and internal heat syndrome, possibly due to the improvement of neuronal damage and enhancement of neuroplasticity. The antidepressant mechanisms of RRR for depression with Yin deficiency and internal heat syndrome may be associated with the downregulation of the NF-κB/COX2/NLRP3 pathway to reduce neuronal damage and enhance neuroplasticity.

Clinical symptoms and distribution characteristics traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of pulmonary nodules

A cross-sectional study method combined with two types of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome differentiation methods was adopted to investigate the clinical symptoms and distribution characteristics of TCM syndromes in patients with pulmonary nodules from the perspectives of number, size, nature, and stability of pulmonary nodules by using the χ~2 test, systematic clustering and Apriori algorithm correlation analysis. The common clinical symptoms of pulmonary nodules were fatigue(77.35%) and irritability(75.40%), and 40 symptoms were clustered into 3 groups(digestive system symptoms, respiratory system symptoms, and emotional and systemic symptoms) and 8 major symptom categories. The proportion of cold and heat in complexity syndrome(63.43%) was higher based on cold-heat syndrome differentiation. The top two syndromes were Qi deficiency syndrome(88.03%) and Qi depression syndrome(83.17%) based on disease syndrome differentiation. Yang deficiency syndrome(60.52%) was more than Yin deficiency syndrome(50.16%). There were higher proportions of phlegm syndrome(78.67%) and Yang deficiency syndrome(69.33%) of so-litary pulmonary nodules in terms of the number of pulmonary nodules. In terms of size, the proportion of phlegm syndrome decreased as the mean diameter of pulmonary nodules increased, while the proportions of Yang deficiency syndrome and blood stasis syndrome increased. The distribution of Qi depression syndrome was more in those with mean diameter&lt;10 mm(85.02%, P=0.044) and cold syndrome was more in those with mean diameter ≥10 mm(16.67%, P=0.024). In terms of the nature of pulmonary nodules, the proportions of Qi depression syndrome and heat syndrome decreased with the increase in solid components of pulmonary nodules, while the proportions of Yin deficiency syndrome and cold and heat in complexity syndrome increased. The blood stasis syndrome accounted for a higher proportion of pulmonary nodules with solid components. In terms of the stability of pulmonary nodules, dampness syndrome(72.97%), blood stasis syndrome(37.84%), and cold and heat in complexity syndrome(70.27%) accounted for higher proportions. In addition, patients with new nodules presented higher proportions in Qi inversion syndrome(52.00%, P=0.007) and cold and heat in complexity syndrome(66.00%, P=0.008). Meanwhile, 11 syndromes were associated and 4 common compound syndromes were obtained(Qi deficiency and depression syndrome, Qi depression and phlegm coagulation syndrome, Qi deficiency and phlegm coagulation syndrome, and Qi deficiency and dampness obstruction syndrome). Qi deficiency syndrome and Qi depression syndrome could be associated with other syndromes. The results show that the main clinical symptoms of pulmonary nodules are fatigue and irritability. The main TCM syndromes of pulmonary nodules are Qi deficiency syndrome, Qi depression syndrome, Yang deficiency syndrome, and cold and heat in complexity syndrome. The distribution of TCM syndromes is significantly correlated with the size of pulmonary nodules and the presence or absence of new nodules. The common compound syndromes are Qi deficiency and depression syndrome, Qi depression and phlegm coagulation syndrome, Qi deficiency and phlegm coagulation syndrome, and Qi deficiency and dampness obstruction syndrome.

Comparing steamed and wine-stewed Rehmanniae Radix in terms of Yin-nourishing effects via metabolomics and microbiome analysis.

Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata (RRP), the processed root of Rehmannia glutinosa, has been widely used to treat Yin deficiency syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine. RRP is available in two forms: processed by steaming with water (SRR) or processed by stewing with yellow rice wine (WRR). Previous work has documented chemical differences in the secondary metabolomes and glycomes of SRR and WRR. This study aimed to compare SRR and WRR in terms of Yin-nourishing effects via metabolomics and microbiome analysis. ICR mice were orally administered with thyroxine for 14d to induce Yin deficiency. Changes in biochemical indices and histopathology were detected. Serum metabolomics analysis and microbial 16S rRNA sequencing were performed to compare the therapeutic effects and mechanisms between SRR and WRR in treating thyroxine-induced Yin deficiency. Both SRR and WRR decreased serum T3, T4 and MDA levels, and increased SOD activity. SRR more effectively decreased serum Cr, and ameliorated kidney injury, while WRR showed better regulation on ratio of cAMP/cGMP and serum TSH, and relieved thyroid injury. Both SRR and WRR regulated tyrosine, glycerophospholipid, and linoleic acid metabolism and the citric acid cycle. Additionally, SRR regulated fatty acid metabolism, while WRR influenced alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. SRR significantly enriched the genera Staphylococcus and Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiome, while WRR significantly enriched the genera Akkermansia, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, and decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus. SRR displayed better protective effects on kidney, while WRR showed stronger effects on thyroid in thyroxine-induced Yin deficient mice. These differences might be due to different regulating effects of SRR and WRR on the metabolome and gut microbiota.

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Study on characteristics of kidney organ function according to traditional medicine in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Background: In traditional medicine, “kidney dominate reproduction”, kidney deficiency is the main cause of polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility. Objective: To survey on kidney organ function characteristics according to traditional medicine and find out some related factors in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Method: This cross-sectional descriptive study recruited 110 infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome who visited the Center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital. Result: The symptoms of kidney Jing/Qi deficiency accounted for a high percentage (&gt; 60%) and have the highest average score (5.3 ± 2.5). Kidney Yin deficiency syndrome accounted for 49.1%, kidney Yang deficiency syndrome 36.4% and kidney Yin Yang deficiency syndrome 20.9%, the average score of kidney Yin was higher than that of kidney Yang. There was difference in kidney Yang score between the body types, in kidney Yin score, kidney Yang and the presence of kidney Yin Yang deficiency syndrome between infertility types. Conclusion: Symptoms in the kidney Yin deficiency syndrome and kidney Yang deficiency syndrome appeared at a rather high rate. Kidney Yin deficiency syndrome accounted for the highest rate, followed by kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and kidney Yin Yang deficiency syndrome. Kidney Yang score in overweight and obese groups were higher than in lean and normal groups. Secondary infertility has higher kidney Yin score and kidney Yang score than primary one. Key words: Kidney organ, traditional medicine, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility

Distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes and syndrome elements of chronic heart failure based on network analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis

Objective: To explore the distributions of syndromes and syndrome elements of chronic heart failure (CHF), so as to provide a point of reference to the research on diagnosis and treatment of CHF, the study on syndrome standardization, and objective research of TCM diagnosis. Methods: The clinical research articles on CHF syndromes in recent 40 years were retrieved from Wanfang Data, CNKI, CqVIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. The cumulative frequencies of CHF syndromes, syndrome elements, and their corresponding cases were counted and compared. The syndrome elements were analyzed by network analysis, and the symptoms were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: A total of 278 Chinese articles with 71 syndromes and 31 syndrome elements were included after two rounds of screening. The research on CHF syndrome has kept a regular activeness till now, but its development was geographically uneven. The distribution of CHF syndromes gained from the cumulative frequencies of syndromes appeared in the articles were in line with that gained from the cumulative frequencies of the cases corresponding to syndromes. The network analysis found four communities of syndrome elements, indicating the deficiency-excess in complexity of CHF pathology, which can be inferred as some common CHF syndromes. The hierarchical cluster analysis on CHF symptoms showed that the distribution of CHF syndromes included five types. Conclusion: The distribution of CHF syndromes includes syndrome of qi deficiency with blood stasis, syndrome of qi and yin deficiency, syndrome of yang deficiency with water retention, syndrome of heart blood stasis obstruction, syndrome of turbid phlegm, and syndrome of collapse due to primordial yang deficiency. The syndrome elements on location of illness are heart, kidney, lung, and spleen, and the syndrome elements on nature of illness are qi deficiency, blood stasis, yang deficiency, yin deficiency, water retention, and turbid phlegm.

Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome Complicated with Various Types of Hypertension and Plasma Homocysteine Level

To investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome complicated with various traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of hypertension and plasma homocysteine level, patients were divided into liver-fire excess syndrome, yin deficiency and yang excess syndrome, phlegm-blood stasis syndrome, yin deficiency and yang deficiency syndrome based on the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome type standard of hypertension complicated obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. General data, body mass index values, apnea and hypopnea index, oxyhemoglobin saturation, Epworth sleepiness scale scores and homocysteine of patients were extracted and analyzed. The results revealed that the number of males was greater than that of females with a proportion of 1.5:1. The number of patients with body mass index ≥24.00 kg/m2 was obviously greater than that of patients with body mass index <24.00 kg/m2. The proportion of patients with body mass index >28.00 kg/m2 reached 59.18 %. In terms of the comparison of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome types, the proportion of patients suffering from phlegm-blood stasis syndrome was the highest, reaching 27.89 % and the proportion of patients suffering from yin deficiency and yang deficiency syndrome is the lowest, amounting to 22.45 %. In homocysteine examination, the homocysteine of syndrome was increased in order of yin deficiency and yang excess, phlegm-blood stasis, yin deficiency and yang deficiency and liver-fire excess. The results revealed that the syndrome type of phlegm-blood stasis was significant among patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome types. This syndrome type showed significant statistical meaning in age, neck circumference, apnea and hypopnea index, average oxyhemoglobin saturation, triglyceride and overall difference in blood glucose fasting state. The severity of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome was positively correlated with homocysteine and apnea, and hypopnea index was also positively correlated with homocysteine and was negatively correlated with lowest oxygen saturation. Lowest oxygen saturation was negatively correlated with homocysteine.

Analysis of the Prescription Regularities of Proprietary Chinese Medicines for Insomnia Based on Data mining

Objective: To analyze the medication characteristics and regularities of proprietary Chinese medicines for the treatment of insomnia, and to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of this disease and the research and development of proprietary Chinese medicines. Methods: The prescriptions of proprietary Chinese medicines for the treatment of insomnia were collected from“yaoZH” database, and then Excel 2016, and SPSS Modeler18.0 was employed for frequency statistics, correlation analysis and Apriori association rule. Analysis graphs were drawn using Cytoscape to summarize the patterns of medication use Results: A total of 152 prescriptions were finally screened, involving 336 Chinese herbal medicines, with a cumulative frequency of 1433. The top 5 drugs with the highest cumulative frequency were Danggui (3.07%), Fuling (2.86%), Wuweizi (2.86%), Shudihuang (2.58%) and Huangqi (2.37%). The first place of each order of the drug-drug association rule was Danggui→ Zhiyuanzhi, Chaosuanzaoren+ Danggui→ Fuling; the first place of each order of the drug-symptom association rule was Fuling → Insomnia, Fuling + Danggui → Insomnia. In addition, 152 Chinese patent medicines could treat a total of 66 TCM syndromes, and the top 5 syndromes with the highest treatment frequency were Qi and Blood Deficiency Syndrome (16.5%), Liver and Kidney Deficiency Syndrome (10.9%), Heart and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome (5.21%), Qi and Yin Deficiency Syndrome (4.73%), and Liver Yang Hyperactivity Syndrome (4.26%). Conclusion: The treatment of insomnia with proprietary Chinese medicines is focused on nourishing deficiency, and is particularly good at treating insomnia caused by deficiency of Qi and Blood, deficiency of Liver and Kidney or deficiency of Heart and Spleen, and its main treatment symptoms, apart from insomnia, are most often accompanied by palpitations, fatigue, dizziness and memory loss, which can provide a basis for the clinical treatment of insomnia and the development of proprietary Chinese medicines.

Study on Medication Rule and the Syndrome Type of Abnormal Sweating in Diabetes Based on Data Mining

Objective: Based on data mining, to explore the regularity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for diabetic sweating dysfunction (DSD). Methods: Searched the clinical literature about treating for DSD in recent 22 years from CNKI, Wan Fang database, VIP database etc. and set up another database. Use the Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform to analyze the frequency and correlation of syndrome types, traditional Chinese medicine and other information, and use Gephi to analyze the complex network analysis and visual display, and analyze the main syndrome types, medication frequency, four Qi, five flavors, menstruation, nuclear heart prescription and other medication laws of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of abnormal sweating in diabetes. Results: Identified 101 studies, involving 166 prescriptions and 163 herbs. The common syndrome types of abnormal sweating in diabetes are Qi Yin deficiency syndrome, yin deficiency internal heat syndrome, lung Wei Qi deficiency syndrome, blood stasis blocking collaterals syndrome, Ying Wei Disharmony Syndrome. The prescription of traditional Chinese medicine has many properties, sweet and flat taste, and it is important to return to the lung and heart meridian. The top five drugs with the highest frequency of use are Astragalus membranaceus, Schisandra chinensis, Rehmannia glutinosa, oyster and licorice. Among them, tonic drugs are used most frequently, followed by heat clearing drugs and astringent drugs. The core prescriptions are Astragalus membranaceus, Schisandra chinensis, oyster, keel, floating wheat, licorice, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ophiopogon japonicus, Angelica sinensis and Atractylodes macrocephala.

Xiaotangzhike Pill Attenuates the Progression of Diabetes In Vivo through the Mediation of the Akt/GSK-3β Axis.

Diabetes seriously threatens the health of people. Traditional Chinese medicine has been proven to inhibit the progression of diabetes. Meanwhile, the Xiaotangzhike pill (XTZK) was known to alleviate the symptom of diabetes. Thus, this research decided to investigate the mechanism underlying the impact of XTZK in diabetes remains unexplored. To assess the impact of XTZK in diabetes, in vivo model of diabetes was constructed. The contents of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the rats were tested by the commercial kits. In addition, Masson and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were applied for assessing the histological changes and fibrosis in the rats, respectively. Furthermore, a western blot was applied to assess the protein levels. Streptozotocin (STZ) significantly increased the levels of area under the curve (AUC), TG, TC, LDL-C, and decreased the contents of HDL-C in rats, while these phenomena were partially reversed by XTZK. In addition, STZ notably induced inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in the liver tissues of rats, which was greatly restored by XTZK. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum of rats were notably upregulated by STZ, while the effect of STZ was markedly abolished by XTZK. Meanwhile, STZ-caused the upregulation of p-Smad2 and α-SMA in rats was restored by XTZK. Furthermore, XTZK notably inhibited the progression of Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome in diabetes through the mediation of the Akt/GSK-3β axis. The Xiaotangzhike pill attenuates the progression of diabetes through the mediation of the Akt/GSK-3β axis. Hence, our study might supply a novel insight into discovering new strategies against diabetes.

Exploring the "gene-protein-metabolite" network of coronary heart disease with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome by integrated multi-omics strategy.

Exploring the "gene-protein-metabolite" network of coronary heart disease with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome by integrated multi-omics strategy.