Total Phenolic Content Yield Research Articles

Recovery of Saponins, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn Rhizomes by Different Extraction Methods

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the solvent type, extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent-to-material ratio on the recovery of the total saponin content (TSC), the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity from the rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. The extraction efficiency of the bioactive compounds by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was also evaluated. Extraction with 80% ethanol achieved the highest extraction yields, and the optimal conditions for the extraction of TSC were 60 min, 57 °C and an 80 mL/g solvent-to-material ratio. The optimal conditions for the recovery of TPC were 178 min, 45 °C and a solvent-to-material ratio of 68 mL/g. The highest antioxidant activity of the extracts from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn rhizomes was obtained with the optimal conditions of 180 min, 40 °C and an 80 mL/g solvent-to-material ratio. The actual extraction yields obtained from the optimal conditions were 11.33 mg aescin equivalents (AE)/g dry weight (DW) for TSC, 23.58 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW for TPC and DPPH antioxidant activity of 133.45 µM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DW. UAE using the same type and amount of solvent for only 10 min could result in comparable extraction yields of TSC, TPC and DPPH antioxidant activity to the 180 min conventional extraction process. These promising results suggest the potential for the development of effective extraction processes to recover bioactive compounds from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn rhizomes in practical production.

Developing a recovery process for bioactives from discarded by-products of winemaking industry based on multivariate optimization method: Deep eutectic solvents as eco-friendly extraction media.

The recovery process for bioactives from discarded by-products of the winemaking industry is of great value considering both environmental and economic aspects. The goal of this study is to investigate the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds by means of carboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in order to propose an environmentally friendly method based on a multivariate optimization approach. Carboxylic acid-based DESs were designed with several molar ratios (1/1, 1/2, and 2/1). Two polyols (glycerol and ethylene glycol) were used as hydrogen bond donors, while formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid were selected as hydrogen bond acceptors. The process parameters (water content, extraction time, and solid mass) were analyzed to optimize the process through Box-Behnken design with response surface method, after determination of the best combination for the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity yields. The maximum TPC yield (153.17 ± 0.003 mg-GAE/g-GS) and antioxidant activity yield (82.26 ± 0.004 mg-GAE/g-GS) were achieved by 50% water addition into the DES (ethylene glycol/acetic acid, 1/1), 85 sec extraction time, and 0.1 g grape seed.

Influence of enzyme treatment approach on the phenolics content and antioxidant potential of sorghum grain samples

Enzyme-assisted extraction of phenolics was performed from commercial broom, and GK Emese and Farmsugro 180 hybrid sorghum grain residues with cellulolytic and esterolytic cocktails of Rhizomucor miehei NRRL 5282, Gilbertella persicaria SZMC 11086 and Mucor corticolus SZMC 12031 fungi. Results showed an increasing tendency for total phenolic content (TPC) during incubation that was in a positive relation with total flavonoid content (TFC) for most treatments. Best TPC and TFC yields were obtained on broom sorghum with maximal values of 256.9 ± 11.7 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry matter (DM) and 159.4 ± 6.8 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g DM, respectively, achieved during R. miehei enzyme treatment. Reducing power and radical scavenging activity assays demonstrated improved antioxidant activity for most treated samples that was in positive correlation (0.942 ≥ r ≥ 0.522) with the TPC and TFC variables. Chromatography analysis revealed hydroxybenzoates, i.e., protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids, as major phenolics with yields ranging from 5.40 ± 0.57 to 132.85 ± 14.21 μg/g DM, but the content of hydroxycinnamates increased to a greater extent during the treatments. The enzyme treatments can be reliable methods for enriching phenolic antioxidants in sorghum substances utilizable in gluten-free food products.

Evaluation of total flavonoids, total phenolic content and biological activity of Iraqi Lipedium sativum L. crude extract obtained by optimized ultrasound assisted extraction conditions

Lepidium sativum L. also known as garden cress belong to the family Brassicaceae. The plant species composed of various phytochemicals as well as powerful nutraceutical potential and possess several bioactivities like, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, gastrointestinal and bone healing activities. This research paper presents an investigation into the total flavonoids (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and biological activity of Iraqi Lepidium sativum L. The study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to obtain a crude extract with enhanced bioactive components. Three variables were examined including methanol concentration, extraction time and ultrasound frequency. The optimum yields of extract, TFC and TPC were (3.22 ± 0.049 g/10 g of dry plant), (17.03 ± 0.060 mg RE/g) and (10.96±0.020 mg GAE/g) respectively. The optimal extraction conditions contributed to these values of experiment 2 and 3 were 70% methanol, 10 min and 40 KHz and 70% methanol, 15 min and 40 KHz respectively. The lowest IC50 values of optimized methanolic extracts of Iraqi Lepidium sativum aerial parts against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 31.84 µg/mL for TFC and 35.85 µg/mL for TPC . For the first time, the study provided data about the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the Iraqi plant and optimized conditions for extraction by UAE technique using single factor experiment. The plant can be acknowledged as a potential nutraceutical or functional food rich in antioxidants to combat many diseases.

Potential of green extraction using edible deep eutectic solvents on the bioactivities from Curcuma aromatica rhizome extracts for food application

Curcuma aromatica (CA) rhizomes are abundant in medicinal phytochemicals and have been reported to promote a variety of health conditions. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an alternative system of liquid at room temperature with advantageous features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extraction process, preliminary phytochemical content, bioactivities, anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 cells and HPLC analysis of edible DESs extracts of CA rhizomes. DESs extracts had extraction yields of total phenolic content ranging from 2.67 ± 0.17 to 19.36 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content ranging from 30.27 ± 1.36 to 259.19 ± 1.13 mg QE/g extract. The IC50 values of free radical scavenging by DPPH assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition and tyrosinase inhibition of DESs extracts were 20.60 ± 5.50, 11.02 ± 3.56 and 11.18 ± 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. The DESs extracts exhibited nitric oxide radical scavenging ranging from 3.62 ± 1.94 to 48.86 ± 4.30 % and hyaluronidase inhibition ranging from 29.41 ± 0.41 to 40.13 ± 0.56 %. The extracts containing lactic acid and glucose (D2), citric acid and fructose (D5) and citric acid and glucose (D6) exhibited no cytotoxic effects at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 3.91 μg/ml. The IC50 values of these extracts on anti-inflammatory activity were 0.64 ± 0.01 to 1.25 ± 0.35 μg/ml. In HPLC analysis, D2, D5 and D6 had the content of curcumin per extract at 74.05 ± 0.86, 13.76 ± 0.46 and 31.08 ± 0.72 μg/g, respectively. This study demonstrated the potential application of green extraction using edible DESs on medicinal plants for the further development of novel health care products.

Optimization studies on batch extraction of phenolic compounds from Azadirachta indica using genetic algorithm and machine learning techniques

Phenolic compounds play a crucial role as secondary metabolites due to their substantial biological activity and medicinal value. These compounds are present in various parts of plant species. This study focused on solid-liquid batch extraction to recover total phenolic compounds from Azadirachta indica leaves. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi L16 array, considering four independent factors: extraction time, temperature, particle size, and solid-to-solvent ratio. Among these factors, the particle size exerted the maximum influence. Particle size inversely affects the yield of total phenolic content (TPC), while temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio have a direct impact. The process factors concerned were investigated both experimentally and through machine learning techniques. Support vector regression (SVR) and random forest method (RFM) algorithms were utilized for predicting TPC, while a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to derive optimal process parameters. The GA predicts the optimal extraction factors, yielding the maximum TPC. During this study, these factors were the following: particle size of 0.15 mm, extraction time of 40 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL, and a temperature of 55 °C, with a predicted value of 23.039 mg GAE/g of plant material. Notably, in this study, the SVR values of TPC yield closely matched the experimental values for the training and test data set when compared with the random forest method values.

Kinetic Study of Total Phenolic Content from Piper betle Linn. Leaves Extract Using Subcritical Water

The green plant-based extraction of phenolic compounds is still challenging and attractive due to their benefit. The mechanism controlling of desorption rate of phenolic compounds, measured as total phenolic content (TPC), from Piper betle Linn. (PBL) leaves using subcritical water, and a one-site kinetic desorption model (first order) was studied. One-site kinetic desorption model has well explained the extraction mechanism of phenolic compounds from PBL leaves using subcritical water through desorption and diffusion mechanism. This model fits with the experimental data and presents a good description of the extraction mechanism with R-squared of 0.94. The recovery of TPC from PBL leaves using subcritical water was influenced by intraparticle diffusion, temperature, and extraction time. The desorption rate constant in the one-site kinetic desorption model increased from 100 to 200 °C (0.3975±0.02 to 3.3045±0.00 min-1) and then decreased to 250 °C (3.2093±0.00 min-1). The highest TPC was recovered quickly for 5 min at 200 °C. In addition, a high yield of TPC was also obtained at a slow desorption process for 30 min at a lower temperature of 175 °C. The low activation energy for the diffusion of phenolic compounds from PBL leaves of this study was 8.964 kJ/mol. This result showed that the one-site kinetic desorption model of subcritical water extraction has an excellent opportunity to be applicable in phenolic compounds recovery from PBL leaves. The one-site kinetic desorption rate constant and mathematical kinetic model equation achieved in this study might control the quality of phenolic compounds extracted from PBL leaves through subcritical water.

Effect of hot water, ultrasound, microwave, and pectinase-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from black goji berry for food application

Lycium ruthenicum, commonly known as black goji berry, is a rich anthocyanin source containing a high amount of monoacylated anthocyanins. This study investigates the effect of different extraction methods to extract anthocyanins from black goji berry for food application. Different hot water extraction conditions were applied to investigate the effect of specific substrate: solvent ratio (1:15 and 1:20 (w/v)), extraction time (30 and 60 min) and extraction temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) on the extraction yield, total anthocyanin content (TAC) and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the anthocyanin extracts. Best hot water extraction conditions for obtaining an anthocyanin extract with high TAC (13.8 ± 1.14 mg CGE/g), TPC (69.7 ± 2.50 mg of GAE/g), and extraction yield (48.3 ± 3.25%) consuming less solvent, time and heat were substrate: solvent ratio of 1: 15 (w/v), extraction temperature of 50 °C, and extraction time of 30 min. The effect of pectinase, ultrasound, and microwave on hot water extraction of anthocyanins from black goji berry was investigated using the best conditions for hot water extraction. Pectinase-assisted extraction [1.5% (w/v) pectinase, substrate: solvent ratio of 1:15 (w/v) at 50 °C for 30 min] was the best extraction method to extract black goji berry anthocyanins demonstrating higher extraction yield, TAC, TPC, and the highest percentage of petunidin-3-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside.

Ultrasonic extraction of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activities from Gymnema sylvestre

The study on ultrasonic extraction conditions aims to improve the yield of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre by response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental arrangement according to the Box - Benhken method, the optimal extraction conditions were established for total phenolic content (Y1, %), total flavonoid content (Y2, %), and antioxidant activity (Y3, %), with four factors, are extraction temperature (X1) ultrasonic time (X2) concentration of ethanol solvent (X3), and ultrasonic power (X4). According to the model, the optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction to obtain the highest content of biologically active compounds are extraction temperature of 62oC, ultrasonic time of 50 minutes, solvent concentration of 55%, and ultrasonic power is 300 W. Under this condition, the total phenolic content was 21.2±0.5 mg GAE/g, the total flavonoid content was 8.2±0.15 mg CE/g, and the highest antioxidant activity was 72.5±0.5%.

Extraction of phenolics and anthocyanins from purple eggplant peels by multi-frequency ultrasound: Effects of different extraction factors and optimization using uniform design

In this work, multi-frequency ultrasound (working modes for the single-, dual- and tri-frequency in simultaneous ways) was applied to extract bioactive compounds from purple eggplant peels. The single-factor experiments were performed by varying six independent variables. A six-level-five-factor uniform design (UD) was further employed to evaluate the interaction effects between different factors. It was found that extraction temperature and extraction time significantly affected the total phenolic content (TPC), whereas the total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) was mainly influenced by ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio. Based on partial least-squares (PLS) regression analysis, the optimal conditions for TPC extraction were: 53.6 % ethanol concentration, 0.336 mm particle size, 44.5 °C extraction temperature, 35.2 min extraction time, 1:43 g/mL solid-liquid ratio, and similar optimal conditions were also obtained for TMA. Furthermore, the TPC and TMA extraction were investigated by ultrasound in different frequencies and power levels. Compared with single-frequency (40 kHz) and dual-frequency ultrasound (25 + 40 kHz), the extraction yield of TPC and TMA with tri-frequency ultrasound (25 + 40 + 70 kHz) increased by 23.65 % and 18.76 % respectively, which suggested the use of multi-frequency ultrasound, especially tri-frequency ultrasound, is an efficient strategy to improve the TPC and TMA extracts in purple eggplant peels.

Combined Pulsed Electric Field and Microwave-Assisted Extraction as a Green Method for the Recovery of Antioxidant Compounds with Electroactive Potential from Coffee Agro-Waste.

Coffee agro-waste is a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant activity and application in the food and cosmetic trades. The usage of these byproducts persists as a challenge in the industrial landscape due to their high content of purported toxic substances hindering management. This study presents a green extractive process using pulsed electric field (PEF) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) to recover polyphenols from coffee parchment and two varieties of pulp, posing quick processing times and the use of water as the only solvent. The performance of this process with regard to the bioactivity was assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, total flavonoid content, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP antioxidant tests. The phenolic composition of the extracts was also determined through HPLC-MS and quantified through HPLC-DAD. When compared to treatment controls, PEF + MAE treated samples presented enhanced yields of total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity in all analyzed residues (Tukey test significance: 95%). The chromatographic studies reveal the presence of caffeic acid on the three analyzed by-products. The HPLC-DAD caffeic acid quantification validated that a combination of MAE + PEF treatment in yellow coffee pulp had the highest caffeic acid concentration of all studied extraction methods.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction method for phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities of sour jujube extracts.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction is a rapid and effective extraction method that uses ultrasound energy and solvents to extract target compounds from various plant matrices. In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of sour jujube were optimized. A five-level central composite design (CCD) with four variables was used to evaluate ultrasonic treatment variables influencing the total saponin content (TSC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) extracted from sour jujube. The solvent concentration, extraction time, ultrasonic power, and solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio were optimized using aqueous ethanol and methanol solutions as extraction solvents. A central composite design (CCD) was used for an in-depth study, and then the optimal value that could produce the maximum TPC, TFC, TSC, and four in vitro antioxidant activities (scavenging activity of hydroxyl free radicals, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), phosphomolybdic acid reduction method, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity) was determined. Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress experiment confirmed that the Jujube extract could have an antioxidant role in vivo. The relationship between the contents of three compounds and the antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo was further studied. The results showed that optimizing methanol and ethanol extraction process parameters could improve target components' extraction efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the TFC and TPC yields of sour jujube by ethanol are better than methanol, while the yield of TSC by methanol is better than ethanol. In vivo data showed that Jujube extract protects against the adverse effects of oxidative stress and improves the life span of female and male Drosophila. This study provides a valuable reference for the full use of Ziziphus jujube, as well as a new direction in food development.

Continuous ultrasound and pulsed ultrasound: Selective extraction tools to obtain enriched antioxidants extracts from cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.)

In this study, the effect of continuous assisted extraction (CUAE) and pulsed ultrasound assisted extraction (PUAE) of phenolic compounds from cocoa beans was evaluated. Frequency (25/45 kHz) and extraction time (15/30 min) were varied. Phenolic acids were identified as catechin-(+), epicatechin-(+), procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 were quantified on each extract by HPLC-DAD. Then, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), flavan-3-ols, non-flavonoids content (NF) and proanthocyanidins (PAC) were determined. The experimental findings indicated the highest extraction yields of TPC and flavonoids subclasses when prolonged PUAE was used. Additionally, an increase of 282% in epicatechin yield was obtained compared with CUAE. However, the prolonged use of continuous sonication increased the non-flavonoids extraction yield in 23% compared with pulsed sonication. The scavenging and iron chelating activity depended on the chemical composition of each extract and was not correlated directly to TPC.

Optimization of pulsed mode sonication and in silico molecular docking study for antioxidant properties of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peels

AbstractThe present study is aimed to investigate the extractability of bioactive compounds from mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel using a pulsed mode of ultrasonic treatment. Box–Behnken experimental design associated with response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the process optimization. Ultrasound amplitude (60%–80%), time (5–15 min), and duty cycle (.30–.90) were the independent variables investigated to maximize the yield of total phenolic content (TPC), total saponin content (TSC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total condensed tannin (TCT), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP methods). The optimum predicted values of the TPC (27.23 g GAE/100 g dry weight [DW]), TFC (5.64 g QE/100 g DW), TCT (3.17 mg CE/g DW), TSC (42.36 mg EE/g DW), DPPH (4.01 mg GAE/g DW) and FRAP (13.71 mg TE/g DW) were obtained at conditions: 11.19 min of sonication at a duty cycle of .30 and 77.70% amplitude. Furthermore, in silico investigations of anti‐oxidant properties of major flavonoids were done using molecular docking. The analysis showed a better binding affinity of narirutin for Cytochrome P450 and myeloperoxidase, while hesperidin showed a better binding affinity with lipoxygenase. The results obtained from the study showed better phenolic extraction and high antioxidant activity using pulsed mode sonication. The high binding scores of hesperidin and narirutin for all three key enzymes, as obtained by molecular docking, have shown their therapeutic potential in the development of antioxidant drugs.Practical ApplicationsA practical insight of the present research suggests the applicability of optimized pulsed mode extraction conditions for industrial processing of Citrus reticulata Blanco peel, a green technology useful in terms of its biomedical application. The optimized extraction conditions will give a higher yield with reduced time and with less use of extraction solvents. The in silico analysis provides scope for predictive modeling of novel antioxidative drug development using major flavonoid compounds of Citrus reticulata Blanco peel.

Effect of Spice form and Extraction Period on Total Phenolic Content of Selected Ugandan Spices

Introduction: Spice consumption is one of the globally recognized healthy nutritional practices. Most spices contain phenolic compounds that may prevent or prolong the onset of non-communicable diseases. The harvesting, processing and preparation procedures of such spices may influence the phenolic amount extracted and eventual biological availability. Literature about how extraction period and spice form affects total phenolic content yield in water infusions is scanty.
 Aim: This study determined the effect of spice form and length of extraction time on the total phenolic content (TPC) yield of the selected Ugandan spices infused in water.
 Methods: Samples of Ocimum gratissimum, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon citratus and Zingiber officinale, were collected in triplicates from Kanungu, Bushenyi and Lugazi Districts, in Uganda. Fresh and dry samples of these spices were infused in hot water for four minutes and 40 minutes and sieved with Whatman paper, No. 1. Phenolic content was measured with a spectrophotometer at Makerere University, Biochemistry Department, following Folin-ciocalteu method, using gallic acid as the reference standard. Results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 software.
 Results: Higher TPC yield was generally observed in dry samples compared to the flesh ones and 40-minute extracts of both fresh and dry samples also had higher TPC content compared to the four minutes ones. The highest TPC yield was observed in Cymbopogon citratus (12.21±0.75 mg GAE/g) among the dry samples and Ocimum gratissimum (10.02±2.45 mg GAE/g) among the fresh samples, extracted for 40 minutes.
 Conclusion: Longer extraction time and sample dryness maximize TPC yield. Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus may benefit consumers by improving their antioxidant status.

Recovery of polyphenols from distillery stillage by microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted and conventional solid\u2013liquid extraction

Recovery of bioactive compounds from distillery waste could be an option for valorizing this waste. This study investigated how the extraction of polyphenols (which have antioxidant activity) from distillery stillage was affected by solvent type and concentration, extraction time, and method of extraction (conventional solid–liquid extraction, CSLE; ultrasound-assisted extraction, UAE; microwave-assisted extraction, MAE). Although recovery was similar with UAE and MAE, 3 min MAE with 80% ethanol and 80% methanol produced the highest yields of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic acids. With CSLE, TPC was 2.1–1.8-times lower than with MAE and 1.7–1.4-times lower than with UAE. Increasing the solvent concentration to 100% significantly decreased recovery. Six phenolic acids were recovered (ferulic and p-coumaric acid predominated), which were present mainly in the free form. There was a significant positive correlation between antioxidant activity, as measured with three methods (one based on the hydrogen atom transfer and two based on single electron transfer mechanisms), and phenolic acid content. With MAE and UAE, polyphenols were recovered more efficiently, with 2.1 times and 1.5 times higher antioxidant activity, and with 15 times and 9 times shorter extraction times, respectively, than with CSLE; thus, they can be considered "green" alternatives to CSLE.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and the effect of microencapsulation on mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind extract

The effects of optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and microencapsulation on the total xanthone content (TXC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of mangosteen rind extract were studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed with Box-Behnken design to generate fifteen optimization responses by incorporating three independent variables, namely soaking time, solvent-to-feed (S/F) ratio and extraction time. The highest extraction yield (19.43%) was obtained in the third response. TXC and TPC results fitted well, with high R-squared values (0.83-0.91), into the generated models, but not the antioxidant activity data. The interactive effects of S/F ratio and extraction time significantly increased the yields of TXC (46.62 mg α-mangostin/g crude extract) and TPC (46.30 mg gallic acid equivalent/g crude extract), but longer soaking time showed adverse effect. All the results obtained from the optimized models were validated using experimental data which showed desirability index of 0.88. The optimized parameters of MAE were established as 20:1 S/F ratio and 9 min extraction time, without soaking process. Despite the intact morphology of microcapsules observed, spray drying microencapsulation only preserved TXC partially (63.54%) but denatured more than 85% of TPC. Future investigation on the microencapsulation of mangosteen rind extract is required.

Correction to: Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Major Phenolic Components from Flowers of Ghav-Patta (Argyreia Speciosa Linn.) Via Response Surface Model

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) or ultrasonic extraction technology has been used for the isolation of bioactive compounds from Argyreia speciosa (Linn. f.) Sweet plant (family: Convolvulaceae). Argyreia speciosa is an Indian traditional medicinal plant having strong evidence of various properties widely used in Ayurveda. Dried flowers were used for extraction and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions of extraction for the yield of total phenolics and antioxidants from A. speciosa flowers (ASF) in respect of three variables: temperature, power, and time. Damage and structural changes of the bioactive compounds were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. The optimum UAE conditions obtained by RSM for the yield of total phenolic content from ASF were 42.41°C temperature, 43.62 % power, and 26.51 min process time and conditions for the maximum antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging were 41.36°C temperature, 57.02 % power, and 26.63 min. These findings showed that the UAE under optimum conditions increased the percentage yield of bioactive compounds. SEM results showed that there was no relevant damage to the cells, and FTIR spectroscopy verified that there were no changes in chemical structure. It has been concluded that UAE method is an effective technique for enhancing the yields of major phenolic compounds from A. speciosa flowers.

Optimization conditions of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from orange peels using response surface methodology

This study focused on optimizing the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from orange peels using response surface methodology (RSM) to decrease the number of experimental trials and increase the yield of bioactive compounds. Ultrasonic extraction time, extraction temperature, and ethanol concentration have been optimized. Twenty experimental trials have been carried out to optimize the extraction conditions. The RSM results showed that the extraction temperature and ethanol concentration had a remarkable effect on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were 44 min extraction time, 50℃ extraction temperature, and 57.7% ethanol concentration. Under these optimal conditions, TPC and TFC were 292.158 µg GAE/g and 191.144 µg catechol/g, respectively, whereas antioxidant activities were 5.199 and 2.96 µg/ml for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-60-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, respectively. RSM saves the extraction time and effective for optimizing extraction conditions with the highest efficiency and yield. Novelty impact statement The findings of the current work emphasized usefulness of ultrasound assisted extraction for elevation the extraction efficiency with decreasing the extraction time. The extraction temperature and ethanol concentration are the main effective factors of extraction efficiency. The optimal extraction time was 44 min at 50℃ extraction temperature, and the optimal ethanol concentration was 57.7%. These optimal conditions were giving the highest yield of TPC and TFC that were 292.158 µg GAE/g and 191.144 µg catechol/g. These novel optimized extraction conditions could be useful in different food and pharmaceutical applications.

Application of artificial neural network‐genetic algorithm and response surface methodology for optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from cashew apple bagasse

AbstractThis study explores the effect of ultra‐sonication on the extraction of phenolic compounds of cashew apple bagasse (CAB). The extraction was conducted at different combinations of treatment time (5–15 min), ultrasound amplitude (30–60%), and bagasse to solvent ratio (30–50 g/ml) for maximum yield of total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC), and β‐carotene content. Both response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to model and optimize the process parameters. The optimum conditions achieved using RSM were: treatment time of 12 min, ultrasound amplitude of 55%, and bagasse to solvent ratio of 45 g/ml. In contrast, the optimum conditions proposed by ANN were: treatment time of 15 min, 60% amplitude, and 50 g/ml bagasse to solvent ratio. The TPC, TTC, and β‐carotene content was determined under RSM optimized conditions as 29.04 mg GAE/g, 26.70 μg tannic acid/g, and 18.12 μg/g, respectively and under ANN optimized conditions as 30.61 mg GAE/g, 30.80 μg tannic acid/g, and 19.50 μg/g, respectively. All the statistical parameters showed the lowest value in the ANN model than the RSM model with the highest coefficient of determination (R2). The measured value of the TPC, TTC, and β‐carotene content at optimized conditions were in agreement with the predicted value obtained from the above models. Besides these, the ultra‐sonication significantly increased the TPC, TTC, and β‐carotene content while comparing with conventional solvent extraction. Hence, this method could be an effective green method over conventional technologies to extract phenolic compounds from CAB.Practical ApplicationsThe by‐products of the cashew apple processing industries are generally discarded as waste even though it contains a significant amount of bioactive compounds including phenols. Due to this, the industries are facing issues related to waste disposal and environmental pollution. Extracting and utilizing beneficial phenolic compounds can solve these issues to an extend. However, the scientific research related to the process development for extracting phenolic compounds from cashew apple bagasse is very scarce. The developed green technology with optimum process conditions will be helpful for the industries, researchers, and food scientists to develop different value‐added products enriched with the extracted phenolic compounds.